Solutions of the Einstein equation with heat flow

We study a shear-free spherically symmetric cosmological model with heat flow and present a general method to generate solutions. Using this solution generating scheme we obtain new classes of solutions to the Einstein equations.     

Solutions of gravitational field equations

In this paper we use iterative methods to generate series solutions of the gravitational field equations in a cosmological model with heat flow.     

第二类变系数KdV方程的新类型无穷序列精确解

为了构造变系数非线性发展方程的无穷序列新精确解, 发掘第一种椭圆辅助方程的构造性和机械化性特点, 获得了该方程的 新类型解和相应的 Bäcklund 变换. 在符号计算系统 Mathematica 的帮助下, 以第二类变系数 KdV 方程为应用实例, 构造了三种类型的无穷序列新精确解. 这里包括无穷序列光滑类孤子解、无穷序列尖峰孤立子解和无穷序列紧孤立子解. 这种方法也可以获得其他变系数非线性发展方程的无穷序列新精确解.     

构造非线性发展方程无穷序列类孤子精确解的一种方法

辅助方程法已构造了非线性发展方程的有限多个新精确解. 本文为了构造非线性发展方程的无穷序列类孤子精确解, 分析总结了辅助方程法的构造性和机械化性特点. 在此基础上,给出了一种辅助方程的新解与Riccati方程之间的拟Bäcklund变换. 选择了非线性发展方程的两种形式解,借助符号计算系统 Mathematica,用改进的(2+1) 维色散水波系统为应用实例,构造了该方程的无穷序列类孤子新精确解. 这些解包括无穷序列光滑类孤子解, 紧孤立子解和尖峰类孤立子解.     

sine-Gordon型方程的无穷序列新解

通过下列步骤,获得了sine-Gordon型方程的新解.第一步、通过函数变换,把sine-Gordon方程与sinhGordon方程的求解问题转化为两种非线性常微分方程的求解问题.第二步、获得了两种非线性常微分方程与第一种椭圆方程的拟B?cklund变换.第三步、利用第一种椭圆方程的B?cklund变换与新解,构造了sine-Gordon型方程的无穷序列新解.     

sine-Gordon型方程的无穷序列新精确解

为了获得sine-Gordon型方程的无穷序列精确解,给出三角函数型辅助方程和双曲函数型辅助方程及其Bäcklund变换和解的非线性叠加公式,借助符号计算系统Mathematica,构造了sine-Gordon方程、mKdV-sine-Gordon方程、(n+1)维双sine-Gordon方程和sinh-Gordon方程的无穷序列新精确解.其中包括无穷序列三角函数解、无穷序列双曲函数解、无穷序列Jacobi椭圆函数解和无穷序列复合型解. 关键词： sine-Gordon型方程 解的非线性叠加公式 辅助方程 无穷序列精确解     

Degasperis-Procesi 方程的无穷序列尖峰孤立波解

本文为了构造非线性发展方程的无穷序列尖峰精确解,给出了Riccati方程的Bäcklund 变换和解的非线性叠加公式,并借助符号计算系统Mathematica,用Degasperis-Procesi方程为应用实例,构造了无穷序列尖峰孤立波解和无穷序列尖峰周期解. 关键词： Riccati方程 解的非线性叠加公式 尖峰孤立波解 Degasperis-Procesi 方程     

第二种椭圆方程构造变系数非线性发展方程的无穷序列新精确解

本文为了获得非线性发展方程的无穷序列新精确解,进一步研究获得了第二种椭圆方程的几类新型解和Bäcklund变换.在此基础上,借助符号计算系统Mathematica,用带强迫项变系数组合KdV方程、(2+1)维和(3+1)维变系数Zakharov-Kuznetsov 方程为应用实例,构造了无穷序列新精确解.这里包括无穷序列Jacobi 椭圆函数光滑孤立子解、无穷序列Jacobi椭圆函数紧孤立子解、无穷序列三角函数紧孤立子解和无穷序列尖峰孤立子解. 关键词： 第二种椭圆方程 Bä cklund 变换 变系数非线性发展方程 无穷序列新精确解     

Solutions for steady plane orthogonal MHD flows

Steady, plane flow of an inviscid, electrically conducting incompressible fluid with infinite electrical conductivity is considered and a single partial differential equation, in the case of orthogonal flow, is obtained which involves two functions. Appropriate specialization of these functions generates new exact solutions of the original equations.     

Constructing infinite sequence exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations

To construct the infinite sequence new exact solutions of nonlinear evolution equations and study the first kind of elliptic function, new solutions and the corresponding Bäcklund transformation of the equation are presented. Based on this, the generalized pentavalent KdV equation and the breaking soliton equation are chosen as applicable examples and infinite sequence smooth soliton solutions, infinite sequence peak solitary wave solutions and infinite sequence compact soliton solutions are obtained with the help of symbolic computation system Mathematica. The method is of significance to search for infinite sequence new exact solutions to other nonlinear evolution equations.     

一类非线性发展方程的复合型双孤子新解

通过下列步骤,构造了一类非线性发展方程的无穷序列复合型双孤子新解: 步骤一, 给出两种函数变换,把一类非线性发展方程化为二阶非线性常微分方程; 步骤二, 再通过函数变换, 二阶非线性常微分方程转化为一阶非线性常微分方程组,并获得了该方程组的首次积分; 步骤三, 利用首次积分与两种椭圆方程的新解与Bäcklund 变换, 构造了一类非线性发展方程的无穷序列复合型双孤子新解.     

Flow of a Jeffery-Six Constant Fluid Between Coaxial Cylinders withHeat Transfer Analysis

In the present investigation we have discussed the flow of a Jeffrey-six constant incompressible fluid between two infinite coaxial cylinders in the presence of heat transfer analysis. The governing equations of Jeffrey-six constant fluid along with energy equation have been derived in cylindrical coordinates. The highly nonlinear equations are simplified with the help of non-dimensional parameters and then solved analytically with the help of homotopy analysis method (HAM) for two fundamental flows namely Couette and Generalized Couette flow. The effects of emerging parameters are discussed through graphs. The convergence of the HAM solution has been discussed by plotting h-curves.     

Applications of a Cole–Hopf transform to the 3D Navier–Stokes equations

The Navier–Stokes equations written in the vector potential can be recast as non-linear Schrödinger equations at imaginary times, i.e. heat equations with a potential term, using the Cole–Hopf transform. On this basis, we study two kinds of Navier–Stokes flows by means of direct numerical simulations. In an experiment on vortex reconnection, it is found that the potential term takes large negative values in regions where intensive reconnection takes place, whereas the signature of the non-linear term is more broadly spread. For decaying turbulence starting from a random initial condition, such a correspondence is also observed in the early stage when the flow is dominated by vorticity layers. At later times, when the flow features several tubular vortices, this correspondence becomes weaker. Finally, a similar set of transformations is presented for the magneto–hydrodynamic equations, which reduces them to a set of heat equations with suitable potential terms, thereby obtaining new criteria for the regularity of their solutions.     

Applications of Lie Symmetries to Higher Dimensional Gravitating Fluids

We consider a radiating shear-free spherically symmetric metric in higher dimensions. Several new solutions to the Einstein’s equations are found systematically using the method of Lie analysis of differential equations. Using the five Lie point symmetries of the fundamental field equation, we obtain either an implicit solution or we can reduce the governing equations to a Riccati equation. We show that known solutions of the Einstein equations can produce infinite families of new solutions. Earlier results in four dimensions are shown to be special cases of our generalised results.     

New application to Riccati equation

<正>To seek new infinite sequence of exact solutions to nonlinear evolution equations,this paper gives the formula of nonlinear superposition of the solutions and Backlund transformation of Riccati equation.Based on the tanhfunction expansion method and homogenous balance method,new infinite sequence of exact solutions to Zakharov-Kuznetsov equation,Karamoto-Sivashinsky equation and the set of(2+l)-dimensional asymmetric Nizhnik-Novikov-Veselov equations are obtained with the aid of symbolic computation system Mathematica.The method is of significance to construct infinite sequence exact solutions to other nonlinear evolution equations.     

Finite-Time Blowup for the Inviscid Primitive Equations of Oceanic and Atmospheric Dynamics

In an earlier work we have shown the global (for all initial data and all time) well-posedness of strong solutions to the three-dimensional viscous primitive equations of large scale oceanic and atmospheric dynamics. In this paper we show that for certain class of initial data the corresponding smooth solutions of the inviscid (non-viscous) primitive equations, if they exist, they blow up in finite time. Specifically, we consider the three-dimensional inviscid primitive equations in a three-dimensional infinite horizontal channel, subject to periodic boundary conditions in the horizontal directions, and with no-normal flow boundary conditions on the solid, top and bottom boundaries. For certain class of initial data we reduce this system into the two-dimensional system of primitive equations in an infinite horizontal strip with the same type of boundary conditions; and then we show that for specific sub-class of initial data the corresponding smooth solutions of the reduced inviscid two-dimensional system develop singularities in finite time.     

On Integrable Properties for Two Variable-Coefficient Evolution Equations

With the help of the extended binary Bell polynomials, the new bilinear representations, Bcklund trans-formations, Lax pair and infinite conservation laws for two types of variable-coefficient nonlinear integrable equations are obtained, respectively, which are more straightforward than previous corresponding results obtained. Finally, we obtain new multi-soliton wave solutions of a reduced soliton equations with variable coefficients.     

Some New Solutions for Shear-Free Fluid Spheres with Heat Flow

In the present article, Lie group symmetries of the master equation describing the shear free non-static fluid spheres with heat flow (Msomi et al. in Gen. Relativ. Gravit. 43(6):1685–1696, 2011) are exploited to yield wider class of solutions. Further the master equation is transformed in to more convenient modified form, which is capable of yielding numerous solutions rather easily. Moreover two non-point transformations are suggested under which the master equation and its modified form are invariant, which are utilised to generate new solutions starting with the known seed solutions.     

On the decay of infinite energy solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations in the plane

Infinite energy solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations in R² may be constructed by decomposing the initial data into a finite energy piece and an infinite energy piece, which are then treated separately. We prove that the finite energy part of such solutions is bounded for all time and decays algebraically in time when the same can be said of heat energy starting from the same data. As a consequence, we describe the asymptotic behavior of the infinite energy solutions. Specifically, we consider the solutions of Gallagher and Planchon (2002) [2] as well as solutions constructed from a “radial energy decomposition”. Our proof uses the Fourier Splitting technique of M.E. Schonbek.     

A theoretical study on the unsteady aerothermodynamics for attached flow models

The principle of the unsteady aerothermodynamics was theoretically investigated for the attached flow. Firstly, two simplified models with analytic solutions to the N-S equations were selected for the research, namely the compressible unsteady flows on the infinite flat plate with both time-varying wall velocity and time-varying wall temperature boundary conditions. The unsteady temperature field and the unsteady wall heat flux (heat flow) were analytically solved for the second model. Then, the interaction characteristic of the unsteady temperature field and the unsteady velocity field in the simplified models and the effects of the interaction on the transient wall heat transfer were studied by these two analytic solutions. The unsteady heat flux, which is governed by the energy equation, is directly related to the unsteady compression work and viscous dissipation which originates from the velocity field governed by the momentum equation. The main parameters and their roles in how the unsteady velocity field affects the unsteady heat flux were discussed for the simplified models. Lastly, the similarity criteria of the unsteady aerothermodynamics were derived based on the compressible boundary layer equations. Along with the Strouhal number Stu, the unsteadiness criterion of the velocity field, StT number, the unsteadiness criterion of the temperature field was proposed for the first time. Different from the traditional method used in unsteady aerodynamics which measures the flow unsteadiness only by the Stu number, present results show that the flow unsteadiness in unsteady aerothermodynamics should be comprehensively estimated by comparing the relative magnitudes of the temperature field unsteadiness criterion StT number with the coefficients of other terms in the dimensionless energy equation.