激光烧蚀-吸收光谱测量铀同位素比实验研究

铀同位素比(~(235)U/~(238)U)高精度测量在核能安全领域具有重要的研究意义和应用价值,本文基于高灵敏度可调谐吸收光谱技术,结合脉冲激光烧蚀产生等离子体的样品处理方式,实现了固体材料中~(235)U和~(238)U铀同位素比的高精度测量.实验测量选择l=394.4884 nm/394.4930 nm (vacuum)作为~(235)U/~(238)U分析线,详细研究了缓冲气体及其压力对激光烧蚀等离子体中铀原子存在时间的影响.结果表明氦气作为缓冲气体更有利于铀原子吸收光谱测量.实验获得了测量铀原子吸收光谱的最佳测量条件,并测量了~(235)U含量分别为4.95%, 4.10%, 3.00%, 1.10%和0.25%的五种样品,获得了~(235)U和~(238)U的高分辨率吸收光谱信号.不同含量样品吸收光谱测量与统计分析表明, ~(235)U吸收信号的线性度良好,拟合相关系数为0.989,检测限为0.033%(3s),吸收光谱测量重现性优于固定波长法.激光烧蚀结合可调谐吸收光谱技术适用于铀同位素比测量分析,在核燃料的同位素快速分析方面有很大的应用潜力.     

用激光诱导击穿光谱测量铝合金的激光烧蚀阈值

采用正交几何配置的双波长双脉冲激光烧蚀-激光诱导击穿光谱技术准确测量了铝合金样品的激光烧蚀阈值。在烧蚀激光波长为532 nm、脉宽为12 ns并采用焦距为2 cm的非球面透镜强聚焦的条件下,得到铝合金的激光能量烧蚀阈值为48 J,等效的能量密度烧蚀阈值为9.8 J/cm2。该技术是一种新的激光烧蚀阈值的光谱测量手段,与传统的测量技术相比,具有高灵敏、准确、快捷和便利的特点,可以用于不同材料的激光烧蚀阈值的准确测量。     

整形飞秒激光金属材料精细加工

实验通过二极管记录透射光信号随脉冲个数变化关系以及观测样品烧蚀形貌来研究不同实验条件对激光烧蚀的影响。使用的样品是厚度为50 m铝箔。实验中通过研究不同变量:激光焦点与样品的相对位置、激光的能量、背景气体压强以及脉冲形状对烧蚀加工过程和结果的影响,从而获得较好烧蚀效果的条件,达到控制烧蚀加工过程的目的。特别是通过使用不同形状的脉冲和具有一定规律的脉冲序列对样品进行烧蚀,发现某些形状的整形脉冲烧蚀结果明显优于变换极限脉冲。说明脉冲整形作为一种新的技术可以在激光精细钻孔领域得到更深入的研究和应用。     

ICP光源的激光烧蚀固体样品引入方法进展

根据近几年来国内外的有关文献,叙述了ICP光源的激光烧蚀固体进样方法的研究进展及其在物质成分分析中的应用。着重阐述了激光输出特性(输出波长、脉冲宽度、重复频率、能量密度)和环境气氛(氦气、氩气)对样品烧蚀过程的影响,讨论了激光烧蚀室、气溶胶传输管道及样品引入改进装置在蒸发物质被传输到ICP光源过程中的作用。获得较小而均匀的气溶胶颗粒和稳定高效地将烧蚀物质输送到ICP是完善激光烧蚀固体进样技术的关键环节,元素分馏效应及蒸发物沉积是影响分析性能的重要因素。作为实际例子,也讨论了激光烧蚀固体进样电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法/质谱法在金属、玻璃、有机物及其他样品分析方面的应用,对分析方法的准确度、精密度、检出限和灵敏度进行了简要论述。     

影响激光诱导等离子体稳定性的因素研究

采用1064nm的激光对炉渣样品进行烧蚀,分析了影响炉渣中信号稳定性的一些因素。激光能量在小范围波动(±2%)对信号的稳定性影响很小,参考激光能量和光谱信号强度无明显关系。当激光频率降低至4Hz以下时,信号的相对标准偏差下降至10%左右。当激光聚焦位置位于样品表面下3mm时信号强度和稳定性最优。熔渣样品信号的稳定性高于粉渣样品,不同渣系的炉渣的稳定性也不相同。对于原子线,不同点烧蚀的稳定性远远优于单点烧蚀稳定性,而对于离子谱线,两种不同的烧蚀稳定性差别不大。     

双束探测光测量激光等离子体动量

提出了一种对激光等离子产生的靶速度进行测量的新方法。该方法除了对烧蚀靶的速度进行直接测量外,而且测量结果不受靶宽度及探测光束的影响。与理论值相比,该方法的实验测量误差小于2%。此外,利用该测量方法对激光烧蚀不同温度下液体水的动量进行了测量,结果发现随水温度的降低,产生的动量呈现增加趋势。     

飞秒激光的波长对SiC材料烧蚀的影响

利用10倍的显微物镜将近红外飞秒激光脉冲汇聚到宽带隙半导体材料6H SiC的前表面,研究样品的烧蚀及诱导微细结构。用扫描电镜(Scanning electron microscope,SEM)及光学显微镜测量烧蚀斑。利用烧蚀面积与激光脉冲能量的关系确定SiC的烧蚀阈值。给出了SiC样品的烧蚀阈值与飞秒激光波长的依赖关系。实验结果表明,可见光区随波长增加,烧蚀阈值从0.29J/cm2增加到0.67J/cm2;而在近红外区,SiC的烧蚀阈值为0.70J/cm2左右,基本上不随激光波长变化而改变。结合计算结果,可以认为在飞秒激光烧蚀SiC的过程中,在近红外区,光致电离和碰撞电离均起到了重要的作用;而在可见光区,光致电离的作用相对大一些。     

基于一种远程双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱系统原位分析钢样成分

为了实现钢铁等金属熔炼过程中实时、在线监测元素组分含量,设计了一种远程双脉冲激光诱导击穿光谱(LIBS)分析系统,对远距离的样品进行非接触式远程测量、成分分析。首先利用固体标准钢样对系统进行了测试以及标定,为下一步利用此系统在线监测熔融钢液组分含量提供了基础。实验结果表明：激光远距离聚焦光斑在1 mm左右;双脉冲烧蚀比单脉冲烧蚀深度深很多;双脉冲最佳延时在不同距离下不一致;3.1 m处双脉冲增强效果比2.1 m处更好,其中Ti(Ⅰ)319.99 nm增强最显著为5.19倍;各种元素的标定曲线相关系数r都在0.99左右,重复精度(RSD)基本都小于5%,测量偏差(RMSE)都小于0.021%,2.1 m处的检出限相比3.1 m处更低,2.1 m处多数元素检出限小于500 ppm。     

样品温度对激光诱导土壤等离子体辐射特性的影响

为了研究样品温度对激光诱导等离子体辐射特性的影响,以国家标准土壤样品为靶,在空气中利用波长为1 064nm的Nd∶YAG纳秒脉冲激光烧蚀不同温度(≤350℃)下的片状样品,测量了激光诱导等离子体的发射光谱强度和信噪比,计算了光谱分析检出限和信号的测量准确度.实验结果表明,当能量为200mJ时,随着样品温度的升高,等离子体辐射逐渐增强,并且在样品温度为300℃时达到最大值.计算表明,元素Al、Mg、Ba和Fe在300℃样品温度时的光谱线强度比室温条件下分别提高了67%、58%、61%和52%,信噪比分别增大了41%、51%、28%和38%,且元素分析检出限和光谱信号稳定性均有改善.升高样品温度有利于改善激光光谱的质量.     

自相关法测量飞秒激光双脉冲若干参量的研究

飞秒激光双脉冲在研究光泵浦的超快瞬态过程领域具有重要的应用价值,如何实现高准确度的飞秒激光双脉冲的实时测量显得尤为重要.本文提出了一种基于自相关法的飞秒激光双脉冲参量的测量方法,可实现对共光路传输、具有飞秒至皮秒级时间间隔的飞秒激光双脉冲的脉冲间隔、脉冲宽度和强度比的实时测量.实验中采用自相关仪测得了双折射晶体(钒酸钇)分束出的飞秒激光双脉冲的自相关曲线,并用非线性拟合算法求得了飞秒激光双脉冲的脉冲间隔、脉冲宽度和强度比参量.实验结果表明,本文方法与互相关测量方法相比,克服了参考脉冲参量的不确定性对检测准确度的影响,使测量平均准确度提高了48%以上.     

多波长半导体激光阵列端泵Nd:YAG脉冲激光器

研制了无温控多波长激光二极管阵列端面泵浦Nd：YAG电光调Q激光器。采用4 000 W多波长准连续激光二极管阵列作为泵浦源,快轴准直镜与透镜导管作为泵浦耦合系统,端面泵浦φ6 mm×60 mm的Nd：YAG晶体,并采用RTP晶体进行电光调Q实验。在重复频率5 Hz、室温（25℃）时,激光器获得了最大输出能量74.4 mJ、脉宽15 ns的1 064 nm脉冲激光输出,光光转换效率达到11%。在25~55℃的工作温度下,对多波长LDA的光谱特征与激光器的输出特性作了测试,激光器输出能量随着工作温度的上升而先迅速下降再逐步保持稳定,当重复频率分别为5 Hz和10 Hz时,激光器对应的最低输出能量分别为48 mJ与37 mJ。     

Characterization of laser processing of single‐crystal natural diamonds using micro‐Raman spectroscopic investigations

The application of lasers for processing diamond has revolutionized the diamond industry and its applications in microelectronics, microelectromechanical system (MEMS) and microoptoelectromechanical system (MOEMS) technologies. The process quality can be evaluated using spectroscopic techniques. In the present investigation, four different types of Q‐switched solid‐state lasers (with different beam parameters), namely, a lamp‐pumped Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm, a lamp‐pumped Nd:YAG laser operating at second harmonically generated 532 nm, a diode‐pumped Nd:YVO₄ laser operating at 1064 nm and a diode‐pumped Nd:YAG laser operating at 1064 nm, have been employed for the processing of a single‐crystal, gem‐quality, natural diamond. The main objective behind the selection of these lasers with different beam parameters was to study the effect of wavelength, pulse width, pulse energy, peak power and beam quality factor (M² factor) on various aspects of processing (such as microcracking, material loss and cut surface quality) and their relative merits and demerits. The overall weight loss of the diamond and formation of microcracks during processing have been studied for the above four cases. The characteristics of the graphite formed during processing, elemental analysis, surface morphology of the cut surface and process dynamics have been studied using micro‐Raman spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). We observed that laser cutting of single‐crystal diamonds used for industrial applications can be accomplished without microcracking or surface distortion using Q‐switched Nd:YAG lasers. This allows direct processing without extensive postgrinding and polishing stages. Very efficient diamond processing is possible using diode‐pumped lasers, which results in the lowest possible breakage rate, good accuracy, good surface finish and low weight loss. From the micro‐Raman and SEM studies, it is concluded that the surface quality obtained is superior when diode‐pumped Nd:YVO₄ laser is used, owing to its extremely high peak power. The maximum graphite content is observed while processing with lamp‐pumped Nd:YAG laser at 532 nm. An overall comparison of all the laser sources leads to the conclusion that diode‐pumped Nd:YAG laser is a superior option for the efficient processing of natural diamond crystals. Copyright © 2006 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

被动调Q自拉曼Nd∶GdVO4激光器

对激光二极管(LD)抽运的自拉曼Nd∶GdVO4被动调Q激光器进行了详细的理论和实验研究。实验中采用Nd∶GdVO4晶体同时作为激光介质和拉曼晶体,分别用了两块不同初始透射率的Cr4 ∶YAG晶体,得到并比较了采用不同初始透射率的Cr4 ∶YAG晶体时被动调Q自拉曼激光器的性能。测量了平均输出功率、脉冲宽度和脉冲重复率随抽运功率的变化关系。当Cr4 ∶YAG的初始透射率为0.91,输入功率是5.7 W时,得到的拉曼光的最高功率为244.6 mW,相应的转换效率为4.3%。通过数值求解基频光和拉曼光空间分布的速率方程并应用到被动调Q自拉曼Nd∶GdVO4激光器。获得的理论结果与实验结果大致相符。     

Diode-pumped Birefringent Tunable Nd: YAG Laser with Large Frequency Difference

A dual-frequency Nd: YAG laser which can output two frequencies with frequency difference of more than 5 gigaherz is developed. By inserting and moving an intracavity quartz crystal wedge in diode pumped Nd:YAG laser, It can be obtained and tuned frequency difference in a wide frequency range. The stabilization of frequency difference in free state is much better than that of birefringent dual-frequency He-Ne lasers at similar laboratory conditions. With such a large tunable frequency difference i.e. short synthetic wavelength, the laser may be used as the light source of absolute distance interferometers. In our experiment, the methods for tuning frequency difference by rotating and applying a tunable force on the intracavity quartz plate are also studied.     

LDA抽运Nd:YAG/KTP腔内和频589 nm连续波激光器

报道了一种激光二极管阵列（LDA）抽运Nd:YAG双波长和频黄光激光器黄激光是由Nd:YAG晶体的1064 nm和1319 nm谱线腔内和频产生以KTP为和频晶体,采用Ⅱ类临界相位匹配,在12 W的808 nm抽运功率下,获得了最高功率为430 mW连续波基横模的589 nm黄激光输出,光光转换效率为3.6%,光束质量因子M2<1.2实验结果表明采用激光二极管阵列抽运Nd:YAG/KTP腔内和频技术是获得黄激光的高效方法,并可以应用到其它激光增益介质的两条谱线进行腔内和频,获得更多不同颜色的单谱线激光输出     

Lasers for materials processing: specifications and trends

An overview is given of the types of lasers dominating the field of laser materials processing. The most prominent lasers in this field are the CO₂ and the Nd: YAG laser. The domain of CO₂ lasers is applications which demand high laser powers (up to 30 kW are available at present), whereas the domain of Nd:YAG lasers is micro-machining applications. In the kilowatt range of laser output power, the two types of lasers are in competition. New diffusion-cooled CO₂ laser systems are capable of output laser powers of several kilowatts, with good beam qualities, while still being quite compact. The output power and beam quality of Nd:YAG lasers has been improved in recent years, so that Nd:YAG lasers are now an alternative to CO₂ lasers even in the kilowatt range. This is especially true for applications that demand optical fibre transmission of the laser beam, which is possible with Nd:YAG laser light but not with the longerwavelength light emitted by CO₂ lasers. The main problem in solid-state lasers such as Nd:YAG is the thermal lensing effect and damage due to thermal stresses. In order to reduce thermal loading, cooling has to be enhanced. Several alternative geometries have been proposed to reduce thermal loading and, by this, thermal lensing effects. There are now slab and tube geometries which allow much higher output powers than the conventionally used laser rods. A very new scheme proposes a thin slab whose cooled side is also used as one of the laser mirrors, so that thermal gradients occur mainly in the direction of the beam propagation and not perpendicular to it, as is the case in the other geometries. As well as CO₂ and Nd:YAG lasers, semiconductor laser diodes are very promising for direct use of the emitted light or as pump sources for Nd:YAG and other solid-state lasers. When packaging together thousands of single laser diodes, output powers of several kilowatts can be realized. Major problems are collimation of the highly divergent laser beams and cooling of the laser diode bars.     

Efficient cooling and trapping of strontium atoms

We report the capture of cold strontium atoms in a magneto-optical trap (MOT) at a rate of 4 x 10(10) atoms/s. The MOT is loaded from an atomic beam decelerated by a Zeeman slower operating with a focused laser beam. The 461-nm laser, used for both cooling and trapping, was generated by sum-frequency mixing in a KTP crystal with diode lasers at 813 nm and a Nd:YAG laser at 1064 nm. As much as 115 mW of blue light was obtained.     

Diode-end-Pumped Nd:YAG Ceramic and Crystal Operation at 1,123 nm

We present a high-power diode-end-pumped continuous-wave Nd:YAG laser operating at 1,123 nm. Laser operation was carried out and compared using high optical quality Nd:YAG ceramics fabricated in-house and commercial Nd:YAG single crystals. At the absorbed diode pump powers of 23.2 and 28.0 W, output powers of 10.7 and 12.5 W at 1,123 nm were achieved for the employed ceramics and crystals as the laser material, which correspond to conversion efficiencies of 46.1% and 44.6%. For high-power lasers, the Nd:YAG ceramic has the advantage of a higher destructive threshold than that of commercial crystals.     

Production of nuclear polarization of unstable nuclei via polarization transfer reactions

To determine experimental conditions suitable for isotope analysis, we studied the plume dynamics of uranium. A uranium oxide sample was ablated by 2nd harmonic radiation from a Nd:YAG laser at a fluence of 0.5 J/cm². The temporal evolution of the ablation plume was investigated in 800 Pa helium environment. It was found that the observation at 3–5 μs after the ablation at the height of about 2.5 mm are most suited for obtaining higher sensitivity. Using the established conditions, we obtained the limit of detection of the isotope ratio (²³⁵U/²³⁸U) to be 0.01 %. In addition, the limit of detection of elemental abundance of uranium in uranium glass was also evaluated.     

千瓦级半导体抽运的固体热容板条激光器

报道了千瓦级激光二极管面阵抽运固体热容激光器的理论与实验研究,分别采用Nd∶YAG单板条和双板条串接的热容激光器,利用热容激光器的理论计算模型计算了在一定的工作时间内激光输出特性,并进行了实验验证。实验中采用的晶体尺寸均为59mm×40mm×4.5mm,对单板条进行抽运时平均功率大约为5.6kW,双板条串接时为11.2kW,重复频率为1kHz,占空比为20%。实验中观察了1s的工作时间内脉冲能量输出的波动情况,单板条时单脉冲能量输出最大为1.3J,在1 s后单脉冲能量输出下降到开始的70%左右,而双板条串接时单脉冲能量输出最大为2.06J,在1s后单脉冲能量输出下降到开始的50%左右,对单块晶体采用通水冷却的准热容热管理模式能有效地降低其热效应。