γ-射线辐射还原法制备金属铜掺杂MF气凝胶

采用射线辐射还原法,在不同总吸收剂量条件下制备了金属Cu掺杂三聚氰胺-甲醛（MF）有机气凝胶复合材料。利用X-射线衍射仪（XRD）、电感耦合等离子体吸收光谱（ICP-AES）仪和扫描电子显微镜,测试证实了辐射还原法能成功地在MF气凝胶中还原出金属Cu。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)图谱表明在100 kGy和200 kGy的总吸收剂量下,在MF气凝胶中还原的金属Cu粒子的粒径较小,不会形成金属团聚区,而在较高的总吸收剂量下（大于200 kGy）,在MF气凝胶中还原的Cu会形成金属团聚区。N2吸附测试表明,还原的金属Cu会堵塞MF气凝胶的一部分微孔和一部分介孔,从而使样品的比表面积和吸附量降低。随着总吸收剂量不断增加,经辐照后样品中金属Cu的含量也不断增加,同时还会影响还原出金属Cu的分布和形貌。     

辐照还原法制备Au掺杂MF气凝胶

利用辐照还原法在500 kGy辐照剂量下制备了Au掺杂MF有机气凝胶。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、能量色散光谱仪（EDX）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）测试证实了辐照法成功地制备出Au掺杂MF有机气凝胶复合物。EDX和TEM照片表明辐照处理后Au纳米颗粒均匀地分布在MF气凝胶骨架中,并且Au纳米颗粒的平均尺寸为5.8 nm。N2吸附数据分析表明掺入Au纳米颗粒后,MF气凝胶的比表面积、总孔体积、微孔体积和介孔体积都有所下降。     

辐照还原法制备Au掺杂MF气凝胶

利用辐照还原法在500 kGy辐照剂量下制备了Au掺杂MF有机气凝胶。通过X射线衍射（XRD）、能量色散光谱仪（EDX）和透射电子显微镜（TEM）测试证实了辐照法成功地制备出Au掺杂MF有机气凝胶复合物。EDX和TEM照片表明辐照处理后Au纳米颗粒均匀地分布在MF气凝胶骨架中,并且Au纳米颗粒的平均尺寸为5.8 nm。N2吸附数据分析表明掺入Au纳米颗粒后,MF气凝胶的比表面积、总孔体积、微孔体积和介孔体积都有所下降。     

镍掺杂三聚氰胺-甲醛气凝胶的浸渍-还原法制备

以PdCl2为活化敏化液,水合肼为还原剂,采用化学浸渍-还原法在常温下制得了磁性金属Ni掺杂三聚氰胺-甲醛（MF）气凝胶,为金属掺杂气凝胶的制备寻得了新的途径。利用X-射线粉末衍射仪（XRD）、扫描电镜（SEM）、透射电镜（TEM）等对Ni掺杂MF气凝胶进行表征,SEM和TEM均表明,经浸渍-还原处理后的MF气凝胶骨架中较均匀地分布着粒径约100 nm的金属Ni颗粒,其中部分颗粒生长连结形成较大团簇。N2吸-脱附实验数据显示,掺入金属Ni后,MF气凝胶的比表面积、总孔体积、微孔体积均减小,表明浸渍-还原处理后得到的金属Ni颗粒均匀分布于MF气凝胶孔隙中,其中少量大孔的出现是由形成团簇的Ni颗粒填充了部分纯MF气凝胶的孔隙撑开了孔隙结构所致。     

辐射法制备Pd掺杂碳气凝胶粉末

利用辐射还原法,在100, 200, 500 kGy辐射剂量下制备了金属Pd掺杂的碳气凝胶粉末。X射线衍射（XRD）,扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能谱测试证实了辐射法成功地制备出Pd掺杂的碳气凝胶粉末复合物。SEM照片表明,还原生成的金属Pd相对均匀地分布在所有碳气凝胶颗粒表面。N2吸附数据分析表明:掺入金属Pd后,碳气凝胶粉末比表面积、平均孔径和总孔体积都显著减小。由于被还原金属大多沉积在碳气凝胶粉末表面,不同辐射剂量下制得的掺杂碳气凝胶粉末的比表面积等多孔特征数据相差不大。     

辐射法制备Pd掺杂碳气凝胶粉末

利用辐射还原法,在100, 200, 500 kGy辐射剂量下制备了金属Pd掺杂的碳气凝胶粉末。X射线衍射（XRD）,扫描电子显微镜（SEM）和能谱测试证实了辐射法成功地制备出Pd掺杂的碳气凝胶粉末复合物。SEM照片表明,还原生成的金属Pd相对均匀地分布在所有碳气凝胶颗粒表面。N2吸附数据分析表明:掺入金属Pd后,碳气凝胶粉末比表面积、平均孔径和总孔体积都显著减小。由于被还原金属大多沉积在碳气凝胶粉末表面,不同辐射剂量下制得的掺杂碳气凝胶粉末的比表面积等多孔特征数据相差不大。     

MF气凝胶的制备和结构表征

 以三聚氰胺(M)和甲醛(F)为原料,经溶胶-凝胶和超临界干燥工艺制备出密度156.82 mg/cm³的MF气凝胶。通过X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)及比表面测定仪(BET)等测试手段研究了其结构和性能。XRD结果表明MF气凝胶是一种非晶材料;TEM和SEM结果表明MF气凝胶所有孔孔径均在10 nm左右;孔径分布及比表面积测试仪测得该气凝胶具有很高的比表面积（1 015.98 m²/g）,孔径大小主要为5~30 nm。所得MF气凝胶是一种具有nm量级3维网络结构的轻质多孔材料,有望在ICF实验靶中得到应用。     

低密度Cu掺杂SiO_2复合气凝胶的制备及表征

分别以正硅酸甲酯、醋酸铜为硅源和铜源,通过溶胶凝胶法及CO2超临界干燥技术制备了一系列Cu掺杂SiO2复合气凝胶。采用红外谱仪(FTIR)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线能谱仪(EDS)、比表面积和孔隙度分析仪(BET)、动态热机械分析仪(DMA)对样品进行了表征。结果表明随着铜含量的增加,复合气凝胶密度增加,比表面积降低,平均孔径增加,实际掺杂比与理论掺杂比对应增加。该复合气凝胶具有三维网状结构,密度低(40mg/cm3),比表面积高(390m2/g),成型性较好,有望应用于惯性约束聚变(ICF)实验。     

低密度Cu掺杂SiO2复合气凝胶的制备及表征

分别以正硅酸甲酯、醋酸铜为硅源和铜源,通过溶胶凝胶法及CO2超临界干燥技术制备了一系列Cu掺杂SiO2复合气凝胶。采用红外谱仪（FTIR）、扫描电镜（SEM）、X射线能谱仪（EDS）、比表面积和孔隙度分析仪（BET）、动态热机械分析仪（DMA）对样品进行了表征。结果表明随着铜含量的增加,复合气凝胶密度增加,比表面积降低,平均孔径增加,实际掺杂比与理论掺杂比对应增加。该复合气凝胶具有三维网状结构,密度低（＜40 mg/cm3）,比表面积高（＞390 m2/g）,成型性较好,有望应用于惯性约束聚变（ICF）实验。     

酚改性MF气凝胶的制备及表征

以三聚氰胺和甲醛为原料制备MF气凝胶,在凝胶化过程中加入酚类化合物对MF体系进行改性,获得相应的湿凝胶,湿凝胶经超临界干燥,制备出密度为最低可达50 kg·m-3的酚改性MF气凝胶。采用高分辨透射电镜、场发射扫描电镜、红外吸收光谱和热重分析表征了酚改性MF气凝胶的组成、结构以及热性能。结果表明:酚类的引入,MF气凝胶体系由堆积型结构变成链球状多孔纳米结构,同时在较低的温度下（＜300 ℃）,体系的热稳定性有所提高。     

一种基于阶梯阈值的射线违禁品探测方法

在γ射线违禁品探测技术中,快速准确的γ射线康普顿散射信号平滑具有非常重要的意义。现有的多项式平滑法和小波分析方法不仅运算速度慢,且易受噪声干扰,容易出现弱峰、谱峰错位等问题。为解决上述问题,提出一种新的基于阶梯阈值的散射信号分析方法。首先通过数据预处理,计算康普顿散射信号的基底变量,然后根据自适应阶梯阈值和测量差值,依次迭代更新背散射数据,进行信号滤波,最后自动检测峰位,实现可疑物识别。实验结果表明,相比现有的信号分析方法,阶梯阈值算法能够降低噪声干扰,保留康普顿散射信号的峰值和峰位,运算速度快,满足便携式探测设备的实时性要求。Fast and accurate Compton scattering signal smoothing plays an important part for γ-ray-based contraband identification.Traditional methods based on polynomial averaging or wavelet analysis are not only slow but also sensitive to noise,which makes them suffer from issues such as peak amplitude decrease and peak dislocation.A new method based on step threshold is proposed for scattering signal analysis,which can overcome aforementioned issues.Firstly,the base value for Compton scattering signal is computed via data pre-processing.Secondly,the scattering data is iteratively updated using adaptive threshold and system measurement,thus producing smoothed signal data.At last,the peak is localized from the filtered signal data and abnormality is identified.Experimental results show that our method is robust against noise compared to existing methods.The amplitude and location of the peak can be accurately perceived and identified.The method is efficient and can be deployed on portable contraband detection devices.     

The structure and magnetic properties of Cu-doped ZnO prepared by sol-gel method

The Cu-doped ZnO and pure ZnO powders were synthesized by sol-gel method. The structural properties of the samples were investigated by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy and X-ray absorption spectroscopy. All the results confirmed that copper ions were well incorporated into the ZnO lattices by substituting Zn sites without changing the wurtzite structure and no secondary phase existed in Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles. The Zn_0.97Cu_0.03O nanoparticles exhibited ferromagnetism at room temperature, as established by the vibrating sample magnetometer analysis.     

Spectral features and antibacterial properties of Cu-doped ZnO nanoparticles prepared by sol-gel method

Zn_(1-x)Cu_x O(x=0.00, 0.01, 0.03, and 0.05) nanoparticles are synthesized via the sol-gel technique using gelatin and nitrate precursors. The impact of copper concentration on the structural, optical, and antibacterial properties of these nanoparticles is demonstrated. Powder x-ray diffraction investigations have illustrated the organized Cu doping into ZnO nanoparticles up to Cu concentration of 5%(x = 0.05). However, the peak corresponding to CuO for x= 0.01 is not distinguishable. The images of field emission scanning electron microscopy demonstrate the existence of a nearly spherical shape with a size in the range of 30–52 nm. Doping Cu creates the Cu–O–Zn on the surface and results in a decrease in the crystallite size. Photoluminescence and absorption spectra display that doping Cu causes an increment in the energy band gap. The antibacterial activities of the nanoparticles are examined against Escherichia coli(Gram negative bacteria)cultures using optical density at 600 nm and a comparison of the size of inhibition zone diameter. It is found that both pure and doped ZnO nanoparticles indicate appropriate antibacterial activity which rises with Cu doping.     

对苯二酚-甲醛碳气凝胶的制备

 溶胶-凝胶法制备了高HC比（10~40,对苯二酚与催化剂(Na₂CO_{3/sub>)的物质的量之比）的对苯二酚-甲醛有机气凝胶,并经高温碳化处理得到其碳气凝胶。借助有机气凝胶的红外光谱研究了其化学结构,说明其网孔结构形成的可能性;研究了有机气凝胶的扫描电镜图像、比表面积及孔径分布等,并得到碳化前后的一些对比数据：有机气凝胶颗粒大小30~50 nm,碳化后约为10 nm,比表面积从341.77 m²/g增大到452.75 m²/g,密度从0.170 8 g/cm^{3/sup>增大到0.335 6 g/cm3/sup>。}}     

A programme for X-ray/optical identification of Soft-γ-ray sources observed by the SIGMA telescope

Summary Anad hoc programme aimed at the search for the optical counterparts of the hard-X-ray/soft-γ-ray sources discovered and/or observed by the SIGMA telescope is described and some of the results, obtained so far, are presented. Paper presented at the V Cosmic Physics National Conference, S. Miniato, November 27–30, 1990.     

Preparation of enamel coating by laser irradiation

Enamel coatings is produced on steel substrates using CW CO_2 laser irradiation from the same raw material as used for industrial enamel coating. The formed coating fairly well join to the substrate and has a bumpy glossy surface. Its microstructure is uniform and glassy with a liitle of small pores. It contains less Na and K than the initial composition. Fe element has been transfered into the coating, the content is high in the interface zone and low in the main body. This distribution may be at a time establish the good chemical stability of coating and its strong adhension to substrate. The present investigation also makes comparison of the laser irradiated coating with the ordinarily enamelled one.     

Synthesis of PMA stabilized silver nanoparticles by chemical reduction process under a two-step UV irradiation

Poly(methacrylic acid) (PMA) stabilized silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs), also used in the surface modification of clothing fibers, were fabricated via chemical reduction processes under UV irradiation. To obtain an uniform size distribution it has been designed a new “two-step” process which employs two different UV radiation densities in order to control the kinetics of NPs nucleation. The as produced nanoparticles were characterized by UV-vis absorption spectroscopy and TEM microscopy. The results show the reduction of the Ag ions and the nanoparticles nucleation in the first step. In the second step, the final Ag NPs size distribution is controlled through a quick cross-linking of the PMA that freezes out any further modification. A narrow size distribution with more than 80% NPs smaller than 10 nm and none larger than 25 nm was obtained and the long-term stability (one month) of the colloidal solution was verified.