Some Basic Physics Results for Plasma Spectroscopy and Modelling

Spectroscopic diagnostics and modelling of technical or divertor plasmas require many results from basic physics research. Reasonable simplifications must be introduced and information is necessary about atomic and molecular processes in the plasma volume and at the walls. As a first approximation, the corona model is presented, which is applicable for excitation and ionisation at low densities. This model requires cross sections and rate coefficients for electron impact. Many of these can be found in the literature, but it is also shown, how they can be estimated from the optical f-values. Consideration of competing processes is often required, as e.g. dissociative excitation, excitation transfer, charge exchange or quenching. Some examples are reported. At higher electron densities, collisional-radiative models must be used, which are available for electron impact collisions. Redistribution by neutral particles can present a major problem in low density discharges and many questions are still open. Heavy particle reaction rates are published in the literature, but must sometimes be taken with caution. The optical thickness of resonance lines is discussed, which may considerably affect line emission also in the visible spectral range. Models and programs are described for taking into account opacity and the results are shown. In addition to reaction cross sections, the electron energy distribution function must be known, which is often non-Maxwellian. It is demonstrated, how deviations can be recognised in spectroscopic criteria with different energy thresholds and how the high-energy tail may be reconstructed for further use in diagnostics or modelling. Eventually, a self-consistent model of these plasmas is highly desirable calculating electrical and magnetic fields, all chemical reaction rates and the consequent distribution functions.     

Laser Spectroscopy 1: Basic Principles & Laser Spectroscopy 2: Experimental Techniques (5th edition)

Electron and Ion Spectroscopy of Solids. Edited by L. Fiermans, J. Vennik and W. Dekeyser. (Plenum Publishing Corp., 1978.) [Pp. xi + 475.] $57·00.

Ellipsometry and Polarized Light. By R. M. A. Azzam and M. M. Bashara. (North-Holland, 1977.) [Pp. ix + 529.]

Physical Fluid Dynamics. By D. J. Tritton. (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1977.) [Pp. xv + 362.] £5·50. Scope: Treatise/textbook. Level: Undergraduate/post graduate.

Laser Induced Fusion and X-ray Laser Studies. Edited by S. F. Jacobs, M. O. Scully, M. Sargent III and C. D. Cantrell III. (Addison-Wesley, 1976.) [Pp. xi + 667.] $27·50. Scope: Conference Proceedings; library (reference). Level: For specialists only, specialist/post-graduate.

Laser Photochemistry, Tunable Lasers and other Topics. Edited by S. F. Jacobs, M. Sargent III, M. O. Scully and C. T. Walker. (Addison-Wesley, 1976.) [Pp. xi + 470.] $23·50. Scope: Conference Proceedings, treatise/textbook, survey, library (reference). Level: Specialist/post-graduate.

Physical Properties of Materials. By M. C. Lovell, A. J. Avery, M. W. Vernon. (Van Nostrand Reinhold, 1976.) [Pp. xii + 304.] £12·00 hardback, £5·00 paperback. Scope: Textbook, library. Level: Undergraduate, general reader.

Focus on the Stars. Edited by H. Messel and S. T. Butler. (Heinemann, 1976/1977.) [Pp. 287.] £4·80. Scope: Comprehensive. Level: School and undergraduate, also general reader.

High Power Lasers and Laser Plasmas. Edited by N. G. Basov. (Plenum Press, Consultants Bureau, 1978.) [Pp. viii + 241.] $47·40. Scope: Laser Physics. Level: Research.

Laser Beam Propagation in the Atmosphere. By J. W. Strohbehn. (Springer-Verlag, 1978.) [Pp. xii + 325.] $46·00; DM 92. Scope: Specialist. Level: Research monograph.

Picosecond Phenomena. Edited by C. V. Shank, E. P. Ippen and S. L. Shapiro. (Springer-Verlag, 1978.) [Pp. xii + 359.] $32·00; DM 64. Scope: Research monograph. Level: Postgraduate.

Particles and Fields. Edited by D. H. Boal and A. N. Kamal. (Plenum Press, 1978.) [Pp. viii + 462.] $51·00. Scope: Theoretical Elementary Particle Physics. Level: Research.

Atomic Energy Levels and Grotrian Diagrams (Volume II). By S. Bashkin and J. O. Stoner, Jr. (North-Holland, 1978.) [Pp. 600.] $80·00; Dfl 180·00.

Coherence and Quantum Optics IV. Edited by Leonard Mastdel and Emil Wolf. (Plenum Press, 1978.) [Pp. xvi + 1011, Author and Subject Indexes, 13 pages.] £40·95. Proceedings of the Fourth Rochester Conference on Coherence and Quantum Optics, June 8-10, 1977. Level: High-level scholarship and research.

Molecular Structure and Dynamics. By W. H. Flygare. (Prentice-Hall, 1978.) [Pp. xviii + 696.] £18·25.

Current Topics in Materials Science (Volume 1). Edited by E. Kaldis. (North-Holland, 1978.) [Pp. xvi + 754.] Dfl 260.00, $115·50. Level: Research workers, University/Industry.

Electronic Properties of Two-dimensional Systems. Edited by G. Dorda and P. J. Stiles. (North-Holland, 1978.) [Pp. xi + 578.] $100·00; Dfl 225·00, Scope: Very comprehensive (Conference Proceedings). Level: Research workers.

Fluid Mechanics. By Ruth M. Rogers. (Routledge &; Kegan Paul, 1978.) [Pp. x + 322.] £9·75. Level: Undergraduate.

Optical Information Processing, Volume 2. Edited by E. S. Barrekete, G. W. Stroke, Y. E. Nesterikhin and W. E. Kock. (Plenum Publishing Corp., 1978.) [Pp. xi + 452.] $45·00. Scope: Seminar Proceedings. Level: Research.

Detection of Optical and Infrared Radiation. By R. H. Kingston. (Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1978.) [Pp. viii + 140.] DM 43; $21·50. Scope: Monograph. Level: 2nd/3rd Year Undergraduate and Postgraduate.

Optical Shop Testing. Edited by Daniel Malacara. (John Wiley-Interscience, 1978.) [Pp. xix + 523.] £21·15; $38·00. Scope: Practical Manual. Level: Research.

A Practical Introduction to Electronic Circuits. Edited by M. Hartley Jones. (Cambridge University Press, 1978.) [Pp. xii + 237.] £9·50.

Vectors in Three-dimensional Space. By J. S. R. Chisholm. (Cambridge University Press, 1978.) [Pp. xii + 291.] Hardback £15·00; Soft cover £4·95.

Magnetic Field Generation in Electrically Conducting Fluids. By H. K. Moffatt. (Cambridge University Press, 1978.) [Pp. x + 343.] £15·50. Level: Specialist/postgraduate. Scope: Monograph.

Photoelectron Statistics. By B. Salbh. (Springer-Verlag, 1978.) [Pp. xiii + 441.] DM 68; $31·30. Level: Postgraduate and research.

Thermoelectricity in Metallic Conductors. Edited by F. J. Blatt and P. A. Schboeder. (Plenum Press, 1978.) [Pp. x + 421.] £26·77. Scope: Conference Meeting. Level: Specialist/Postgraduate.

The Force of Knowledge. The Scientific Dimension of Society. By J. M. Ziman. (Cambridge University Press, 1976-7.) [ix + 437 pp.] £4·75.     

Basic Spectroscopy Performance of Nd3+ and Rhodamine B Doped Polymer Fibers

The spectroscopy properties of Nd3+ doped polymer fiber with 532 nm pumping radiation is studied. It is found that the emission peak near 580 nm is attributed the transition from 2G7/2 and 4G5/2 to ground level 4I9/2,and the florescence intensity of Nd3+ doped polymer fiber with 70 ppm concentration and 650 μm cord diameter increases as the fiber is shortened from 89 cm to 15 cm and decreases again for further shortening to 8 cm. Both the advantages and disadvantages of Nd3+ doped polymer fiber compared with Rhodamine B doped polymer fiber are discussed.     

Basic Spectroscopy Performance of Nd~(3 ) and Rhodamine B Doped Polymer Fibers

1IntroduCionRecentiytherehasbeenagreatinterestindeVelopingpolymeroPhcalfibersforaPPlicationsinCOInInwhcatiosysterns['],especiallyinlocal..tWorks[']-PoymroPticalfiliersohampadVan8gesoverglasefiberS,suchasnekibilityandalnyecorediameter,whihallOWlowerinStallatiOnandhandingCOS.WhenapPropriaeadditivesareiITtrodUCdintothefibercore,foreXam1e,organicdyemoeculeS,theaPplicatiOnforthesepolyrnerfilierscanbeevenbroaderranginfrOInbocandstOrage.1ernen[31tooPhcalfiberlasersandamghfiers['-'].HoWv…     

三维光谱学--二维红外光谱和时间分辨光谱

本文介绍了一类重要的光谱学分析方法-三维光谱学方法,对其中的时间分辨光谱和二维红外光谱作了详细的介绍,包括它们的基本原理、获取谱图的方法、谱图的性质等.介绍了二维红外光谱方法在光谱学分析中的一些应用领域.三维光谱分析方法已经成为光谱分析中重要的研究方法之一.     

Multiphoton Spectroscopy

Abstract

Absorption and cmission spectroscopies, which are widely utilized by chemists, can be classified as one–photon spectroscopy. A molecule is excited from its ground state of energy E₀ to thc excited state of E_e by the absorption of one photon of frequency given by the Bohr's condition (hω=E_e-E₀). The reverse transition is accompanied by the emission of one photon of the same frcquency. Therefore, the molecular state energies can be directly obtained by the photon encrgies absorbed or emitted. Infrared, microwave, electronic absorption, and emission spectroscopies belong to this category of one–photon spectroscopy.     

超薄原子蒸汽的透射与反射光谱

通过数值分析研究了超薄气体的透射与反射光谱特性与其厚度大小的树应关系。研究表明,透射光谱随薄膜厚度的增大而展宽,光谱呈现对称性,而在反射的情况下,这一对称性由薄膜厚度为1／4波长的奇数或偶数倍决定。     

Sensitivity Advantage of QCL Tunable-Laser Mid-Infrared Spectroscopy Over FTIR Spectroscopy

Abstract

Interest in mid-infrared spectroscopy instrumentation beyond classical FTIR using a thermal light source has increased dramatically in recent years. Synchrotron, supercontinuum, and external-cavity quantum cascade laser light sources are emerging as viable alternatives to the traditional thermal black-body emitter (Globar), especially for remote interrogation of samples (“stand-off” detection) and for hyperspectral imaging at diffraction-limited spatial resolution (“microspectroscopy”). It is thus timely to rigorously consider the relative merits of these different light sources for such applications. We study the theoretical maximum achievable signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) of FTIR using synchrotron or supercontinuum light vs. that of a tunable quantum cascade laser, by reinterpreting an important result that is well known in near-infrared optical coherence tomography imaging. We rigorously show that mid-infrared spectra can be acquired up to 1000 times faster—using the same detected light intensity, the same detector noise level, and without loss of SNR—using the tunable quantum cascade laser as compared with the FTIR approach using synchrotron or supercontinuum light. We experimentally demonstrate the effect using a novel, rapidly tunable quantum cascade laser that acquires spectra at rates of up to 400 per second. We also estimate the maximum potential spectral acquisition rate of our prototype system to be 100,000 per second.     

Heavy Meson Spectroscopy

In this article we give a review of certain aspects of the present understanding of spectroscopy of heavy mesons and constituent quark masses in the light of non-relativistic potential model approach motivated by quantum chromodynamics. We find that the one gluon exchange at short distance and colour-confining interaction at large distance which is pure scalar (or scalarvector admixture with dominant scalar interaction) under the Lorentz transformation, can explain only partially the present data on 1 P states of bb and bb states. The S-wave data, that are available at present, however can be understood with both scalar confinement or scalar-vector admixture with scalar-dominant interaction.     

Spectroscopy of C

The ¹⁴C(t, p)¹⁶C reaction locates five new states in ¹⁶C, at excitation energies of 3120 ± 15, 3983 ± 10, 4136 ± 10 and 6109 ± 15 keV, in addition to the g.s. and 1.76 MeV states. The 3.02 and 3.98 MeV states appear to be the second 0⁺ and 2⁺ 2p-2h states, respectively. The 4.14 MeV state has J^π = 4⁺ and the 6.11 MeV state has J^π = 2⁺, 3⁻, or 4⁺.     

Heavy Mesons Spectroscopy

In this paper, Lippmann-Schwinger equation is solved by using Martin and Cornel potentials to calculate $b\bar{c}$ energy levels. The results for some energy levels which are not observable, such as those of $t\bar{t}$ in its short half-life are also predicted. Our calculated energy levels are in good agreement with results of other groups. The stability interval for Yukawa-Linear potential is also studied by investigating the spectrum of eigenvalues.     

2-巯基苯并咪唑的表面增强拉曼光谱检测方法研究

以表面增强拉曼光谱(SERS)方法对2-巯基苯并咪唑(2-MBI)进行了研究,以自组装在玻璃基片上的银纳米膜作为SERS增强基底,采集了2-MBI的SERS光谱图,并对其拉曼特征峰进行了指认。研究了吸附时间和分子浓度对拉曼光谱的影响,以411cm~(-1)拉曼谱峰为定性和定量分析的特征峰。在10-6~10-3mol·L~(-1)浓度范围内拉曼光谱强度与2-MBI浓度的负对数呈现较好的线性关系,线性方程为I=1 237.8logc+8 326.3,线性相关系数为0.999 8,相对标准偏差在0.025~0.084之间,此方法检测2-MBI的检测限为10-7 mol·L~(-1)。这些研究为发展新的针对2-MBI的检测方法奠定了基础。     

中国东南部中、新生代基性岩荧光光谱与等离子质谱测试结果对比及其地质意义分析

通过对中国东南部中、新生代基性岩类岩石的荧光光谱和等离子体质谱分析结果的对比研究,发现中生代基性岩SiO₂平均含量为±50%,新生代基性岩为±43%,前者属典型基性岩类,后者属超基性岩类。两者在微量元素及稀土元素组成上也有显著差异。中生代基性岩的微量元素和稀土元素标准化配分模式与上陆壳的配分模式相同或相似,而新生代基性岩则与OIB型洋岛玄武岩相同或相似。由此得到的认识是：新生代的基性岩与OIB型洋岛玄武岩一样,均为地幔来源,而中生代的基性岩浆则极有可能来自上陆壳底部,与本区中生代壳内重熔岩浆层的演化有关。     

Internal Reflection Spectroscopy

Abstract

The history of internal reflection spectroscopy (IRS), also known as attenuated total reflection spectroscopy (ATR), began nearly two centuries ago with the observation by Newton [l] of an evanescent field in a lower index of refraction medium in contact with a higher index of refraction medium in which a propagating wave of radiation undergoes total internal reflection (TIR). However, the exploitation of this phenomenon for the production of absorption spectra did not begin until the pioneering development work of Harrick [2, 31 and Fahrenfort [4]. After the disclosure on the technique in the literature in 1960, a flurry of publications exploiting it for a wide variety of applications ensued. By 1967 a large body of literature existed which was sufficient to justify a monograph by Harrick [5] and a review by Wilks and Hirschfeld [6], These publications thoroughly reviewed the history and applications of IRS up until that time. Although the IRS technique appeared to promise a ready solution for a wide range of problems which were difficult or intractable by other techniques, such as transmission IR, its general use was hampered by doubts about its reproducibility and capability to be quantitative, Some of the problems which diminished the use of the IRS technique include sample contact to the internal reflection element (IRE) 7-91, spectrometer requirements [101, and data-handling requirements [111.