High-intensity bowtie-shaped nano-aperture vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser for near-field optics

We report a high-intensity nano-aperture vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser (VCSEL) utilizing a bowtie-shaped aperture. A maximum power of 188 microW is achieved from a 180 nm bowtie aperture at a wavelength of 970 nm. The near-field full width at half-maximum intensity spot size 20 nm away from the bowtie aperture is 64 nm x 66 nm from simulation, and the peak near-field intensity is estimated to be as high as 47 mW/microm(2). This intensity is high enough to realize near-field optical recording, and the small spot size corresponds to storage densities up to 150 Gbits/in(2). The bowtie-aperture VCSEL also enables other applications, such as compact high-intensity probes for ultrahigh-resolution near-field imaging and single molecule fluorescence and spectroscopy.     

Hyperbolic transverse patterns in nonlinear optical resonators

We consider a nonlinear optical system in general, and a broad aperture laser, in particular, in a resonator where the diffraction coefficients are of opposite signs along two transverse directions. The system is described by the hyperbolic Maxwell-Bloch equations, where the spatial coupling is provided by the D'Alambert operator rather than by the Laplace operator. We show that this system supports hyperbolic transverse patterns residing on hyperbolas in far-field domain, and consisting of stretched vortices in near-field domain.     

氧化光栅型垂直腔面发射激光器的研究

通过分析矩形出光孔径和亚波长金属光栅结构,发现大孔径高功率垂直腔面发射激光器(VCSEL)的偏振控制的难点在于横模非常复杂。因此提出一种新型的氧化光栅型VCSEL结构,不仅能够很好地在有源区内引入各项异性的增益结构,并且最大的优势还在于能够完美地控制大孔径VCSEL的横模。通过有限元软件对器件有源区的电流分布进行了模拟,发现当光栅脊的宽度为1.8 μm时,载流子在光栅两端聚集的现象基本上可以消除,而且其电流密度分布差可以达到很高。     

Effects of the frequency chirp on the fields of a chirped Gaussian pulse passing through a hard-edged aperture

Based on the Huygens-Fresnel diffraction integral and Fourier transform, propagation expression of a chirped Gaussian pulse passing through a hard-edged aperture is derived. Intensity distributions of the pulse with different frequency chirp in the near-field and far-field are analyzed in detail by numerical calculations. In the near-field, amplitudes of the intensity peaks generated by the modulation of the hard-edged aperture decrease with increasing the frequency chirp, which results in the improving of the beam uniformity. A physical explanation for the smoothing effect brought by increasing the frequency chirp is given. The smoothing effect is achieved not only in the pulse with Gaussian transverse profile but also in the pulse with Hermite-Gaussian transverse profile when the frequency chirp increases.     

Numerical analysis of the spectral response of an NSOM measurement

Near-field Scanning Optical Microscopy (NSOM) is a powerful tool for investigating optical field with resolution greater than the diffraction limit. In this work, we study the spectral response that would be obtained from an aperture NSOM system using numerical calculations. The sample used in this study is a bowtie nanoaperture that has been shown to produce concentrated and enhanced field. The near- and far-field distributions from a bowtie aperture are also calculated and compared with what would be obtainable from a NSOM system. The results demonstrate that it will be very difficult to resolve the true spectral content of the near-field using aperture NSOM. On the other hand, the far-field response may be used as a guide to the near-field spectrum.     

High power 808 nm vertical cavity surface emitting laser with multi-ring-shaped-aperture structure

The carrier conglomeration effect has been one of the main problems in developing electrically pumped high power vertical cavity surface emitting laser (VCSEL) with large aperture. We demonstrate a high power 808 nm VCSEL with multi-ring-shaped-aperture (MRSA) to weaken the carrier conglomeration effect. Compared with typical VCSEL with single large aperture (SLA), the 300-μm-diameter VCSEL with MRSA has more uniform near field and far field patterns. Moreover, MRSA laser exhibits maximal CW light output power 0.3 W which is about 3 times that of SLA laser. And the maximal wall-plug efficiency of 17.4% is achieved, higher than that of SLA laser by 10%.     

Effect of a turbulent medium on the near- and far-field diffraction of a circular aperture

The near- and far-field diffraction due to a circular aperture illuminated with partially coherent light produced by a turbulent medium has been theoretically studied. Formulations are developed for investigating the near- and far-field diffraction patterns. The phase structure function, which is generated by the turbulent medium and determines the partially coherent condition of a light beam passing through it, is assumed to take both the Gaussian form and the 5/3-power law. Numerical results concerning the far-field intensity distribution and the axial intensity distribution in the near-field region are presented in diagrams and discussed.     

Quantum spectra and classical periodic orbit in the cubic billiard

Quantum billiards have attracted much interest in many fields. People have made a lot of researches on the two-dimensional (2D) billiard systems. Contrary to the 2D billiard, due to the complication of its classical periodic orbits, no one has studied the correspondence between the quantum spectra and the classical orbits of the three-dimensional (3D) billiards. Taking the cubic billiard as an example, using the periodic orbit theory, we find the periodic orbit of the cubic billiard and study the correspondence between the quantum spectra and the length of the classical orbits in 3D system. The Fourier transformed spectrum of this system has allowed direct comparison between peaks in such plot and the length of the periodic orbits, which verifies the correctness of the periodic orbit theory. This is another example showing that semiclassical method provides a bridge between quantum and classical mechanics.     

Influence of phase-space localization on the energy diffusion in a quantum chaotic billiard

The quantum dynamics of a chaotic billiard with moving boundary is considered in this paper. We found a shape parameter Hamiltonian expansion, which enables us to obtain the spectrum of the deformed billiard for deformations so large as the characteristic wavelength. Then, for a specified time-dependent shape variation, the quantum dynamics of a particle inside the billiard is integrated directly. In particular, the dispersion of the energy is studied in the Bunimovich stadium billiard with oscillating boundary. The results showed that the distribution of energy spreads diffusively for the first oscillations of the boundary (=2Dt). We studied the diffusion constant D as a function of the boundary velocity and found differences with theoretical predictions based on random matrix theory. By extracting highly phase-space localized structures from the spectrum, previous differences were reduced significantly. This fact provides numerical evidence of the influence of phase-space localization on the quantum diffusion of a chaotic system.     

Paraxial waves in the far-field region

By investigating the changes suffered by a paraxial beam propagating in the near-field and in the far-field regions, it has been found a set of wave equations valid for points gradually closer to the near field. A relevant expression for the validity of the far-field approximation is given from the paraxial Helmholtz equation. It is pointed out that the well-known Fresnel number associated with every transverse diffraction pattern can be interpreted as a magnitude that measures the relative standard deviation of the Fraunhofer pattern and a first-order field, thus reporting on an integral expression suitable for a general case. Finally, the Rayleigh range of the optical beam is deduced from the previously inferred Fresnel number, what has been applied for the cases of a spherical Gaussian beam and a uniform-illuminated circular aperture.     

Optimization of electro-optical characteristics of GaAs-based oxide confinement VCSEL

An experimental study has been presented of the oxide-confined vertical-cavity surface-emitting lasers (VCSEL) operating in the 850 nm region of the electromagnetic spectrum. In this regard, various relevant VCSEL samples with numerous oxide aperture sizes have been fabricated and characterized. Thorough investigations of the electrical as well as optical characteristics of the fabricated samples have been performed which includes the overall device performance as a function of the oxidize aperture sizes. It is reported that the VCSEL with oxide aperture size <10 μm require low threshold currents (<1 mA). Further, the differential quantum efficiencies up to 28% were measured for a number of these devices. It is found that devices employing oxide aperture of 10 to 15 μm shows promising electro-optical characteristics for 850 nm oxide VCSEL optimization.     

Multiaspect Aperture Synthesis

A novel kind of aperture synthesis, called the multiaspect aperture synthesis, is proposed for far-field reconstruction of a moving noise source from near-field measurements by a receiving array of finite length comparable with the source length. This kind of aperture synthesis is based on certain characteristics of the near-field spatial correlation function which is sensitive to the current locations of the source and the receiving system. The statistical characteristics of the reconstructed far-field pattern, as well as the effects of noise spectral power density bandwidth and the source velocity on the reconstructed source characteristics are studied. The corresponding numerical simulations are performed.     

开孔矩形腔体的近场电磁屏蔽效能研究

基于扩展的等效电路方法, 建立了电偶极子和磁偶极子天线近场照射下开孔矩形腔体电磁屏蔽效能计算的近似解析模型, 计算分析了场源–腔体距离对电场和磁场屏蔽效能的影响规律. 结果表明在近场区, 屏蔽效能随场源–腔体距离的减小而明显减小, 近场屏蔽效能小于远场屏蔽效能. 基于Bethe小孔耦合理论, 得出了描述近场和远场屏蔽效能关系的解析公式, 并用该公式检验了等效电路方法计算结果的可信性. 关键词： 电磁屏蔽 矩形腔体 近场 Bethe 理论     

氧化孔形状对光子晶体垂直腔面发射激光器模式的影响

用时域有限差分方法对氧化孔限制型外腔式光子晶体垂直腔面发射激光器 (VCSEL) 在小氧化孔下氧化孔形状对激光器模式特性的影响进行了模拟计算. 建立了三维光子晶体面发射激光器光场计算模型, 分析了氧化孔形状变化对器件远场特性与频率特性的影响. 研究发现, 氧化孔形状可影响光子晶体VCSEL的模式特性, 尤其是频谱特性. 从模场分布的角度可解释为菱形氧化孔的对称性与高阶模的不一致. 但随着光子晶体刻蚀深度的增加和氧化孔的增大, 这种影响逐渐减小, 分析解释了其原因. 研究结果为提高光子晶体面发射激光器的性能提供了参考.     

Effects of metal irises on the guided-mode properties in asymmetrical slab waveguides

The diffraction phenomenon caused by metal transverse irises placed into an asymmetrical slab waveguide is examined by using the integral equation method. We concentrate on the possibility of controlling the radiation characteristics of the structure by changing the irises positions and the slab waveguide asymmetry. The aperture electric-field distribution is expressed in terms of a finite series of Chebyshev polynomials. The dominant TE guided-mode reflection and transmission coefficients, the near-field distribution and the far-field radiation pattern are calculated, while numerical results are presented for several cases of asymmetrical slab waveguides and different irises’ positions.     

Near-field characteristics of the parametric loudspeaker using ultrasonic transducers

A parametric speaker is a device for generating and focusing highly directional sound beams. It is essentially a by-product that comes with the nonlinearity of ultrasound. It is noteworthy that this directional beam was controlled and utilized mostly for far-field applications in the past. We empirically study the directivity and attenuation characteristics of the parametric loudspeaker in the near-field where we desire to use it. Physical parameters for experiments are imported from a theoretical model based on the far-field approximation. The findings are that increases in aperture size and modulation frequency cause higher directivity, but have more than twice the beamwidth of the far-field approximation. The attenuation also does not obey the inverse-square law which describes far-field spreading from acoustic sources. The results conclusively explain a series of formation and attenuation of the virtual sound sources and define limitations of use in the near-field.     

Classical phase space revealed by coherent light

We study the far-field characteristics of oval-resonator laser diodes made of an GaAs/Al(x)Ga(1-x)As quantum well. The resonator shapes are various oval geometries, thereby probing chaotic and mixed classical dynamics. The far-field pattern shows a pronounced fine structure that strongly depends on the cavity shape. Comparing the experimental data with ray-model simulations for a Fresnel billiard yields convincing agreement for all geometries and reveals the importance of the underlying classical phase space for the lasing characteristics.     

Diffraction equations for weak scattering reflective surface

In order to investigate the surface roughness dependence of speckle patterns, the complex-amplitude distribution of the speckle field should be obtained first. In previous studies, most investigators have treated this problem using the Fresnel or Fraunhofer diffraction equation. But for a weakly scattering reflective surface, when the observation plane is not parallel to the object plane, the Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction equations become inapplicable. Therefore, a reflective surface diffraction model (RSDM) is formed. When the difference between the RSDM and the transmission aperture diffraction model (TADM) is considered, then a general diffraction equation is presented. Considering the variations of the near-field approximation caused by coordinate system rotation, the near-field diffraction equation is derived. By introducing the far-field approximation, the far-field diffraction equation is obtained. The physical meanings of factors in the new equations are interpreted. Comparisons between the Fresnel and Fraunhofer diffraction equations and the newly derived ones show that the former are just the special cases of the latter. Finally, an application of these new diffraction equations is proposed.     

The Sinai billiard,square torus,and field chaos

An experiment is reported in which the Sinai quantum billiard and square-torus quantum billiard are compared for field chaos. In this mode of chaos, electromagnetic fields in a waveguide are analogous to the wave function. It is found that power loss in the square-torus guide exceeds that in the Sinai-billiard guide by approximately 3.5 dB, thereby illustrating larger field chaos for the square-torus quantum billiard than for the Sinai quantum billiard. Solutions of the Helmholtz equation are derived for the rectangular coaxial guide that illustrate that transverse electric or transverse magnetic modes exist in the guide provided the ratio of edge lengths of the outer rectangle to parallel edge lengths of the inner rectangle is rational. Eigenfunctions partition into four sets depending on even or odd reflection properties about Cartesian axis on which the concentric rectangles are oriented. These eigenfunctions are uniquely determined by four coaxial parameters and two eigen numbers. Justification of experimental findings is based on the argument that the rationals comprise a set of measure zero with respect to the irrationals. Consequently, from an observational point of view, these modes do not exist, which is in accord with the reported experiment. (c) 2000 American Institute of Physics.     

Aperture apodization to reduce the off-axis intensity of the pulsed-mode directivity function of linear arrays

There is considerable interest in aperture apodization for enhancing image quality. With continuous wave excitation, the influence of apodization can quite easily be predicted: the directivity function in the far-field corresponds to the Fourier transform of the aperture function. We, however, analyse a practical situation — short acoustic pulse emission focused in the near-field. Nine types of aperture function (for example, Tukey, Parzen, Hamming) are compared.It appears that with the pulsed mode a considerable reduction in off-axis intensity can be obtained by judicious choice of the aperture function. Side-lobes can be completely eliminated.As a tool, an approximate relationship is established between the Fourier transform of the aperture function and the main-lobe width of the directivity function. Further, an optimum balance is sought between the main-lobe width and the width at the ?25 dB level of the directivity function.