Preparation and characterization of multiferroic CoFe2O4/Bi0.97Ce0.03FeO3 coaxial nanotubes

Multiferroic CoFe₂O₄ (CFO)/Bi_0.97Ce_0.03FeO₃ (BCFO) coaxial nanotubes were prepared by a sol-gel template method. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the coaxial nanotubes featured with inner CFO and outer BCFO nanotubes. Selected area electron diffraction confirmed the coexistence of spinel CFO and perovskite BCFO phases in the coaxial nanotubes. Vibrating sample magnetometer measurements showed that the saturated magnetization of the coaxial nanotubes was 3.3?emu/g, smaller than that of CFO nanotubes. The P–E hysteresis loop of the coaxial nanotubes was of poor shape due to possible high conductivity in the inner CFO nanotubes. Dielectric measurements exhibited that the dielectric constant of the coaxial nanotubes decreased while the dielectric loss increased due probably to the small dielectric constant and high conductivity in the inner CFO nanotube. Ferroelectric and magnetic properties were simultaneously demonstrated in the CFO/BCFO coaxial nanotubes.     

用边界元法分析非均匀介质中的传输线

 从静电场边值问题的积分解出发,推导出用边界元法求解分区均匀介质填充传输线问题的矩阵表达式,给出传输线电容参数的计算公式,介绍用边界元法求解分区均匀介质填充传输线问题的基本原理和求解过程。对两类传输线的计算结果表明：用边界元法求解分区均匀介质填充传输线问题,不仅具有较高的计算精度,而且可以很方便地应用于各类复杂截面分区均匀介质填充传输线问题的工程设计与计算,边界元法是求解分区均匀介质填充传输线问题的一种有效方法。     

环状烯烃聚合物基底材料的太赫兹复介电常数和损耗特性研究

太赫兹时域光谱(THz-TDS)已被用于研究包括液体,半导体,爆炸物和气体等多种材料。然而自由空间太赫兹光谱系统存在着一些检测局限性,如微量物质难以被检测、系统尺寸难以实现微型化、空气中水的强烈吸收引起的信号衰减较大等问题。为了解决这些问题,研究人员设计了基于金属波导传输线结构的太赫兹芯片集成器件,通过飞秒红外激光激励传输线上的光电导材料实现太赫兹波的产生和检测。然而,在这些芯片上传输的太赫兹信号的频谱宽度很难达到自由空间太赫兹时域光谱系统的频带宽度,一个重要原因是由于传输信号受到随频率增加的传输线损耗所导致的衰减。通常这些损耗主要由三个部分组成：导体损耗,介电损耗和辐射损耗。研究表明：使用低介电常数材料作为共面传输线的衬底,将减少这种介电常数的失配,从而避免冲击波辐射损失;使用具有低损耗角正切的基底材料可以减少太赫兹传输线的损耗。环烯烃聚合物(COP)是一种具有环状烯烃结构的非晶性透明共聚物的材料,在太赫兹波段具有很高的透射率,为了探究这种材料是否能用于共面传输线的衬底,需要通过太赫兹时域光谱技术和介电函数理论分析它在太赫兹频段的光谱和介电特性,以及对这种材料作为基底时用在太赫兹传输线的传输特性进行仿真计算分析。使用透射式太赫兹时域光谱系统,对三种COP、熔融石英和PMMA进行了光谱测试,提取了它们的透射时域信号,采用Dorney和Duvillaret等提出的物理模型计算复介电函数。实验表明：与其他两种材料相比,COP材料在1 THz处的透过率更高,可以达到94.5%,同时介电损耗和介电常数更低,其中介电损耗在1 THz处达到4.31×10-4,因此将COP作为传输线基底材料时能有效减少基底的介电损耗。同时COP材料的介电常数在0.2～2.8 THz范围内维持在约2.3的水平,也有效减弱了辐射损耗。对实验材料基底组成的共面波导传输线进行了HFSS模拟,获得了它们的正向传输衰减系数(S₂₁ parameter),并对由基底引起的介电损耗和辐射损耗进行了计算分析。模拟和计算结果也表明在同一传输线结构下,与其他材料相比COP作为基底时的损耗更小。通过太赫兹时域光谱法与介电响应分析,表明了在太赫兹波段具有较低介电常数的COP材料更适合作为太赫兹传输线结构的基底材料,它可以有效的降低因基底引起的介电损耗和辐射损耗。这为太赫兹传输线的设计过程中衬底材料的选择与应用提供了实验和理论依据。     

陶瓷介质在固态脉冲形成线中的应用

开展了固态脉冲形成线相关材料的研究,基于脉冲形成线的特性参数与材料介电性能之间的关联性,可实现固态脉冲形成线材料的筛选和评估。对不同类型材料介电性能的比较和固态脉冲形成线性能的分析表明:介电常数可调的微波陶瓷是制备固态脉冲形成线较为理想的材料。以Ba-Nb-Ti微波陶瓷制备的固态脉冲形成线可获得高压脉冲前沿5~6 ns,脉宽为13 ns,脉冲平顶为5~6 ns,击穿场强超过17.5 kV/mm。     

Ferrite resonance isolators in coaxial,strip, and rectangular waveguides with a dielectric

An analysis is given of ferrite resonance isolators in coaxial and strip lines and in a rectangular waveguide containing a dielectric. The analysis is based on numerical calculations (using a computer) using the results obtained in [1]. The results enable us to estimate the influence of the thickness of the dielectric, its permittivity, the ferromagnetic resonance line width and other parameters, upon the bandwidth of the system and upon the optimum magnetization ensuring the maximum isolation for the chosen system parameters and center frequency of the band. In this paper the terminology used is the same as in [1].     

Different optical properties in different periodic slot cavity geometrical morphologies

In this paper,optical properties of two-dimensional periodic annular slot cavity arrays in hexagonal close-packing on a silica substrate are theoretically characterized by finite difference time domain(FDTD) simulation method.By simulating reflectance spectra,electric field distribution,and charge distribution,we confirm that multiple cylindrical surface plasmon resonances can be excited in annular inclined slot cavities by linearly polarized light,in which the four reflectance dips are attributed to Fabry–Perot cavity resonances in the coaxial cavity.A coaxial waveguide mode TE11 will exist in these annular cavities,and the wavelengths of these reflectance dips are effectively tailored by changing the geometrical pattern of slot cavity and the dielectric materials filled in the cavities.These resonant wavelengths are localized in annular cavities with large electric field enhancement and dissipate gradually due to metal loss.The formation of an absorption peak can be explained from the aspect of phase matching conditions.We observed that the proposed structure can be tuned over the broad spectral range of 600–4000 nm by changing the outer and inner radii of the annular gaps,gap surface topography.Meanwhile,different lengths of the cavity may cause the shift of resonance dips.Also,we study the field enhancement at different vertical locations of the slit.In addition,dielectric materials filling in the annular gaps will result in a shift of the resonance wavelengths,which make the annular cavities good candidates for refractive index sensors.The refractive index sensitivity of annular cavities can also be tuned by the geometry size and the media around the cavity.Annular cavities with novel applications can be implied as surface enhanced Raman spectra substrates,refractive index sensors,nano-lasers,and optical trappers.     

Coaxial configuration of the dielectric Cherenkov maser

The linearized Lorentz force, continuity equation, and Maxwell's equations are used to calculate the system dispersion relation for a coaxial configuration of the dielectric Cherenkov maser. The system consists of two coaxial conductors lined with dielectric and an annular relativistic electron beam, which propagates between the two liners. The dispersion relation for the beam and dielectric-lined coaxial waveguide structure and the no-beam system that describes the dependence of the generated frequency on the coaxial waveguide parameters are presented. Using the linearized dispersion relation, the growth rate for the beam-TM_0n waveguide mode instability is calculated in the strong-coupling tenuous beam limit     

填充右左手材料矩形屏蔽微带线色散特性的比较研究

运用矢量有限元法对填充右左手材料的矩形屏蔽微带线的色散特性进行比较研究,包括矩形单信号对称屏蔽微带线,矩形单信号不对称屏蔽微带线,矩形双信号对称屏蔽微带线,矩形双信号位置不对称屏蔽微带线,矩形双信号宽度不对称屏蔽微带线以及矩形双信号厚度不对称屏蔽微带线六种情况.讨论这些屏蔽微带线的主模色散特性随填充材料的变化,色散特性的研究有助于矩形屏蔽微带线和左手材料在新型微波器件中的应用.     

光谱方法研究大气压氩气等离子体喷枪的放电特性

利用同轴介质阻挡放电喷枪,通过氩气的流动在大气压空气中产生了均匀的等离子体羽。等离子体羽沿气流方向较为均匀,但在喷嘴处为白色且亮度较高,远离喷嘴处为蓝色,亮度较低。研究了等离子体羽长度与外加电压幅值、驱动频率和气体流速的关系,气流小于4 L·min-1时等离子羽的长度随气流的增大而增大,而当气流大于4 L·min-1时长度随气流的增大而减小。当气流保持恒定时,等离子体羽的长度随外加电压幅值或驱动频率的增大而增大。结合气体放电理论以及分析湍流和平流对放电的影响,对等离子体羽长度随实验参数的变化进行了定性解释。光学方法研究发现在外加电压正半周期等离子羽有一个发光脉冲,而负半周期没有发光信号。同轴介质阻挡放电正半周期有两个发光脉冲,负半周期有一个发光脉冲。通过对该N₂现象的分析,为等离子体羽的产生机制提供了一种可能的解释。采集了同轴介质阻挡放电和等离子体羽的发射光谱,研究发现除等离子体羽存在明显的OH和N₂的发射谱线外,其发射光谱没有明显差别。利用光学发射谱N+₂第一负带系,对等离子体羽转动温度进行了测量,发现转动温度沿远离喷嘴的方向逐渐降低,且转动温度随电压幅值的增大而增大。     

Ultrawide-bandwidth gain in a coaxial dielectric Cherenkov maser

A coaxial waveguide partially filled with a dielectric as the slow-wave structure of a dielectric Cherenkov maser is investigated. The dispersion of the fundamental mode of this waveguide is very weak at phase velocities close to the velocity of light, and for this reason a very wide gain bandwidth is possible under conditions of an interaction with a relativistic electron beam. The dispersion equation for an infinitely thin tubular beam in a coaxial waveguide with a dielectric liner adjoining either the outer or inner conducting surface is derived. The gain bandwidth as a function of the parameters of the electron beam and the slow-wave system are investigated on the basis of numerical solution of the dispersion equation, and a comparison with similar dependences for the conventional configuration of a dielectric Cherenkov maser is made. The structural features of the coaxial configuration which enable novel approaches to the problems of matching the microwave signal at the entrance and exit of the system are discussed. Zh. Tekh. Fiz. 67, 66–72 (May 1997)     

多倍脉宽输出的螺旋重入脉冲形成线

提出了一种螺旋线重入结构的脉冲形成线,可实现多倍脉宽输出。该结构由储能外线和重入内线组成;重入内线的外屏蔽圆筒内表面呈阶梯状,内筒为均匀螺旋线结构,实现简单;储能外线与Tesla变压器一体化。结合采用螺旋重入和二级重入结构,给出了一组10 GW功率、百ns脉宽的重入型脉冲形成线设计,形成线采用Midel 7131合成酯绝缘介质,外筒内径1 m,长度2 m。     

双脉冲高功率脉冲调制器的设计

采用螺旋线和折叠线技术相结合的方法,设计了一种基于水介质高功率脉冲调制器。该调制器采用了两个开关,通过控制两个开关的导通时刻,可以在两个负载上得到脉冲长度相等的两个脉冲。对该种折叠型传输线的波过程进行了详细分析,给出了过渡段部分阻抗等参数对负载电压的影响;用Pspice电路软件对脉冲形成线的充电电压和二极管电压、电流进行了模拟;最后利用高压同轴电缆,对该种类型调制器进行了低压情况下的验证实验,实验结果与理论分析、模拟研究一致。此种类型的调制器具有结构紧凑、可同时输出两个脉冲的优点。     

Multilayer coaxial fiber dielectric elastomers for actuation and sensing

A simple dip-coating technique was employed to manufacture coaxial actuators with multiple layers of alternating dielectric and conducting layers. A thin rubber string was coated with an electrode–insulator–electrode structure, giving rise to a thin, fiber-like actuator with coaxial geometry. The process was repeated to achieve a compact multilayer actuator with up to three coaxial dielectric layers. Mechanical and electromechanical characterization of the actuators is presented, showing actuation strains up to 8% and proper voltage–thickness scaling behavior. Also presented is a capacitance vs. extension plot, demonstrating that these structures can be used for compact and accurate capacitive strain sensing.     

Energy and mass compositions of the plasma of a nanosecond coaxial vacuum surface discharge

The energy and mass compositions of the plasma generated by a nanosecond coaxial discharge on the surface of high-pressure polyethylene at different polarities of the central electrode with and without a vacuum gap between the dielectric and the peripheral electrode are investigated. It is shown that a nanosecond coaxial discharge on a dielectric surface is an efficient source of high-energy multicharged ions.     

水介质同轴线型方波脉冲延时线

 介绍了水介质同轴型方波脉冲延时线的基本原理和基本特性参数,并对延时线传输脉冲的脉冲损耗和脉冲畸变的主要影响因素进行了理论分析。在理论分析的基础上,设计、建立了一套延迟500 ns、阻抗为12 Ω的水介质同轴线型方波脉冲延时线,并进行了初步的实验研究。实验结果表明:该延时线输入方波脉冲前沿为18 ns,输出方波脉冲前沿增加到26 ns;方波脉冲幅度损耗率为9.6%;延迟时间为476 ns。     

An Experimental Study on Cyclotron–Cherenkov Radiation

We searched numerically dielectric-loaded cylindrical waveguide configurations with an injected electron beam in which the growth rate of the cyclotron-Cherenkov instability surpassed that of the Cherenkov instability, and found such a configuration. This configuration consists of a metallic core and an outer metallic cylinder with a dielectric liner on the inner surface. In order to investigate experimentally radiation due to the cyclotron-Cherenkov instability, we designed and assembled an experimental device using the computational results. We studied beam propagation in the dielectric-loaded coaxial waveguide and microwave radiation due to the cyclotron-Cherenkov instability and the Cherenkov instability.     

固态高压脉冲形成线研究

 为了实现高压脉冲形成线小型化,开展了平板固态脉冲形成线研究。实验研究了两种作为储能介质的固态材料的高压体击穿特性、沿面闪络特性和频率响应特性,一种是特种复合材料,其相对介电常数在50～250之间,另一种是功能陶瓷,其相对介电常数在200～1 000之间。在此基础上,研制了两种平板固态脉冲形成线。特种复合介质固态脉冲形成线试验电压为3 kV左右,输出电压脉冲半高全宽（FWHM）可以达到58 ns;功能陶瓷介质固态脉冲形成线的试验充电电压超过120 kV,输出电压脉冲半高全宽为92 ns。     

Adjustable plasmon resonance in the coaxial gold nanotubes

We propose the coaxial gold nanotubes for their transmission and plasmon resonances theoretically. We find that the transmission spectra are highly adjustable by tuning the thickness of the nanotubes, the separation and the dielectric constant between the inner and outer nanotubes. The resonance peaks close to the left forbidden band gap edge are strongly correlated with the dielectric constant, the inner and outer tube thickness, and the separation between the two tubes. Based on the localized nature of the electric field distributions, we show that local plasmon resonance modes result from hybridized resonances of multifold multipolar plasmon polaritons in the cross section of the coaxial nanotubes.     

Development of a liquid stub tuner for the KSTAR ICRF system

A liquid stub tuner was developed to transmit a MW level of RF power continuously in the KSTAR (Korean Superconducting Tokamak Advanced Research) ICRF (ion cyclotron range of frequencies) heating and current drive systems. It is made of a 9–3/16″ coaxial transmission line, and the property of the RF wavelength difference in a liquid and in a gas due to their different dielectric constants is utilized. Silicon oil with a relative dielectric constant of 2.74 was used as the liquid, because of its low vapor pressure and low dielectric loss. The liquid stub tuner components were equipped with electrostatic probes, thermocouples, and a humidity sensor to measure the RF voltages, the liquid temperature, and the humidity in the coaxial transmission line, respectively. The level of the liquid for the liquid stub tuner can be changed from 0 to 2.8 m, which corresponds to 2.0 m mechanical length variation at 30 MHz. The RF power test of the liquid stub tuner was performed with various conditioned silicon oils at 30 MHz to compare the high voltage characteristics among various conditioned silicon oils. The stand-off voltage of 43.82 kV (average) was achieved for the liquid stub tuner during the 300 s operation.     

介质阻挡放电点燃大气压直流均匀放电的光谱研究

由于大气压均匀放电等离子体在工业领域具有广泛的应用前景,为了获得大尺寸的大气压均匀等离子体,采用氩气作为工作气体,在大气压空气环境中利用同轴介质阻挡放电点燃了针-板电极间的大气隙(气隙宽度达到5 cm)直流均匀放电。研究发现,同轴介质阻挡放电能够有效降低针-板电极间的击穿电压。该均匀放电由等离子体柱、等离子体羽、阴极暗区和阴极辉区组成。其中等离子体柱和阴极辉区都是连续放电。而等离子体羽不同位置的放电是不同时的。事实上,等离子体羽放电是由从阴极向着等离子体柱移动的发光光层(即等离子体子弹)叠加而成。利用电学方法测量了放电的伏安特性曲线,发现其与低气压正常辉光放电类似,均具有负斜率。采集了放电的发射光谱,发现存在N₂第二正带系、氩原子和氧原子谱线。通过Boltzmann plot方法对放电等离子体电子激发温度进行了空间分辨测量,发现等离子体柱的电子激发温度比等离子体羽的电子激发温度低。通过分析放电机制,对以上现象进行了定性解释。这些研究结果对大气压均匀放电等离子体源的研制和工业应用具有重要意义。