高功率微波大气击穿的光学诊断

介绍了一种高功率微波在波导内击穿光电诊断测量装置,测得了大气击穿的光电信号,获得了HPM击穿形成的等离子体衰减常数,对击穿点向源方向移动的猜想进行了实验验证。同时进行了短脉冲HPM在自由空间击穿实验,获得了HPM在自由空间击穿的系统光学图像,分析了击穿的放电特征。     

高功率微波大气击穿的光学诊断

 介绍了一种高功率微波在波导内击穿光电诊断测量装置,测得了大气击穿的光电信号,获得了HPM击穿形成的等离子体衰减常数,对击穿点向源方向移动的猜想进行了实验验证。同时进行了短脉冲HPM在自由空间击穿实验,获得了HPM在自由空间击穿的系统光学图像,分析了击穿的放电特征。     

短脉冲高功率微波大气击穿研究

 论述了短脉冲高功率微波在波导内和自由空间中大气击穿的实验研究,给出了不同气压条件下的击穿阈值,并对两实验条件下的结果进行了比较,两种实验的数据统计结果基本一致,证明了采用波导内大气击穿方法来研究大气击穿问题的合理性。     

短脉冲高功率微波大气击穿研究

论述了短脉冲高功率微波在波导内和自由空间中大气击穿的实验研究,给出了不同气压条件下的击穿阈值,并对两实验条件下的结果进行了比较,两种实验的数据统计结果基本一致,证明了采用波导内大气击穿方法来研究大气击穿问题的合理性。     

高功率微波单一气体及混合气体击穿特性

综合考虑高功率微波对电子的加速过程以及电子与气体分子的碰撞过程,建立了单一气体与混合气体击穿过程的蒙特卡罗仿真模型,编写了三维蒙特卡罗仿真程序(3D-MCC)。针对单一气体Ar和N2以及混合气体N2/O2展开研究,仿真了气体雪崩击穿电子云形成过程,对比分析了不同气体电子能量分布函数随压强的变化规律。发现了Ar击穿特性受电子能量分布函数影响较大,而N2击穿特性受电子能量分布函数影响较小。通过分析平均电子能量以及电子密度随时间的变化过程,得到了Ar和N2击穿时间,并通过与流体模型计算得到的击穿时间比对分析验证了3D-MCC模型的正确性。在真空腔体内开展了S波段高功率微波大气击穿实验,测量得到了场强为6.38 kV/cm时不同压强下的大气击穿时间。通过在辐射源与真空腔体之间增加聚焦透镜,大大减小了壁效应的影响,并且采用模型仿真得到的大气击穿时间与实验结果吻合较好。     

高功率微波单一气体及混合气体击穿特性

综合考虑高功率微波对电子的加速过程以及电子与气体分子的碰撞过程,建立了单一气体与混合气体击穿过程的蒙特卡罗仿真模型,编写了三维蒙特卡罗仿真程序(3D-MCC)。针对单一气体Ar和N2以及混合气体N2/O2展开研究,仿真了气体雪崩击穿电子云形成过程,对比分析了不同气体电子能量分布函数随压强的变化规律。发现了Ar击穿特性受电子能量分布函数影响较大,而N2击穿特性受电子能量分布函数影响较小。通过分析平均电子能量以及电子密度随时间的变化过程,得到了Ar和N2击穿时间,并通过与流体模型计算得到的击穿时间比对分析验证了3D-MCC模型的正确性。在真空腔体内开展了S波段高功率微波大气击穿实验,测量得到了场强为6.38 kV/cm时不同压强下的大气击穿时间。通过在辐射源与真空腔体之间增加聚焦透镜,大大减小了壁效应的影响,并且采用模型仿真得到的大气击穿时间与实验结果吻合较好。     

射频击穿等离子体对高功率微波传输特性的影响

利用极化正交的高功率微波合路器,开展了等离子体对于微波传输特性的实验研究.通过改变前级源的功率和脉冲宽度,使得在合路器耦合缝处发生射频击穿,产生等离子体.等离子体扩散进入微波传输主通道,对于高功率微波的传输产生明显的影响,导致微波能量吸收和极化的偏转.初步实验结果表明,等离子体扩散到主通道中心的时间约为3μs,扩散速度约为1μs/cm,等离子体的恢复时间约为5μs.实验测得等离子体导致的微波极化方向最大偏转角度约为4.1?,此时通道内电子个数约为3.7×1015,极化偏转角度与电子数密度以及微波频率相关.     

基于混合大气传输模型的单脉冲高功率微波大气击穿理论与实验研究

综合考虑高功率微波强电场作用下的热致快速电子效应、碰撞频率、电离频率等充分体现高功率微波特性的参量模型,基于高功率微波混合大气传输模型,提出了单脉冲高功率微波混合大气统一非线性击穿模型,定义了单脉冲高功率微波击穿阈值.理论研究结果表明:考虑中性气体分子极化作用以及电子的碰撞热效应后,大气击穿时对应的等离子体频率明显变大;大气击穿阈值随高度的增加先逐渐减小然后增大,在30-60 km区域存在一个极小值.开展了X波段窄带高功率微波单脉冲大气击穿实验研究,得到了典型条件下的高功率微波击穿现象、波形和阈值,且与理论结果一致性较好.     

高功率微波大气击穿区域分布

大气击穿是高功率微波(HPM)大气传输研究最主要的内容。一方面高功率微波辐射天线近场以振荡场形式存在,在某些局部点形成场强的峰值分布,导致天线近场击穿、天线口径面介质击穿等一系列复杂的问题;另一方面,随着单台微波源功率的大幅提高和功率合成技术的发展,天线远场区的大气击穿问题越来越突出。如何判别是否存在大气击穿,如何确定判断的依据,都是需要解决的问题。论文提出依据击穿阈值和天线辐射场与高度关系曲线的变化规律进行判断。当HPM初始辐射场小于该区域大气击穿阈值,且上述两条曲线之间存在交点,即说明存在HPM辐射天线未击穿而传输路径近场区或远场区可能满足大气击穿条件的情况,这一现象也在相关实验中得到了证实。     

高功率微波大气击穿区域分布

大气击穿是高功率微波(HPM)大气传输研究最主要的内容。一方面高功率微波辐射天线近场以振荡场形式存在,在某些局部点形成场强的峰值分布,导致天线近场击穿、天线口径面介质击穿等一系列复杂的问题;另一方面,随着单台微波源功率的大幅提高和功率合成技术的发展,天线远场区的大气击穿问题越来越突出。如何判别是否存在大气击穿,如何确定判断的依据,都是需要解决的问题。论文提出依据击穿阈值和天线辐射场与高度关系曲线的变化规律进行判断。当HPM初始辐射场小于该区域大气击穿阈值,且上述两条曲线之间存在交点,即说明存在HPM辐射天线未击穿而传输路径近场区或远场区可能满足大气击穿条件的情况,这一现象也在相关实验中得到了证实。     

The beta decay of 137Cs

Evidence is presented to support the view that the approximate shape factor $\text{C = q}{}^2\text{+}\text{b}\text{?}\text{p}{}^2$ does not adequately describe the second-forbidden beta decay of ¹³⁷Cs. An improved formula is given, with single-particle estimates of the nuclear matrix-element ratios. According to this model the coefficient of p² involves considerable cancellation between matrix elements; when due allowance is made for this, good fits to the experimental data are obtained, leading to better estimates of the decay scheme parameters.     

Determination of the spectroscopic quadrupole moments of 131Cs, 132Cs and 136Cs

Nuclear spectroscopic quadrupole moments of the radioactive isotopes ¹³¹Cs, ¹³²Cs, and ¹³⁶Cs have been determined from the hyperfine structure of the $\text{6}{}^2\text{P}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>3</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ state by the level crossing method. The results including a Sternheimer correction are: $\text{Q}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>s</mtext>}}\text{(}{}^{131}\text{Cs}\text{) = ?0.625(6)}\text{b}$, $\text{Q}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>s</mtext>}}\text{(}{}^{132}\text{Cs}\text{) = +0.508(7)}\text{b}$, $\text{Q}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>s</mtext>}}\text{(}{}^{136}\text{Cs}\text{) = +0.225(10)}\text{b}$. The quadrupole moments of all the Cs isotopes from A = 131 to A = 137 are recalculated. It is shown, that nuclear quadrupole moments of a specific isotope obtained from different atomic P-states only agree within the limits of error after application of the Sternheimer correction. The increase of Q_s with decreasing neutron number conforms with other observations and theoretical calculations stating that for elements around Z = 55 nuclear deformation develops below N = 82. The staggering of the sign of Q_s may be interpreted as consequence of an oblate-prolate degeneracy of the nuclear energy surface. Some magnetic moments have been slightly improved: $\text{μ}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>I</mtext>}}\text{(}{}^{132}\text{Cs}\text{) = 2.219(7) μ}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>N</mtext>}}$, $\text{μ}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>I</mtext>}}\text{(}{}^{136}\text{Cs}\text{) = 3.705(15)μ}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>N</mtext>}}$ (corrected for diamagnetism).     

Evaluation of Transmutation of ^137Cs（γ, n） 136Cs Using Ultra-Intense Lasers in Solid Targets

Relativistic electrons produced in ultra-intense laser-solid interaction generate highly collimated γ-ray beams through Bremsstrahlung that can be used to induce photonuclear reactions. Photonuclear transmutation （of （% n） type） of ^137 Cs, one of the hazardous nuclear wastes with half-life of 30.17 years which cannot be transmuted practically with neutron bombardment due to its very low neutron capture cross section, has been considered. Nuclear activity of produced 136Cs with half-life of 13.16 days has been evaluated analytically using available experimental data. With irradiating a ^137Cs sample by p-polarized laser light of 10^20 Wcm^-2 and the repetition rate of 10Hz for 30min, the activity of 0.24 Bq is obtained. It is found that intensity has a large effect in yield around 10^21 Wcm^-2. For similar laser with intensity of 5 ×10^21 Wcm^-2, the activity increases with a factor of 10^5.     

Measurements of134Cs and137Cs by gamma spectrometry in some Italian soils following the nuclear reactor accident of chernobyl

Summary The concentration as well as the vertical distribution of¹³⁴Cs and¹³⁷Cs were determined in several soil samples subsequently to the Chernobyl accident. The soil samples were selected in some representative geomorphological situation in Apulia that is a region of Italy. Both undisturbed and cultivated soils were considered. The total deposition of¹³⁷Cs as due to the Chernobyl accident was estimated and the obtained results were also controlled by measurements of the radioactive fall-out in rain and snow during 1986 and 1987. Also the deposition of^239,240Pu during 1986 and 1987 was measured.

---

Riassunto è stata determinata la concentrazione e la distribuzione verticale, di¹³⁴Cs e¹³⁷Cs in alcuni campioni di terreno successivamente all'incidente di Chernobyl. I campioni sono stati selezionati in alcune situazioni geomorfologiche rappresentative della Puglia. Sono stati presi in considerazione sia terreni indisturbati che coltivati. è stata determinata la deposizione totale di¹³⁷Cs dovuta all'incidente di Chernobyl. Questo risultato è stato valutato anche in relazione alle misure di ricaduta di¹³⁷Cs nella pioggia e nella neve durante l'ultimo quadrimestre 1986 e il 1987. Per la medesima ricaduta è stato anche misurato il^239,249Pu.

     

7Li and 133Cs NMR parameters in C6Li and C8Cs intercalated oriented graphites

The absolute values of the Knight shift in C₆Li and C₈Cs, prepared from highly oriented pyrolytic graphite, are found to be very different. Comparison to the corresponding values of Li and Cs metal, however, shows that the Knight shift reductions are similar. Nevertheless, the origins of these reductions are different in accordance with the different electronic structures of these compounds.     

磁光阱中超冷钠-铯原子碰撞的实验研究

研究了磁光阱中异核超冷钠铯原子的碰撞机理, 测量了超冷钠原子的碰撞损失率, 得到了钠-铯原子的碰撞损失系数β_Na-Cs与钠原子俘获光强度之间的关系. 利用多普勒模型计算了不同俘获光强度下的钠原子磁光阱的阱深, 得到了临界光强的理论值, 与实验结果符合得较好.     

全光学冷却与囚禁133Cs原子玻色-爱因斯坦凝聚的可能性

综述了近年来有关蒸发冷却¹³³Cs原子样品的实验进展,分析了磁囚禁¹³³Cs原子玻色爱因斯坦凝聚(BEC)的困难,并在此基础上提出了一个全光型冷却与囚禁¹³³Cs原子BEC的新方案.该方案主要由一个来自半导体激光(λ=0852μm)的倒金字塔形中空光束重力光学囚禁(pyramidal-hollow-beam gravito-optical trap,缩写为PHB GOT)和一个来自Ar⁺激光(λ=05013μm)的圆锥形中空光束重力光学囚禁(conical-hollow-beam gravito-optical trap,缩写为CHB GOT)组成.在PHB GOT中,冷原子经历了一个有效的中空光束感应的Sisyphus冷却(也即强度梯度冷却)和抽运光感应的几何冷却,原子温度将被从磁光囚禁(MOT)温度(约为60μK)冷却至几个光子反冲极限(约为2μK);而在Ar⁺中空光束囚禁(CHB GOT)中,冷原子将被Raman冷却或速度选择相干粒子数囚禁技术(velocity-selection coherent population trap,缩写为VSCPT)进一步冷却至光子反冲极限以下,并被激光频率高于原子共振频率的(也即蓝失谐的)covering光束压缩.我们就PHB冷却的动力学过程进行了Monte-Carlo模拟,并计算了Ar⁺中空光束囚禁¹³³Cs原子的光学势.研究结果表明,实现一个全光学冷却与囚禁的¹³³Cs原子BEC是可能的 关键词： 倒金字塔型中空光束重力光学囚禁 强度梯度冷却 氩离子中空光束囚禁 喇曼冷却 铯原子BEC     

Properties of the lighest known caesium isotopes 114–118Cs

Neutron-deficient caesium isotopes with mass numbers from 114 to 118 have been studied at the ISOLDE facility. Half-lives have been determined from counting of β-particles, β-delayed protons, and γ-rays. A short-lived isomer ($\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{= 0.7}\text{sec}$) in ¹¹⁶Cs has been observed and the new delayed-particle precursors ¹¹⁶Cs (protons and α-particles), ¹¹⁵Cs (protons), and ¹¹⁴Cs (protons and α-particles) have been identified. Coincidences between delayed particles and γ-rays have been measured for ¹¹⁸Cs (pγ and αγ) and ¹¹⁶Cs (pγ). A search for the possible proton-radioactive isotope ¹¹³Cs has been performed and an upper limit for its production yield is given.     

空气和SF6气体击穿对微波传输的影响

通过喇叭有效口径渐变法进行了L波段、脉宽30 ns的高功率微波空气以及SF6气体击穿实验,给出了实验中得到的典型波形,分析了空气以及SF6气体击穿对微波传输的影响。实验表明:空气击穿产生等离子体对微波传输的影响主要表现为对微波功率的反射,使微波脉宽变窄,而SF6击穿则主要体现为对微波功率的吸收,使峰值功率降低。关键词： Abstract:Key words:     

Collective quadrupole dynamics and the band structure of the nucleus 127Cs

Excited states of ¹²⁷₅₅Cs were populated in the ¹²⁷I(α, 4n)¹²⁷Cs reaction. Singles, prompt and delayed γ-ray spectra, γγ coincidence spectra, angular distributions and excitation functions were measured, and negative and positive parity bands established. The h_{$\text{11}\text{2}$} families of excited levels in ^{127, 129}Cs and ¹³³La were reproduced by core-particle coupling calculations, regardless of whether the cores were taken to be rigid triaxial rotors or to have all five quadrupole degrees of freedom. The hamiltonians for the latter case were based on microscopic calculations which attribute an important role to the γ-dependence of the mass functions for collective quadrupole motion. From a core-quasiparticle analysis of the positive-parity levels in ¹²⁷Cs, indications of a “Coriolis attenuation” anomaly were inferred.