Smart computing approach for design and scale-up of conical spouted beds with open-sided draft tubes

Open-sided draft tubes provide an optimal gas distribution through a cross flow pattern between the spout and the annulus in conical spouted beds.The design,optimization,control,and scale-up of the spouted beds require precise information on operating and peak pressure drops.In this study,a multi-layer perceptron(MLP)neural network was employed for accurate prediction of these hydrodynamic characteristics.A relatively huge number of experiments were accomplished and the most influential dimensionless groups were extracted using the Buckingham-pi theorem.Then,the dimensionless groups were used for developing the MLP model for simultaneous estimation of operating and peak pressure drops.The iterative constructive technique confirmed that 4-14-2 is the best structure for the MLP model in terms of absolute average relative deviation(AARD%),mean square error(MSE),and regression coefficient(R²).The developed MLP approach has an excellent capacity to predict the transformed operating(MSE=0.00039,AARD%=1.30,and R²=0.76099)and peak(MSE=0.22933,AARD%=11.88,and R2=0.89867)pressure drops.     

Effective enhanced model for a large deformable soft pneumatic actuator

Soft pneumatic actuators have been widely used for implementing sophisticated and dexterous movements,due to numerous fascinating features compared with their rigid counterparts.Relatively speaking,modeling and analysis of an entire soft pneumatic actuator considering contact interaction between two adjacent air chambers is extremely rare,which is exactly what we are particularly interested in.Therefore,in order to establish an accurate mechanical model and analyze the overall configuration and stress distribution for the soft pneumatic actuator with large deflection,we consider the contact interaction of soft materials rather than hard materials,to produce an effective enhanced model for soft contact of a large deformable pneumatic actuator.In this article,a multiple-point contact approach is developed to circumvent the mutual penetration problem between adjacent air chambers of the soft actuator that occurs with the single-point contact approach employed in linear elastic rigid materials.In contrast to the previous simplified rod-based model that did not focus on contact interaction which was adopted to clarify the entire deformation of the actuator,the present model not only elaborates nonlinear large deformation and overall configuration variations,but also accurately delineates stress distribution law inside the chamber structure and the stress concentration phenomenon.By means of a corresponding static experiment,a comparison of the simulation results with experimental data validates the effectiveness and accuracy of this model employing a multiple-point contact approach.Excellent simulation of the actual bending deformation of the soft actuator is obtained,while mutual penetration is successfully circumvented,whereas the model with single-point contact cannot achieve those goals.Finally,as compared with the rod-based model,the results obtained using the proposed model are more consistent with experimental data,and simulation precision is improved.     

Axially variable-length solid element of absolute nodal coordinate formulation

An axially variable-length solid element with eight nodes is proposed by integrating the arbitrary Lagrangian-Eulerian (ALE) formulation and the absolute nodal coordinate formulation (ANCF). In addition to the nodal positions and slopes of eight nodes, two material coordinates in the axial direction are used as the generalized coordinates. As a consequence, the nodes in the ALE-ANCF are not associated with any specific material points and the axial length of the solid element can be varied over time. These two material coordinates give rise to a variable mass matrix and an additional inertial force vector. Computationally efficient formulae of the additional inertial forces and elastic forces, as well as their Jacobians, are also derived. The dynamic equation of a flexible multibody system (FMBS) with variable-length bodies is presented. The maximum and minimum lengths of the boundary elements of an FMBS have to be appropriately defined to ensure accuracy and non-singularity when solving the dynamic equation. Three numerical examples of static and dynamic problems are given to validate the variable-length solid elements of ALE-ANCF and show their capability.     

Application of micro-morphology in the physical characterization of urban road dust

Urban road dust was collected from Vellore City,Tamil Nadu,India,and analyzed.Scanning electron microscopy(SEM)was used to examine road dust from nine sampling locations in the study region.SEM image analysis was used to identify various shape factors of collected dust particles.The equivalent spherical diameter of most particles was between 10μm and 30μm.Fine particles had greater concentrations at locations with higher traffic flow.Particles were categorized into four classes based on their shape factors,viz.,spherical,mineral,elongated,or irregular.Spherical particles had the smallest mean equivalent diameter(1.95μm)and mineral particles had the largest diameter(33.3μm).Spherical particles made up the smallest portion of road dust(0-12%)in the study region and mineral particles made up the largest(45-65%).Elongated and irregular particles,each made up 23-30%of road dust.Electron dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis was used to identify the elemental composition of dust particles.Spherical particles were mostly from combustion sources and mineral particles were largely of crustal origin.No individual source was found for irregular and elongated particles.Biological debris was the major source of irregular particles.     

Efficient algorithm for 3D bimodulus structures

The bimodulus material is a classical model to describe the elastic behavior of materials with tension-compression asymmetry.Due to the inherently nonlinear properties of bimodular materials,traditional iteration methods suffer from low convergence efficiency and poor adaptability for large-scale structures in engineering.In this paper,a novel 3D algorithm is established by complementing the three shear moduli of the constitutive equation in principal stress coordinates.In contrast to the existing 3D shear modulus constructed based on experience,in this paper the shear modulus is derived theoretically through a limit process.Then,a theoretically self-consistent complemented algorithm is established and implemented in ABAQUS via UMAT;its good stability and convergence efficiency are verified by using benchmark examples.Numerical analysis shows that the calculation error for bimodulus structures using the traditional linear elastic theory is large,which is not in line with reality.     

Instability inspection of parametric vibrating rectangular Mindlin plates lying on Winkler foundations under periodic loading of moving masses

Parametric resonance is one of the most important issues in the study of dynamical behavior of structures. In this paper, dynamic instability of a moderately thick rectangular plate on an elastic foundation is investigated in the case of parametric and external resonances due to periodic passage of moving masses. The governing coupled partial differential equations (PDEs) of the system, with consideration of the first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) or Mindlin plate theory, are presented and they are reduced to a set of ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with time-dependent coefficients using the Galerkin procedure. All inertial components of the moving masses are adopted in the dynamical formulation. Instability survey is carried out for three different loading trajectories considerably interested in many practical applications of the issue, i.e. rectilinear, diagonal and orbiting trajectories. In order to analyze the resonance conditions, the incremental harmonic balance (IHB) method is introduced to calculate instability boundaries, as well as external resonance curves in parameters plane. A comprehensive study is done to assess effects of thickness ratio and foundation stiffness on the resonance conditions. It is found that an increase in the plate's thickness ratio leads to a reduction in values of critical parameters. Moreover, it is observed that in creasing the foundation stiffness moves the in stability regions and resona nee curves to higher frequencies of the moving masses and also leads to further stability of the parametrically excited system at lower frequencies. Time response simulations done via Runge-Kutta method confirmed the results predicted by IHB method.     

Theoretical analysis on elastic buckling of nanobeams based on stress-driven nonlocal integral model

Several studies indicate that Eringen's nonlocal model may lead to some inconsistencies for both Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beams, such as cantilever beams subjected to an end point force and fixed-fixed beams subjected a uniform distributed load. In this paper, the elastic buckling behavior of nanobeams, including both EulerBernoulli and Timoshenko beams, is investigated on the basis of a stress-driven nonlocal integral model. The constitutive equations are the Fredholm-type integral equations of the first kind, which can be transformed to the Volterra integral equations of the first kind. With the application of the Laplace transformation, the general solutions of the deflections and bending moments for the Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beams as well as the rotation and shear force for the Timoshenko beams are obtained explicitly with several unknown constants. Considering the boundary conditions and extra constitutive constraints, the characteristic equations are obtained explicitly for the Euler-Bernoulli and Timoshenko beams under different boundary conditions, from which one can determine the critical buckling loads of nanobeams. The effects of the nonlocal parameters and buckling order on the buckling loads of nanobeams are studied numerically, and a consistent toughening effect is obtained.     

Towards multi-fidelity simulation of flows around an underwater vehicle with appendages and propeller

Flow around a real-life underwater vehicle often happens at a high Reynolds number with flow structures at different scales from the boundary layer around a blade to that around the hull. This poses a great challenge for large-eddy simulation of an underwater vehicle aiming at resolving all relevant flow scales. In this work, we propose to model the hull with appendages using the immersed boundary method, and model the propeller using the actuator disk model without resolving the geometry of the blade. The proposed method is then applied to simulate the flow around Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency(DARPA) suboff. An overall acceptable agreement is obtained for the pressure and friction coefficients. Complex flow features are observed in the near wake of suboff. In the far wake, the core region is featured by a jet because of the actuator disk, surrounded by an annular region with velocity deficit due to the body of suboff.     

Shear behaviours of cohesionless mixed soils using the DEM:The influence of coarse particle shape

The coarse particles in mixed soils can be cobbles or gravels,with the main difference being their roundness(an indicator describing particle shape characteristics at an intermediate scale).The influence of coarse particle shape(i.e.,roundness)on the macroscopic and microscopic shear behaviours of cohesionless mixed soils with various fines contents(FCs)was investigated via the discrete element method in this study.The shapes of coarse particles were formed using the rotation-invariant spherical harmonic method proposed by previous investigators.An equation was proposed to predict the initial void ratios of samples in this study.A decrease in the roundness of coarse particles can increase the peak friction angle(FC≤40%)and critical friction angle(FC≤30%).As the roundness of coarse particles decreases,the peak dilatancy angle initially increases and then decreases(FC≤20%).Furthermore,it was found that the roundness of coarse particles hardly affects the classification of cohesionless mixed soils,as determined by probing the percentage contributions of coarse-coarse,coarse-fine,and fine-fine contacts.When cohesionless mixed soils change from an underfilled structure to an interactive-underfilled structure at the critical state,the main forms of coarse-coarse contacts were discovered.Additionally,the force-fabric anisotropy mechanisms of the influences of the roundness and rolling resistance coefficient of coarse particles on the shear strengths of cohesionless mixed soils were found to be different.     

Reaction performance of fluidized bed catalytic reactor of Group C+particles

Group C particles are often regarded as non-fluidizable but have proven to effectively fluidize with nanoparticle addition,which results in small bubbles and a high gas holdup in the dense phase during the experiments.Group C⁺particles provide an increased surface area for gas-solid contact and improve the reaction performance,especially for gas-phase catalytic reactions.On the basis of a previous study of the ozone decomposition reaction using Group C⁺particles,a two-phase model was used to evaluate the reactor contact efficiency,and was used to compare the partial oxidation performance of the n-butane to maleic anhydride reaction in fluidized-bed catalytic reactors of Group C⁺and Group A particles.The reactor with Group C⁺particles achieved a higher n-butane conversion and MAN yield compared with that using Group A particles,based on the identical catalyst quantity or on the same gas residence time.Therefore,the reactor with Group C⁺particles can achieve the same reaction conversion and yield with fewer catalysts or a smaller reactor size,or both.Therefore,the fluidized bed catalytic reactor of Group C⁺particles is expected to be of major significance in industrial processes,especially for gas-phase catalytic reactions.     

药量和升温速率对DNAN基熔铸炸药烤燃特性的影响

为了研究不同药量和升温速率条件下DNAN基熔铸炸药的慢速烤燃特性,自行设计了烤燃实验装置,采用多点测温烤燃实验方法,分别在1和0.055℃/min两种升温速率下进行了不同状态装药量的烤燃实验,分析了熔铸混合炸药的热反应特征。结果表明,装药量和升温速率共同影响烤燃弹的响应特性。相同烤燃弹在0.055℃/min升温速率下比在1℃/min升温速率下加热响应会更剧烈;烤燃弹的放置姿态及端盖厚度会影响烤燃弹的响应剧烈程度。     

B炸药慢速烤燃过程的流变特性

为进一步探究熔铸炸药在烤燃过程中内部各物理场的变化情况,以B炸药为研究对象,完整地建立了基于Bingham流体模型的B炸药黏度计算模型并应用于慢速烤燃的数值模拟。通过数值模拟得到了B炸药在整个升温过程中上中下3个内部测点处的温度变化曲线并以烤燃试验加以验证,观察了弹体内部温度场与对流场的变化特点。结果表明:升温速率为1 ℃/min时,B炸药相变后逐渐开始流动,内部的温度场分布也随之改变,炸药出现自热反应与最终响应的区域都在弹体上部;升温速率为0.055 ℃/min时,炸药相变后内部很长时间内仍表现出类固相温度场的分布特点,当炸药出现自热反应后,才逐渐开始流动,温度场也逐渐转变为典型的液相温度场,炸药最终响应点在弹体上部,但最早出现自热反应的区域在弹体中心。     

主控提前点火对复合推进剂慢速烤燃响应的影响

为研究主控点火对复合推进剂慢速烤燃响应特性的影响,设计并开展了典型复合推进剂装药慢速烤燃实验,结合数值计算和推进剂热分解失重及形貌演化过程,探讨了点火前推进剂内的温度分布情况及推进剂细观结构热损伤规律。研究发现:针对复合推进剂装药的慢速烤燃,在推进剂发生自热点火前温度较低时进行主控点火可以有效降低反应剧烈程度;随着加热温度的升高,推进剂中部分组分发生分解,导致推进剂内部温度高于壳体温度,同时推进剂中粘结剂及AP的分解会导致推进剂装药形成多孔状的结构,在点火后更易导致对流燃烧,加剧反应烈度;当壳体温度仅138 ℃时,推进剂温度最高点达到150 ℃,最高点首先出现在靠近喷管的尾部,考虑到粘结剂及AP部分分解导致的孔隙结构会加剧反应的响应烈度,主控点火温度应设定在138 ℃以下。     

固、液相FAE一次引爆实验研究

基于离散爆轰思想,进行了小药量无约束空间固、液相燃料空气炸药(fuelairexplosive,简称FAE)弹体的野外一次引爆实验。实验结果表明,固、液相FAE弹体的爆炸效果均明显优于等质量的TNT装药;固相FAE弹体一次引爆后的云雾分散规律和爆炸压力场分布不同于液相FAE弹体。在本实验装置条件下,固相FAE弹体的远场超压增长峰值虽未超过等质量的液相FAE弹体,但其火焰持续时间却比等质量液相FAE弹体的长。若仅考察弹体云雾最大半径,固相FAE弹体并不比等质量的液相FAE弹体优越太多,但固相FAE弹体的爆炸作用体积增大较多。     

Effect of Time Periodic Boundary Conditions on Convective Flows in a Porous Square Enclosure with Non-Uniform Internal Heating

The problem of unsteady natural convection in a square region filled with a fluid-saturated porous medium having non-uniform internal heating and heated laterally is considered. The heated wall surface temperature varies sinusoidally with the time about fixed mean temperature. The opposite cold wall is maintained at a constant temperature. The top and bottom horizontal walls are kept adiabatic. The flow field is modelled with the Darcy model and is solved numerically using a finite difference method. The transient solutions obtained are all periodic in time. The effect of Rayleigh number, internal heating parameters, heating amplitude and oscillating frequency on the flow and temperature field as well as the total heat generated within the convective region are presented. It was found that strong internal heating can generate significant maximum fluid temperatures above the heated wall. The location of the maximum fluid temperature moves with time according to the periodically changing heated wall temperature. The augmentation of the space-averaged temperature in the cavity strongly depends on the heating amplitude and rather insensitive to the oscillating frequency.     

基于UCM模型的B炸药慢烤泄压结构的作用分析

为了探究热刺激作用下泄压结构对熔铸炸药点火时间及点火前内部物理场变化的影响,设计了有/无泄压结构烤燃弹的内部多点测温慢烤对比试验。基于炸药通用烤燃模型（universal cookoff model, UCM）,建立了炸药熔化后受浮升力驱动流动,反应速率随压力、反应进程等变化的B炸药烤燃计算模型,对有/无泄压结构烤燃弹的炸药在升温过程中的温度场及内部压力变化等情况进行了数值模拟,并与试验结果进行比较。结果表明:慢烤条件下,烤燃弹内部压力呈先缓后急上升趋势;有泄压结构烤燃弹在结构作用前的压力变化趋势与无泄压结构的一致,泄压结构的作用会使炸药自热反应速率骤然降低,炸药内部温度下降,自热反应速率降低和产物气泡驱动的对流共同导致了点火时间的延后;由于对流的作用,炸药点火点都在弹体顶部区域。     

不同升温速率下AP/HTPB底排装置慢速烤燃的数值模拟

为研究在不同升温速率下高氯酸铵(ammonium perchlorate, AP)/端羟基聚丁二烯(tydroxyl-terminated polybutadiene, HTPB)底排装置的慢速烤燃特性,建立AP/HTPB底排推进剂二维轴对称非稳态传热模型和两步化学动力学反应模型。在不同升温速率下,分析底排装置的慢速烤燃响应特性。计算结果表明:在慢速烤燃的条件下,烤燃响应点发生在底排药柱与空气腔的接触面左侧,升温速率对底排药柱的着火延迟时间和烤燃响应点位置有较大影响。随着升温速率的提高,着火延迟时间变短,烤燃响应点向中心侧移动。升温速率对烤燃响应点的着火温度影响较小。     

多相介质爆炸冲击响应物质点法数值模拟

为了解决当炸弹在近场爆炸时爆轰波驱动破碎的弹片共同作用于混凝土墙壁的过程中所涉及的多物理场计算和多相介质耦合分析等问题,利用物质点法(material point method, MPM)不需要考虑物质间的分界面、耦合条件自动满足等特点,应用无网格MPM法对两种类型的炸弹（带金属外壳和不带金属壳）产生的爆炸场、弹片破碎和混凝土墙壁的破坏进行数值模拟。数值结果表明,无网格MPM法是计算多相介质爆炸效应的一种有效的算法。     

油箱明火烤燃燃爆特性实验研究

车辆在遭遇事故或高温天气时容易起火自燃,车辆油箱可能发生爆燃,威胁人员的生命安全。为研究装有油料的油箱在明火烤燃下的燃爆特性,采用摄像机、红外热成像仪和热电偶对油箱在烤燃过程中喷射火焰的表面温度和尺寸以及油箱内部温度进行测试,以76L油箱为研究对象,对比不同密闭条件和填充情况下油箱的燃爆特性。实验结果表明:油箱在出油口关闭、未填充抑爆材料时,易发生爆炸,烤燃产生的爆燃火球表面最高温度在1800K以上,火球体积约为油箱体积的1600多倍;油箱内填充抑爆球可使喷射火焰的最高表面温度和尺寸显著降低;在相同条件下,油箱内柴油蒸气的平均升温速率比汽油蒸气低36.0%,最高温度低16.2%。     

人造柱状冰特性的研究

由于地形的变化,冰特性的研究对研究冰川、河、湖、海冰的动力过程以及破冰均有重要意义.本文对人造柱状冰的特性进行研究和分析,给出了人造柱状冰的制备过程和利用压力试验机对人造冰特性进行的测定,主要包括冰冻模具的制作、冰试样的制备和加工以及对于纯水冰柱和含沙冰柱的特性研究.在冰柱的冰冻温度为-10℃、-20℃、-30℃和-4...