中空纤维三相液相微萃取-薄层色谱分离同步荧光法测定酱油中的色胺含量

以三相中空纤维液相微萃取(HF-LPME)作为样品前处理方法,结合薄层色谱分离,同步荧光光谱法测定酱油中色胺的含量。通过单因素实验确立的萃取最优条件为:样品溶液p H值为12.0,正辛醇为萃取溶剂,0.1 mol/L的HCl为接受相,搅拌速度为590 r/min,萃取时间为60 min;取20μL接受相进行TLC分析,样品点用异丙醇溶解后离心分离;采用同步荧光在λem=350.4 nm处进行定量分析。在最佳萃取条件下,方法的线性范围为0.32~50 mg/L(r0.978 0),检出限(S/N=3)为0.32 mg/L。酱油样品的加标回收率为87.5%~107.7%,相对标准偏差(RSD)不大于6.6%。该方法操作简单、绿色高效、灵敏度高,可用于酱油中色胺的快速准确测定。     

芯片毛细管电泳激光诱导荧光快速分离检测麻黄碱类兴奋剂

研究用芯片毛细管电泳激光诱导荧光检测系统分离测定经7-chloro-4-n itrobenzo-2-oax-1,3-d iazole(NBD-C l)衍生的麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱的实验条件。采用胶束毛细管电动色谱分离体系(12 mmol/L SDS 10mmol/L硼砂缓冲液,pH 9.0),在45 mm长的通道上实现了麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱的快速分离,一次分离小于1.5m in。10~100 mg/L范围内,峰高与浓度呈良好的线性关系,麻黄碱、伪麻黄碱的检出限分别是0.83 mg/L和1.10 mg/L。所建立的方法应用于尿中麻黄碱和伪麻黄碱的分离测定,取得满意的结果。     

毛细管电色谱-激光诱导荧光检测法分析食品中的生物胺

以4-氟-7-硝基-2,1,3-苯并氧杂恶二唑(NBD-F)为衍生化试剂,建立了食品中5种痕量生物胺(色胺、组胺、酪胺、亚精胺、精胺)的毛细管电色谱-激光诱导荧光检测(CEC-LIF)分析方法。采用50 mmol/L硼酸盐缓冲溶液(pH 8.0)作为衍生介质,在75℃条件下对生物胺进行衍生化反应25 min。生物胺衍生产物的最优色谱条件:固定相为C18毛细管电色谱柱,流动相为乙腈-乙酸铵(20 mmol/L,pH 8.0)(75∶25,v/v),辅助压力为6.9 MPa,分离电压为-8 kV,流速为0.03 mL/min。实验结果表明,生物胺的检出限(LOD,S/N=3)为0.1~1.0μg/L,加标回收率为78.3%~113.9%。该方法可成功用于加工和发酵食品中生物胺的测定,结果与传统HPLC法的检测结果无显著性差异,且检出限更低、分析速度更快,对于食品中痕量污染物的残留监测具有应用价值。     

Rapid and sensitive determination of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with on-line regenerating covalent coating

A rapid, sensitive and reproducible micellar electrokinetic chromatographic method using hexamethyldisilazane as on-line regenerating covalent coating was developed for the quantification of ephedrine (E) and pseudoephedrine (PE). E and PE were derivatized with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazol for laser-induced fluorescence detection. The on-line regenerating covalent coating formed a combinative double coating with the subsequently produced dynamic SDS coating. The total coating can be easily removed and conveniently regenerated on-line. The simple coating procedure was described. By a series of optimization, a running buffer of 20 mm Na(2)B(4)O(7) + 16 mm SDS was applied for the separation of the derivatives. Linear relationships for E and PE were obtained in the range of 0.044-6.60 microg mL(-1) (correlation coefficients: 0.9975 for E, 0.9981 for PE), and the detection limits for E and PE were 1.71 and 0.67 ng mL(-1), respectively. The separation speed, the reproducibility and the sensitivity were much improved over those of other capillary electrophoresis methods more recently reported. The method was applied to the analysis of the two alkaloids in traditional herbal preparations with recoveries in the range 92.8-104.8%.     

Chiral separation of the β2‐sympathomimetic fenoterol by HPLC and capillary zone electrophoresis for pharmacokinetic studies

The development of methods for the separation of the enantiomers of fenoterol by chiral HPLC and capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) is described. For the HPLC separation precolumn fluorescence derivatization with naphthyl isocyanate was applied. The resulting urea derivatives were resolved on a cellulose tris(3,5‐dimethylphenylcarbamate)‐coated silica gel column employing a column switching procedure. Detection was carried out fluorimetrically with a detection limit in the low ng/mL range. The method was adapted to the determination of fenoterol enantiomers in rat heart perfusates using liquid–liquid extraction. As an alternative a CE method was used for the direct separation of fenoterol enantiomers comparing different cyclodextrin derivatives as chiral selectors. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Improvement of extraction procedure for biogenic amines in foods and their high-performance liquid chromatographic determination.

A high-performance liquid chromatography method is described for the simultaneous determination of the biogenic amines tryptamine, 2-phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine, and spermine in cheese. The optimization of the procedure for the extraction of amines from the matrix is described. The separation of dansyl derivatives of the amines was achieved by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with gradient elution, followed by UV detection at 254 nm. The mobile phase was acetonitrile-0.01 M phosphate buffer (pH 7)-water. Under these conditions, rapid elution of the amines in less than 13 min was obtained. Validation of the method included calibration experiments, addition of standard amines for the determination of amine recoveries and repeatability tests.     

Optimization of chromatographic parameters for the determination of biogenic amines in wines by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography

A method suitable for the determination of eight biogenic amines (histamine, tyramine, phenylethylamine, tryptamine, cadaverine, putrescine, spermidine and spermine) in wines has been developed. The method involves derivatization of the amines by treatment with dabsyl chloride, after which the derivates were analysed by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with gradient elution and spectrophotometric detection at 446 nm. Different variables affecting separation were optimized. Validation of the method included calibration experiments, the addition of standards amines for the determination of recovery and repeatability tests. Good linearity of the responses was obtained up to 500 microg l(-1), except for putrescine (up to 2100 microg l(-1)). The detection limits ranged between 10 and 60 microg l(-1) for standard solutions. The method was successfully applied to the analysis of five Spanish wines.     

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection for rapid and sensitive analysis of two new bioactive reagents using dynamic covalent coating

A simple, rapid, selective, and sensitive micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with laser-induced fluorescence detection (LIF) method was developed, using hexamethyldisilazane (HMDS) as dynamic covalent coating (DCC), for the analysis of two new bioactive agents N-n-hexyl-N'-(sodium p-aminobenzenesulfonate) thiourea (HXPT) and N-n-undecyl-N'-(sodium p-aminobenzenesulfonate) thiourea (UPT) derivatized with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. MEKC methods both not using DCC and using DCC were investigated. In a series of optimization steps, DCC and a running buffer of 20 mM Na2B4O7 + 16 mM SDS + 8% acetonitrile were applied for determination of the derivatives. Linear relationships for HXPT and UPT were obtained in the range of 5 to 100 microM (correlation coefficient: 0.9986 for HXPT, 0.9978 for UPT), and the detection limits for HXPT and UPT were 16.5 and 39.0 ng mL(-1). The sensitivity was improved over that of fluorescence spectroscopy methods. The method was applied to the analysis of the two reagents in lab water waste with recoveries in the range of 95.6-107.5%.     

Determination of catecholamines and serotonin by micellar electrokinetic chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection

6-Oxy-(N-succinimidyl acetate)-9-(2'-methoxycarbonyl) fluorescein, a new synthesized fluorescent reagent, was established for the first time as a label for the sensitive analysis of catecholamines (CAs) and serotonin (5-HT) by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) with laser-induced fluorescence detection. After careful study on the derivatization conditions such as pH value, reagent concentration, temperature and reaction time, the labeling reaction was accomplished as quickly as 7 min with stable yield. The separation parameters for the CAs and 5-HT were also optimized in detail. The derivatives were baseline separated in a running buffer containing 30 mM boric acid and 15 mM sodium dodeculsulfate at pH 9.0. The detection limits ranged from 5 x 10(-10) to 2 x 10(-9) M (signal-to-noise ratio = 3). The rapid and sensitive method was also applied to the determination of the CAs and 5-HT of urine samples.     

Micellar electrokinetic chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection for sensitive determination of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine

A selective and sensitive micellar electrokinetic chromatography method with laser-induced fluorescence detection was developed for the quantification of ephedrine (E) and pseudoephedrine (PE) derivatized with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole. After conducting a series of optimizations, a running buffer of 10 mM sodium borate + 16 mM SDS was used for separation of the derivatives. A linear relationship for E and PE was obtained in the range of 0.044-6.6 microg mL(-1) (correlation coefficient: 0.9943 for E, 0.9946 for PE), and the detection limits for E and PE were 0.70 and 0.30 ng mL(-1), respectively. The sensitivity of E and PE was improved by several multiples of ten over those of CZE-LIF method. The method was applied to the analysis of the two alkaloids in ephedra herbal medicine and preparations with recoveries in the range of 98.3-107.1%.     

Rapid Determination of Free Amino Acids in Milk by Microchip Electrophoresis Coupled with Laser‐induced Fluorescence Detection

A simple and sensitive method for determination of free amino acids in milk by microchip electrophoresis (MCE) coupled with laser‐induced fluorescence (LIF) detection was developed. Seven kinds of standard amino acids were derivated with sulfoindocyanine succinimidyl ester (Cy5) and then perfectly measured by MCE‐LIF within 150 s. The parameters of MCE separation were carefully investigated to obtain the optimal conditions: 100 mmol·L^?1 sodium borate solution (pH 10.0) as running buffer solution, 0.8 kV as injection voltage, 2.2 kV as separation voltage etc. The linear range of the detection of amino acids was from 0.01 µmol·L^?1 to 1.0 µmol·L^?1 and the detection limit was as low as about 1.0 nmol·L^?1. This MCE‐LIF method was applied to the measurements of free amino acids in actual milk samples and satisfactory experimental results were achieved.     

Microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection for sensitive determination of ephedrine and pseudoephedrine

A selective and sensitive microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography with laser-induced fluorescence detection method was developed for the quantification of ephedrine (E) and pseudoephedrine (PE) derivatized with 4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1, 3-diazol. By a series of optimization, a running buffer composed of 20 mM borate + microemulsion (23.3 mM Sodium dodecyl sulfate/180.85 mM 1-butanol/16.4 mM n-heptane) +8% acetonitrile was applied for the separation of the derivatives. A linear relationship for E and PE was obtained in the range of 0.058-11.58 microg.mL(-1) (correlation coefficient: 0.9993 for E, 0.9995 for PE), and the detection limits for E and PE were 5.3 and 3.9 ng.mL(-1). The method was applied to the analysis of the two alkaloids in Chinese traditional herbal preparations with recoveries in the range of 96.9-105.4%.     

LC-Fluorescence Detection Analysis of Amino Acids from Stellera chamaejasme L. Using 2-[2-(Dibenzocarbazole)-ethoxy] Ethyl Chloroformate as Labeling Reagent

A pre-column derivatization method for the sensitive determination of amino acids using the tagging reagent 2-[2-(dibenzocarbazole)-ethoxy] ethyl chloroformate (DBCEC) followed by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection has been developed. Identification of DBCEC-amino acids derivatives was by liquid chromatography-electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (LC-ESI-MS–MS). DBCEC can easily and quickly label amino acids, and derivatives are stable enough to be efficiently analyzed by LC. Separation of the derivatized amino acids had been optimized on Hypersil BDS C₁₈ column. A perfect baseline separation for 20 amino acid derivatives was achieved with a ternary gradient elution program. The chromophore of dibenzocarbazole group, which comprise a large rigid planar structure with p–π conjugation system, resulted in a sensitive fluorescence detection for amino acid derivatives. The derivatized amino acids were detected with fluorescence detector with excitation maximum and emission maximum at 300 and 390 nm, respectively. Excellent linear responses were observed with coefficients of >0.9993, and detection limits were in the range of 0.78–5.13 fmol (signal-to-noise ratio of 3). The mean accuracy ranged from 83.4 to 98.7% for fluorescence detection. The mean inter-day precision for all standards was <4.2% of the expected concentration. Therefore, the proposed method was a highly sensitive and specific method for the quantitative analysis of amino acids from biological and natural environmental samples.     

High-performance liquid chromatographic detection and quantitation of amines in must and wine

Three fluorigenic reagents were tried in order to increase the sensitivity of the detection of various amines. The derivatives formed were then used to develop a reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) procedure for the separation of at least five amines. Dns-C1 and fluorescamine were rejected. The chromatogram of Dns-amines from red wine was overcrowded with unidentifiable peaks. It was then postulated that ammonia or phenol derivatives or other by-products of the Dns derivatization reaction interfered with the separation of amines. Fluorescamine, although it produced highly fluorescent derivatives, had the drawback of reacting with di- and polyamines to give more than one derivative and this interfered with the resolution. o-Phthaldialdehyde (OPT) was used successfully for the derivatization of amines in red must and wine. The method involved the reaction of amines with OPT in the presence of mercaptoethanol followed by extraction of the derivatives with ethyl acetate. A reversed-phase HPLC system was developed for the separation of OPT derivatives of agmatine, cadaverine, ethanolamine, histamine, phenylethylamine, putrescine, tryptamine, tyramine, spermine and spermidine within 40 min.     

Application of 10‐ethyl‐acridine‐3‐sulfonyl chloride for HPLC determination of aliphatic amines in environmental water using fluorescence and APCI‐MS

A simple, sensitive method for the determination of aliphatic amines based on a sulfonylation reaction using 10‐ethyl‐acridine‐3‐sulfonyl chloride (EASC) as pre‐column labeling reagent with fluorescence detection and APCI‐MS identification has been developed. The labeled derivatives exhibited high stability and were enough to be efficiently analyzed by HPLC with an excitation maximum at λ_ex 270 nm and an emission maximum at λ_em 430 nm. Identification of derivatives was carried out by online post‐column MS in positive‐ion mode. Comparing with the widely used 5‐dimethylaminonaphthalene‐1‐sulfonylchloride (Dansyl‐Cl), EASC‐amine derivatives not only exhibited high fluorescence but also exhibited excellent MS ionizable potential. Detection limits obtained from 0.10 pmol injection, at a S/N of 3, were 4.0–12.7 fmol. The mean intra‐ and inter‐assay precision for all aliphatic amine levels were <3.84 and 3.21%, respectively. Excellent linear responses were observed with coefficients of >0.9995.     

半微柱液相色谱分离与激光共振拉曼检测法分析果汁中的单糖

用４－二甲胺基偶氮苯－４′－磺酰肼作衍生化试剂将还原单糖衍生化后在内径１．５ｍｍ的半微柱上进行ＲＰ－ＨＰＬＣ分离。同时以４８８．０ｎｍ的Ａｒ＋激光作激发光源,在检测波数１１３６ｃｍ－１下测定衍生物的共振拉曼散射强度。方法具有很高的选择性和灵敏度,葡萄糖的检测下限为１０ｎｇ,可用于食品和生物样品中单糖的分析。     

Silica nanoparticles for separation of biologically active amines by capillary electrophoresis with laser-induced native fluorescence detection

This paper describes the analysis of biologically active amines by capillary electrophoresis (CE) in conjunction with laser-induced native fluorescence detection. In order to simultaneously analyze amines and acids as well as to achieve high sensitivity, 10 mM formic acid solutions (pH < 4.0) containing silica nanoparticles (SiNPs) were chosen as the background electrolytes. With increasing SiNP concentration, the migration times for seven analytes decrease as a result of increase in electroosmotic flow (EOF) and decrease in their electrophoretic mobilities against EOF. A small EOF generated at pH 3.0 reveals adsorption of SiNPs on the deactivated capillary wall. The decreases in electrophoretic mobilities with increasing SiNP concentration up to 0.3x indicate the interactions between the analytes and the SiNPs. Having a great sensitivity (the limits of detection at a signal-to-noise ratio (S/N) = 3 of 0.09 nM for tryptamine (TA)), high efficiency, and excellent reproducibility (less than 2.4% of the migration times), this developed method has been applied to the analysis of urinal samples with the concentrations of 0.50 +/- 0.02 microM, 0.49 +/- 0.04 microM, and 74 +/- 2 microM for TA, 5-hydroxytryptamine, and tryptophan, respectively. The successful examples demonstrated in this study open up a possibility of using functional nanoparticles for the separation of different analytes by CE.     

Determination of agmatine in biological samples by capillary electrophoresis with optical fiber light-emitting-diode-induced fluorescence detection

A capillary electrophoresis (CE)/optical fiber light-emitting diode (LED)-induced fluorescence detection method is developed for the determination of agmatine in biological samples. The agmatine was precolumn-derivatized with fluorescence tagging reagent, fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC). Optimal separation and determination for agmatine were obtained with an electrophoretic buffer of 20 mM sodium borate (pH 9.2). Under the optimal conditions, the determination of agmatine was achieved in less than 4 min, and the detection limit was 4.1x10(-9) M (S/N = 3). The relative standard deviation (RSD) for 11 parallel determination of agmatine was less than 3.0%. The present CE-LED induced fluorescence detection method has been applied to detect agmatine in rat brain tissue, rat stomach tissue, human serum, and human urine. The level of agmatine in human urine was quantified by CE for the first time and found to be in the range 2.5-4.1x10(-7) M.     

HPLC determination of γ‐aminobutyric acid and its analogs in human serum using precolumn fluorescence labeling with 4‐(carbazole‐9‐yl)‐benzyl chloroformate

In this study, a simple analytical method for the determination of γ‐aminobutyric acid, gabapentin, and baclofen by using high‐performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was developed. An amidogen‐reactive fluorescence labeling reagent, 4‐(carbazole‐9‐yl)‐benzyl chloroformate was first used to sensitively label these analytes. The completed labeling of these analytes can be finished rapidly only within 5 min at the room temperature (25°C) to form 4‐(carbazole‐9‐yl)‐benzyl chloroformate labeled fluorescence derivatives. These labeled derivatives expressed strong fluorescence property with the maximum excitation and emission wavelengths of 280 and 380 nm, respectively. The labeled derivatives were analyzed using a reversed‐phase Eclipse SB‐C18 column within 10 min with satisfactory shapes. Excellent linearity (R² > 0.995) for all analytes was achieved with the limits of detection and the limits of quantitation in the range of 0.25?0.35 and 0.70?1.10 μg/L, respectively. The proposed method was used for the simultaneous determination of γ‐aminobutyric acid and its analogs in human serum with satisfactory recoveries in the range of 94.5–97.5%.     

Application of a new zwitterionic hydrophilic interaction chromatography column for determination of paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins

A novel method for paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP) toxins which is based on the chromatographic separation of the toxins using a zwitterionic (ZIC) hydrophilic interaction chromatography (HILIC) column is presented. Efficient retention of the polar PSP toxins on the ZIC-HILIC column allowed their selective and sensitive determination by the application of mass spectrometric (MS/MS) detection or as derivatives after oxidation prior to fluorescence detection (FD). Low buffer concentrations and the omission of ion-pair reagents decreased the limits of detection (LODs) by MS/MS analysis and showed a good linearity for both methods of detection. This method can be applied for the qualitative and quantitative determination of PSP toxins in various types of phytoplankton, and for the routine analysis of seafood.