大气压He-Ar射频容性放电Ar亚稳态粒子数密度

利用发射光谱法测量大气压He-Ar混合气体射频容性放电中的Ar亚稳态1s5(3s23p54s［3/2］2)粒子数密度。在不同的放电功率和气体组分下测量放电等离子体中的重要参数:气体转动温度、电子激发温度和Ar亚稳态1s5粒子数密度。结果表明:气体温度在不同放电功率及Ar气压在5103 Pa以内时变化不大,范围为300~350 K;电子激发温度随着放电功率的增加而增加,并且在Ar气压为4103 Pa时最大,在放电功率为70 W时达到0.58 eV;1s5粒子数密度随着放电功率以及电子激发温度的增加而增加,在放电功率为70 W、Ar气压为4103 Pa时达到1.53109 cm-3。     

环境气氛对高能量激光诱导等离子体辐射特性的影响

采用高能量钕玻璃激光器(～25 J)激发诱导金属等离子体,研究了环境气体及其压力对等离子体辐射特性的影响。实验结果表明,相同压强下,氩气中等离子体的谱线强度明显高于空气中等离子体的谱线强度;0.8×105Pa氩气条件下,光谱标钢等离子体的谱线强度达到了最大值;随着环境气压的增大,谱线自吸明显增强,当环境气压达到(0.8～0.93)×105Pa时,标样铝的AlⅠ308.22 nm和AlⅠ309.27 nm两条谱线产生了严重自蚀;另外,等离子体的激发温度也随环境气压的增大而增大,0.93×105Pa氩气条件下标钢等离子体的激发温度相对于0.43×105Pa时升高了近1 500 K。     

基于发射光谱的微波等离子化学气相沉积中的电子温度诊断

在气压40～80 Pa和微波功率400～800 W条件下,使用光学发射光谱法(OES)对Ar、CH4等气体产生的等离子体进行电子温度诊断。实验结果表明,OES法测试得到的电子温度介于0.75 eV到4 eV之间。在含碳气体的微波同轴线型等离子体中使用OES方法进行诊断是可行的,这些研究结果可以进一步拓展OES方法在等离子体增强化学气相沉积领域中的应用。     

细长金属管内产生的直流辉光等离子体发射光谱诊断

利用发射光谱法对金属管内形成的稳定氩氮直流辉光等离子体进行了诊断。通过对等离子体发射光谱谱线的研究确定了等离子体中的活性粒子成分;根据氩原子的玻尔兹曼曲线斜率法计算了等离子体中的电子激发温度;采用氮分子第二正带系跃迁(C3Π_u→B3Π_g)的发射谱线计算了等离子体中的氮分子振动温度;研究了电子激发温度和氮分子振动温度随压强的变化特征。研究结果表明,在20 Pa下产生的Ar60%+N₂40%直流辉光等离子体中,活性成分主要是Ar原子、Ar离子、N₂的第二正带系跃迁(C3Π_u→B3Π_g)和N+₂的第一负带系跃迁(B2Π+_u→X2Σ+_g);电子激发温度约为(15 270±250)K;氮分子(C3Π_u)振动温度约为(3 290±100)K;随着压强的增加电子激发温度、分子振动温度逐渐降低。文章的研究结果对细长金属管内表面改性研究具有重要的意义。     

大面积沿面放电等离子体温度的光谱研究

设计了水电极放电装置,在空气/氩气混合气体中实现了大面积沿面放电。采用发射光谱法,对分子振动温度、电子平均能量和电子激发温度等随气压的变化进行了研究。根据氮分子第二正带系(C3Π_u→B3Π_g)的发射谱线计算出氮分子的振动温度;使用Ar 763.51 nm(2P₆→1S₅)和772.42 nm(2P₂→1S₃)的两条发射谱线的强度比得到电子激发温度;通过氮分子离子391.4 nm和氮分子337.1 nm两条发射谱线的相对强度之比得出了电子的平均能量的变化。实验研究了发射光谱随气压的变化,发现其强度随着气压的增加而增强,且其整个轮廓和谱线强度之比也发生变化。随着气压从0.75×105Pa升高到1×105Pa,分子振动温度、电子激发温度和电子能量均呈下降趋势。     

氦氩射频容性放电发射光谱分析

光抽运亚稳态稀有气体激光器利用放电等离子体作为激光的增益介质.为掌握容性射频放电的放电参数对等离子体各项参数的影响的基本规律,利用等离子体发射光谱法研究了氦氩混合气体在不同装置、不同Ar组分、不同气压和不同射频注入功率下的等离子体参数.利用残留水蒸气产生的OH自由基A~2Σ~+→X~2Π的转动光谱分析获得气体温度;利用电子态光谱的玻尔兹曼做图法获得电子激发温度,利用Ar原子696.5 nm谱线的斯塔克展宽获得电子密度.结果表明:气体温度随气压增加略微上升,在一个大气压下改变组分和放电功率,气体温度变化不大;电子激发温度随总气压的下降而上升,且随着Ar组分的增加而略微下降;目前放电条件下的电子密度均在10~(15)cm~(-3)量级;长时间放电监测表明,残留的水蒸气会导致电子温度的下降,从而降低Ar亚稳态的产率.     

大气压氩气/空气针-环式介质阻挡放电发射光谱诊断

为了更加深入地了解氩气/空气等离子体射流内的电子输运过程及化学反应过程,通过针-环式介质阻挡等离子体发生器在放电频率10 kHz,一个大气压条件下对氩气/空气混合气进行电离并产生了稳定的等离子体射流。通过发射光谱法对不同峰值电压下氩气/空气等离子体射流的活性粒子种类、电子激发温度及振动温度进行了诊断。结果表明,射流中的主要活性粒子为N₂的第二正带系、Ar Ⅰ原子以及少量的氧原子,其中N₂的第二正带系的相对光谱强度最强、最清晰,在本试验的发射光谱中没有发现N+₂的第一负带系谱线,这说明在氩气/空气等离子体射流中几乎没有电子能量高于18.76 eV的自由电子。利用Ar Ⅰ原子激发能差较大的5条谱线做最小二乘线性拟合对等离子体射流的电子激发温度进行了计算,得到大气压氩气/空气等离子体射流的电子激发温度在7 000~11 000 K之间。随峰值电压的增大,电子激发温度表现出先增大后减小的变化趋势,这说明电子激发温度并不总是随峰值电压的增长单调变化的。通过N₂的第二正带系对等离子体振动温度进行了诊断,发现大气压氩气/空气等离子体射流振动温度在3 000~4 500 K之间,其随峰值电压的增大而减小,这意味着虽然峰值电压的提高可有效提高自由电子的动能,但当电子动能较大时自由电子与氮分子之间的相互作用时间将会缩短,进而二者之间的碰撞能量转移截面将会减小,从而导致等离子体振动温度的降低。     

远程Ar等离子的发射光谱研究

远程等离子体可以有效避免电子与离子碰撞产生的刻蚀作用,加强自由基反应,取得更好的改性效果,在膜材料领域具有重要的应用价值。为了更加深入研究远程等离子体中电子状态及其变化规律,采用发射光谱法对远程Ar等离子体进行了诊断,研究了射频功率、反应腔室内压强、距放电中心距离对远程Ar等离子体发射光谱强度、电子密度和电子温度的影响。结果表明,在690～890 nm区域中特征峰较为集中,由ArⅠ原子谱线占主导,且谱线强度的变化规律和电子密度的变化规律相同。通过玻尔兹曼斜率法选取3条ArⅠ谱线计算了不同放电参数下的电子温度。电子温度随射频功率、反应腔室内压强、距放电中心距离的改变而改变。射频功率从30 W增加到150 W时,电子温度从3 105.39 K降低至2 552.91 K。压强从15 Pa增加到25 Pa时,电子温度从3 066.53 K降低到2 593.32 K,当压强继续增加到35 Pa时,电子温度则增加至2 661.71 K。在距放电中心0～10 cm处由于等离子体电位增大,电子温度上升,而10 cm后电子温度不断下降在距放电中心80 cm处趋于0 K。通过分析ArⅠ696.894谱线的...     

氢灯放电等离子体参量光谱诊断

测量了氢灯放电波长处于325~675nm的光谱,通过光谱强度和波长等数据,利用等离子体局域热平衡条件,计算了氢气放电等离子体的激发温度、振动温度和转动温度.     

射频感应耦合Ar-N2等离子体物理特性的Langmuir探针测量及理论研究

分别通过Langmuir探针测量和动力学模型模拟方法研究了射频感应耦合Ar-N2等离子体中电子能量分布、电子温度、电子密度等物理量随N2含量的变化规律.实验研究结果表明:电子能量分布呈现出非Maxwell型分布,并由双温分布向三温分布过渡;电子温度在不同的气压下随N2含量的增加呈现出不同的变化规律.在放电气压小于1.3 Pa时,电子温度随N2含量的增加而下降;当气压大于1.3 Pa时,电子温度随N2含量的增加先迅速上升而后缓慢下降.在不同的放电气压下,电子密度随N2含量的增加迅速下降.数值模拟结果与Langmuir探针测量结果趋势一致.     

Toluene LIF at elevated temperatures: implications for fuel–air ratio measurements

Toluene laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) was investigated for 266- and 248-nm excitation in the temperature range of 300–650 K in a nitrogen/oxygen bath gas of 1 bar total pressure with oxygen partial pressure in the range 0–400 mbar. Contrary to a popular assumption, the toluene LIF signal is not directly proportional to the fuel–air ratio (termed the FAR-LIF assumption) for many conditions relevant to reciprocating IC engines. With increasing temperature, a higher oxygen partial pressure is required to justify the FAR-LIF assumption. The required oxygen pressure becomes unrealistic (>5 bar) for T>670 K at 266-nm excitation and for T>625 K at 248-nm excitation. PACS 33.50.-j; 42.62.-b     

同轴空心阴极氦等离子体的电子激发温度研究

利用同轴空心阴极放电装置,产生氦低温等离子体。通过对等离子体的发射光谱进行测量和计算,研究放电功率以及氦气压强对等离子体的电子激发温度的影响。结果表明:氦低温等离子体的发射光谱主要由连续谱和原子谱线构成,放电功率和压强对谱线的强度具有明显影响。压强的变化不仅影响电子从电场中获得的能量,还会影响电子与原子的碰撞频率,从而导致电子激发温度随着氦气压强的增大,出现先上升后下降的变化趋势。     

氧碘化学激光器运行模式对其脉冲化影响的模拟研究

根据氧碘化学激光器的反应机理建立了一维预混脉冲出光理论模型,从理论上研究了气体总压力在660-2660 Pa, 温度在150-400 K区间内对单脉冲能量、脉宽和峰值功率的影响.分析了气体总压和温度对出光特性影响的内在原因. 计算结果表明:增益介质温度对单脉冲能量的影响要远大于对激光脉宽的影响;增益介质温度在150 K, 气体总压在1330 Pa可以获得比温度在400 K,气体总压为2660 Pa时更高的峰值功率. 因此在不干扰超音速流动状态条件下瞬间大量产生碘原子,可以实现高效的脉冲氧碘化学激光器.     

Temperature and excitation wavelength dependencies of 3-pentanone absorption and fluorescence for PLIF applications

The temperature and excitation wavelength dependencies of 3-pentanone absorption and fluorescence were studied in support of planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) imaging of temperature and mixture fraction in flows of practical interest. The temperature dependencies (300–875 K) of absorption and fluorescence were measured for gaseous 3-pentanoneat atmospheric pressure in a nitrogen bath gas using 248, 266, and 308 nm excitation. The results indicate that the fluorescence signal per unit mole fraction using 248 nm excitation is highly temperature-sensitive below 600 K, while the signal from 308 nm excitation is not temperature sensitive below 500 K. For quantitative measurements over a broad range of temperatures, one must choose excitation schemes carefully to balance the trade-off between measurement sensitivity and the amount of signal at the expected conditions. As an example of such a choice and to show the capabilities of ketone PLIF techniques, we include temperature and mixture fraction images of a 300–650 K heated air jet using near-simultaneous 308 and 266 nm excitation. Received: 29 May 2002 / Revised version: 5 November 2002 / Published online: 26 February 2003 RID="*" ID="*"Corresponding author. Fax: +1-650/723-1748, E-mail: jkoch@stanford.edu RID="**" ID="**"E-mail: hanson@me.stanford.edu     

Laser-excited spectra of Lu2SiO5:Ce scintillator

The emission spectra of Lu₂SiO₅:Ce single crystal under the excitation of 266 nm laser were investigated. The emission spectra of LSO single crystal show no temperature quenching from 20 to 300 K, under the excitation of 266 nm laser with 2 mJ pulse energy. With rising temperature, the Ce1 emission is slightly decreased, while the Ce2 emission is slightly increased. These results show the emissions of Ce1 and Ce2 is not only dependent on the concentration ratio but also influenced by the possible energy transfer processes, including Ce1 to Ce2, intrinsic STHs to Ce2 and the phonon-assisted transfer processes. The spectral thermal broadening and the spectral overlap become evident at high temperature, leading to the enhancement of energy transfer. When the excitation power lowers, the ratio of Ce1 and Ce2 emission increases, and is close to the Xe lamp ultraviolet (UV) excitation, suggesting that the energy transfer from Ce1 center to Ce2 center may be also dependent on the excitation power.     

Oxygen quenching of toluene fluorescence at elevated temperatures

Gas-phase oxygen quenching of toluene laser-induced fluorescence (LIF) is studied between 300 and 650 K in a nitrogen/oxygen bath gas of 1-bar total pressure with oxygen partial pressures up to 400 mbar. With increasing vibrational excitation of the laser-excited toluene, intramolecular decay becomes faster, resulting in a decreasing relative strength of collisional quenching by oxygen. Additionally, Stern–Volmer plots are found to be non-linear for temperatures above 500 K in the case of 266-nm excitation and at all temperatures for 248-nm excitation. This is attributed to the onset of internal conversion from specific vibrational levels. A photophysical model is developed that describes the experimental data and predicts toluene LIF signal strengths for higher oxygen partial pressures. One important result for practical application is that oxygen quenching is not the dominant de-excitation process for engine-related temperature and pressure conditions, and thus application of the popular fuel–air ratio LIF (FARLIF) concept leads to erroneous signal interpretation.This revised version was published online in August 2005 with a corrected cover date.     

Plasma response to transient high voltage pulses

This review reports on plasma response to transient high voltage pulses in a low pressure unmagnetized plasma. Mainly, the experiments are reviewed, when a disc electrode (metallic and dielectric) is biased pulsed negative or positive. The main aim is to review the electron loss in plasmas and particle balance during the negative pulse electrode biasing, when the applied pulse width is less than the ion plasma period. Though the applied pulse width is less than the ion plasma period, ion rarefaction waves are excited. The solitary electron holes are reviewed for positive pulsed bias to the electrode. Also the excitation of waves (solitary electron and ion holes) is reviewed for a metallic electrode covered by a dielectric material. The wave excitation during and after the pulse withdrawal, excitation and propagation characteristics of various electrostatic plasma waves are reviewed here.     

Progress towards absolute intensity measurements of emissions from high temperature thermographic phosphors

Phosphor thermometry has been successfully used in a number of applications ranging from turbo-machinery, pyrolysis, supersonic and hypersonic studies in the past few decades. There are a number of issues related to high temperature, which include faster decays, decreasing emission intensity and increasing blackbody radiation. Although absolute lifetime decay values are readily available, there has been no known work presenting absolute intensity measurements throughout the phosphors operating temperature range. This additional information could help design engineers facilitate phosphor and instrument selection, optimise system setup, and help estimate the performance of the technique at higher temperatures, for any given optical setup. A number of well known high temperature thermographic phosphors were investigated including YAG:Tm, YAG:Tb and Y₂O₃:Eu from 20 °C in an excess of 1000 °C. Both 355 and 266 nm excitation wavelengths from a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser were used. The subsequent emissions were passed through a narrowband interference filter to isolate the peak emission wavelengths, and were collected using PMT. The methodology for an absolute measurement, which requires a sound understanding of the PMT, including solid angle, collection efficiency, dynode gain, calibration and electronic temporal response for intensity measurements is presented and discussed. The results clearly indicate a variation in phosphor intensity with an increasing temperature, which is considerably different amongst different phosphors under different excitation wavelengths. The combined standard uncertainty of measurement was estimated to be approximately ±10.7%. The existing system was able to monitor intensity values up to 900 °C for Mg₃F₂GeO₄:Mn phosphors, 1100 °C for Y2O3:Eu, 1150 °C for YAG:Tb and up to 1400 °C for YAG:Tm thermographic phosphors. Y₂O₃:Eu using 266 nm excitation was found to exhibit the highest peak intensity per mJ of laser excitation from all the phosphors investigated at 20 °C. However, at high temperatures (900 °C+) YAG:Tm using 355 nm excitation was found to exhibit the highest peak intensity per mJ of an excitation energy.