低能区衍射限储存环同步辐射的应用浅析

在科学技术新需求的推动下,同步辐射光源持续往前发展。目前,同步辐射装置发展已历经三代,正处于第四代同步辐射光源蓬勃发展阶段。基于衍射极限储存环的同步辐射装置是第四代同步辐射光源的典型代表之一。第四代同步辐射光源主要发展趋势是进一步减小电子束流发射度,使光源具有极好的横向相干性,以及产生圆截面辐射的能力。如果束流发射度降至光学衍射极限“辐射波长/4π”,其亮度比第三代同步辐射光源高2个数量级。这种同步辐射光源在性能上发生的质的飞跃,将给同步辐射实验技术带来实质性的突破,从而给前沿科学技术研究和现代产业发展带来全新的机遇。从国际同步辐射发展趋势入手,首先介绍低能区衍射限储存环光源的特色和性能,然后介绍其带来的同步辐射实验技术的进步,并浅析低能区衍射限储存环光源在材料科学、能源科学、生命科学和环境科学上的应用,以及其带来的产业机遇。最后,总结和展望了低能区衍射限储存环光源带来的技术突破和潜在的应用前景。     

高能同步辐射光源

基于多弯铁消色散结构的超低发射度储存环光源是新一代同步辐射光源发展的一个重要方向。作为国内第一台第四代同步辐射光源,高能同步辐射光源已经完成物理及工程设计,并于2019年启动建设。高能同步辐射光源电子能量6 GeV,流强200 mA,水平自然发射度低于60 pm?rad,可提供能量达300 keV的X射线,在典型硬X射线波段的同步辐射亮度达1×1022 phs·s?1·mm?2·mrad?2·（0.1%bw）?1,可为材料科学、化学工程、能源环境、生物医学、航空航天、能源环境等众多基础和工程科学研究领域提供先进的实验平台。本文将介绍高能同步辐射光源项目的整体方案及物理设计。     

上海光源储存环磁聚焦结构设计

上海光源是一台正在建设中的低发射度第三代同步辐射光源. 经过优化后, 储存环有两种直线节长度, 周长432m,在能量3.5GeV下束流发射度为3.9nm.rad, 直线节处的β函数和色散函数有足够的调节范围. 跟踪研究表明, 即使带上磁铁高阶场误差, 储存环仍有足够大的动力学孔径和能量接受度.     

同步辐射的科学应用与第三代SR光源

同步辐射具有其他常规光源所不能比拟的优异特性，本文在简要叙述ＳＲ光源特性的基础上，概要介绍了在北京同步辐射装置上进行过的同步辐射应用研究，探讨了第三代同步辐射可能的工业应用，还介绍了第三代同步辐射光源及光束线的主要特点。     

衍射极限储存环束流注入物理方案的设计及模拟

衍射极限储存环（DLSR）作为第四代同步辐射光源，正得到世界各国的大力发展和建设。如何在尽量减小对存储束流扰动情况下，高效率地将束流注入到储存环中，是衍射极限储存环设计与运行中的重要课题之一。传统的局部凸轨注入法有着很长的历史，应用广泛且技术成熟，但是传统凸轨注入法会对存储束流造成扰动，且衍射极限储存环的动力学孔径较小，这给传统凸轨注入法的应用带来了困难。为了解决这些问题，改进了一些传统的离轴注入法，提出并发展了一些在轴的注入方法。合肥先进光源（HALF）是规划建设中的衍射极限储存环光源，基于HALF储存环的物理设计方案，设计并应用了几种离轴或在轴的注入方案，通过粒子跟踪和模拟的方法验证了它们的可行性并研究了注入效率等物理问题，并对模拟结果进行了讨论和总结。     

束流轨道快校正磁铁电源研究进展

快校正磁铁电源能够对束流轨道的偏离进行快速校正,提升同步辐射光源运行的可靠性。随着第四代衍射极限储存环(DLSR)光源品质的进一步提高,为了保证束流轨道的稳定性,快速轨道反馈(FOFB)系统对校正磁铁电源的性能也提出了更高的要求。针对先进同步辐射光源FOFB系统对快校正磁铁电源的需求,将目前国内外第四代同步辐射光源束流轨道快速校正磁铁电源的研究成果分为线性电源和开关电源两类,对各方案的拓扑结构、控制策略以及性能参数的特点等进行了简要对比分析,可以看出目前国内外正在研制的快校正磁铁电源响应带宽基本可以达到5 kHz甚至10 kHz水平,线性电源的低纹波噪声特性具备应用优势但需要关注效率低的问题;开关电源方案具有高效、模块化等特点,如果可以有效解决纹波噪声问题,将会更广泛地应用在快校正磁铁电源的设计中。     

第三代同步辐射光源储存环支撑组件振动控制研究

第三代同步辐射光源对束流轨道稳定性要求很高, 上海光源是一台在建的第三代光源, 束流位置稳定度要求达到微米乃至亚微米级. 地基振动会使储存环磁聚焦结构中的各种元件发生机械振动引起随时间变化的束流闭合轨道畸变, 影响束流轨道稳定性. 上海光源场地振动幅值大, 需要研究措施控制机械组件的振动. 阻尼减振是一种有效的振动控制方法, 针对上海光源储存环机械组件, 作者设计了一种阻尼减振方案. 试验结果表明, 该方案能有效地控制机械组件的振动. 这对于保证上海光源的束流稳定性要求有积极意义.     

第四代光源

 第四代光源（X射线激光）是继第三代同步辐射光源以后,人们正在探索之中的新一代光源,它在亮度、相干性和时间结构上都大大优于第三代同步辐射光源。从目前发展的趋势来看,新一代的短脉冲、高亮度、可调的相干X射线光源将是基于自放大自发辐射原理的高增益自由电子激光（SASE FEL）。综述了第四代光源的由来、它和SASE的关系, 它的优异特性、发展现状以及应用前景。     

第三代同步辐射光源储存环支撑组件振动控制研究

第三代同步辐射光源对束流轨道稳定性要求很高,上海光源是一台在建的第三代光源,束流位置稳定度要求达到微米乃至亚微米级.地基振动会使储存环磁聚焦结构中的各种元件发生机械振动引起随时间变化的束流闭合轨道畸变,影响束流轨道稳定性.上海光源场地振动幅值大,需要研究措施控制机械组件的振动.阻尼减振是一种有效的振动控制方法,针对上海光源储存环机械组件,作者设计了一种阻尼减振方案.试验结果表明,该方案能有效地控制机械组件的振动.这对于保证上海光源的束流稳定性要求有积极意义.     

上海光源储存环束流托歇克寿命研究

上海同步辐射装置(SSRF)是目前在建的第3代专用同步辐射光源. 其储存环电子能量3.5GeV, 设计束团发射度3.9nm•rad. 托歇克寿命将是影响束流寿命的最主要因素, 它主要受限于储存环的能量接受度. 储存环的能量接受度不但取决于 高频电压, 同时也受动力学孔径和物理孔径的影响. 因此能量接受度的计算将是复杂的. 通过计算机模拟跟踪的方法计算储存环各点的能量接受度, 其程序是建立在Accelerator Toolbox(AT)基础上的自编程序. 通过这些能量接受度数据给出更加准确的托歇克寿命, 并且分析了感兴趣的不同运行条件下的托歇克寿命的变化情况.     

Data Analysis: Keeping Pace with Extraordinary Change

It is a very exciting time in the field of macromolecular crystallography for those of us who are fortunate enough to be involved in the development of instrumentation and software methods. The driver for much of this change has been the remarkable developments in synchrotron light sources and beamline instrumentation over the last two decades. In the 1990s, the ESRF, APS, and SPring-8 set the tone for many of these developments and the 2000s capitalized on them by seeding a host of medium-energy national light sources around the world.     

History of Synchrotron Radiation

Although natural synchrotron radiation from charged particles spiraling around magnetic-field lines in space is as old as the stars—for example, the light we see from the Crab Nebula—short-wavelength synchrotron radiation generated by relativistic electrons in circular accelerators is a modern phenomenon. The first observation—literally, since it was visible light that was seen—came at the General Electric Research Laboratory in Schenectady, New York, on April 24, 1947. In the 68 years since, synchrotron radiation has become a premier research tool for the study of matter in all its varied manifestations, as facilities around the world constantly evolved to provide this light in ever more useful forms.     

APS/CNM Users Meeting: Celebrating the International Year of Light

The International Year of Light and Light-Based Technologies (IYL) is a global initiative, adopted by the United Nations, to highlight the importance of light and optics technologies, and synchrotron light sources are recognized as important tools in revealing the atomic and molecular details of the world around us. The 2015 joint Advanced Photon Source (APS)/Center for Nanoscale Materials (CNM) Users Meeting was held on May 11–14. This article reports on the APS portion of the meeting. Apropos to both the IYL and the twentieth anniversary of the first X-ray beam at the APS, research highlights were presented and opportunities for upgrading the performance of the APS were discussed.     

ESRF-type lattice design and optimization for the High Energy Photon Source

A new generation of storage ring-based light sources,called diffraction-limited storage rings(DLSRs),with emittance approaching the diffraction limit for multi-keV photons by means of multi-bend achromat lattices,has attracted extensive studies worldwide.Among various DLSR proposals,the hybrid multi-bend achromat concept developed at the European Synchrotron Radiation Facility(ESRF) predicts an effective way of minimizing the emittance while keeping the required chromatic sextupole strengths to an achievable level.For the High Energy Photon Source planned to be built in Beijing,an ESRF-type lattice design consisting of 48 hybrid seven-bend achromats is proposed to reach emittance as low as 60 pm-rad with a circumference of about 1296 m.Sufficient dynamic aperture,allowing vertical on-axis injection,and moderate momentum acceptance are achieved simultaneously for a promising ring performance.     

Conceptual design of Hefei advanced light source

The conceptual of Hefei Advanced Light Source, which is an advanced VUV and Soft X-ray source, was developed at NSRL of USTC. According to the synchrotron radiation user requirements and the trends of SR source development, some accelerator-based schemes were considered and compared; furthermore storage ring with ultra low emittance was adopted as the baseline scheme of HALS. To achieve ultra low emittance, some focusing structures were studied and optimized in the lattice design. Compromising of emittance, onmomentum and off-momentum dynamic aperture and ring scale, five bend acromat (FBA) was employed. In the preliminary design of HALS, the emittance was reduced to sub nm·rad, thus the radiation up to water window has full lateral coherence. The brilliance of undulator radiation covering several eVs to keVs range is higher than that of HLS by several orders. The HALS should be one of the most advanced synchrotron radiation light sources in the world.     

One way only to synchrotron light sources upgrade?

The last decade has seen a renaissance of machine‐physics studies and technological advancements that aim to upgrade at least 15 synchrotron light sources worldwide to diffraction‐limited storage rings. This is expected to improve the average spectral brightness and transversally coherent fraction of photons by several orders of magnitude in the soft‐ and hard‐X‐ray wavelength range, at the expense of pulse durations longer than ～80 ps FWHM. This paper discusses the compatibility of schemes for the generation of sub‐picosecond photon‐pulse durations in synchrotron light sources with standard multi‐bunch user operation and, in particular, diffraction‐limited electron optics design. The question of this compatibility is answered taking into consideration the storage ring beam energy and the constraint of existing synchrotrons' infrastructure. An alternative scheme for the upgrade of medium‐energy synchrotron light sources to diffraction‐limited storage rings and the simultaneous production of picosecond‐long photon pulses in a high‐gain free‐electron laser scheme are illustrated.     

Memorable Years for Synchrotron Radiation at the Institute of Nuclear Physics in Novosibirsk

In the early 1970s, the Institute of Nuclear Physics (INP) in Novosibirsk was a unique place in the world of accelerator physics. There were three operational electron-positron storage rings at the institution. All together, they covered beam operational energies from 200 MeV up to 2.2 GeV. It was not a big surprise for the developers of these state-of-the-art machines when the first users of synchrotron radiation showed up at the doorsteps of the Institute of Nuclear Physics, eager to take advantage of such unique radiation sources. And how very unique they were! Compared with several already relatively well-established operational synchrotrons around the world, such as DESY in Hamburg, NINA in Darsbury, and three synchrotrons in the Soviet Union—one at the Physical Institute in Pakhra, another at the Tomsk Polytechnical Institute, and a third at the Erevan Physical Institute—the storage ring sources provided much more stable and brighter radiation beams. Several storage rings built at that time in locations such as Japan, the US, and France were also on the verge of becoming available for synchrotron radiation users.     

Short wavelength free-electron laser sources

Accelerator based sources of light were developed around storage rings for the use of synchrotron radiation since 25 years, covering from the far infra-red to the hard X-rays. Free Electron Lasers (FEL) in an oscillator configuration has proven to be invaluable sources of radiation in the VUV to far infrared spectral ranges. In the last decade, several FELs have been designed and built as user dedicated facilities. New prospects are opened with coherent harmonic generation and Self Amplified Spontaneous Emission (SASE) for the short wavelength region.     

Synchrotron radiation sources INDUS-1 and INDUS-2

The synchrotron radiation sources, INDUS-1 and INDUS-2 are electron storage rings of 450 MeV and 2 GeV beam energies respectively. INDUS-1 is designed to produce VUV radiation whereas INDUS-2 will be mainly used to produce x-rays. INDUS-1 is presently undergoing commissioning whereas INDUS-2 is under construction. Both these rings have a common injector system comprising of a microtron and a synchrotron. Basic design features of these sources and their injector system are discussed in this paper. The radiation beamlines to be set up on these sources are also described. Based on the keynote inaugural address delivered by Dr D D Bhawalkar at the XI NCAMP, 1997.