聚能射流侵彻的一种耦合算法

介绍了一种能有效模拟聚能射流侵彻过程的计算方法，即二维数值解和解析解相耦合的方法。实际应用表明，此方法计算结果准确可靠，经济省时，其软件是聚能装药优化设计的实用工具。     

聚能射流水中侵彻行为的实验研究

对三种不同药型罩形成的射流在水中的侵彻行为进行了实验研究,采用电铜箔测速法及高速摄影法分别获取了聚能射流在水中的行进过程及图像。实验结果表明,水体的边界效应及聚能射流在水中的开坑行为对电铜箔的测量结果影响很大,且聚能射流的准定常侵彻行为在平均速度的变化上表现明显,在准定常侵彻阶段,聚能射流的速度可近似为线性递减,且药型罩构型对射流速度的衰减率影响较大,药型罩材料的影响较小。光测结果给出了聚能射流在水中的运动图像,且据此计算出的射流速度与电测结果吻合较好。     

聚能射流的断裂时间

从描述聚能射流失稳的一维近似方程出发，导出了聚能射流断裂时间的近似公式。这个近似公式定量显示了屈服应力、本构关系、粘度和径向收缩效应等对射流断裂时间的影响，在４个不同的特殊近似下，可以自然演化为近１０年来所发表的几个半经验解析公式，并且在合理的参数范围内，公式给出的断裂时间曲线覆盖了射流断裂时间的全部实验点。     

氧化锆增韧陶瓷抗射流侵彻实验研究

陶瓷靶板因其高强度、低密度特性在装甲防护中得到了广泛的应用,其抗侵彻机理得到了广泛关注。本文基于DOP实验方法开展了氧化锆增韧陶瓷及AD95抗聚能射流侵彻性能系列实验研究,分别获取了AD95陶瓷及10%氧化锆增韧陶瓷抗射流侵彻过程的P-t曲线及其在验证靶上的剩余穿深,并同时与45钢抗侵彻数据进行对比。基于实验结果分析了各自抗不同速度段射流侵彻规律。实验结果表明:两种陶瓷的防护系数均优于45钢;增韧陶瓷抗射流侵彻能力优于AD95陶瓷。     

拉断后射流对钢靶的随机侵彻

聚能破甲弹的金属射流断裂后发生径向随机发散,导致破甲深度显著下降。本文分析了径向随机发散的规律,得出描述拉断后射流对钢靶随机侵彻深度的一阶非线性常微分方程,并给出了大炸高条件下的简化解。     

聚能射流形成数值模拟

基于网格自适应方法,ALE方法和SPH方法模拟了聚能射流形成过程.分析了射流头部速度随时间的变化关系,初始时刻位于药形罩不同位置的金属形成射流后的速度分布情况以及射流形成后沿射流方向射流整体速度分布情况.对比了三种方法用于模拟聚能射流形成问题的特点以及与实验的近似程度.数值模拟结果与射流形成过程与机理一致,可以体现射流形成特点,且SPH方法计算结果与实验数据最为接近.     

大锥角聚能装药射流形成及对多层靶侵彻的数值模拟研究

运用改进的网格线示踪点法MOCL(MarkOnCellLine)二维多流体欧拉程序 ,对大锥角聚能装药射流的形成及侵彻多层金属靶的全过程进行了数值模拟研究 ,计算结果与试验结果较吻合。这种连贯性的模拟能力避免了数值计算中对射流的许多人为假定。计算和试验结果表明 ,该聚能装药所形成的射流质量约占整个药型罩质量的 32 % ,兼有聚能射流和爆炸成型弹丸的特点 ,更适合于穿透多层大间隔金属靶。     

多孔药型罩聚能射流的稳定性

基于Herrmann改进的Grneisen状态方程,对多孔药型罩受冲击压缩产生的温升进行了估算,从理论上分析了孔隙度对射流断裂时间的影响。使用脉冲X光测试并结合侵彻实验研究了药型罩初始孔隙度为9.3%和11.4%时聚能射流的稳定性。研究结果表明,在一定孔隙度范围内,射流的稳定性随孔隙度的增加而增强。     

三锥S形聚能装药及其射流的性能分析

简介了一种新设计的三维S形聚能装药,并用MFD程序及多虚拟原点侵彻理论数值和解析地分析了射流的特性及侵彻能力。文中还给出了这种装药与单、双锥罩聚能装药的对比、理论预估与实验结果的对比。     

聚能射流侵彻页岩储层损伤裂隙形成机制

为研究药型罩对聚能射孔弹侵彻页岩储层的射孔和损伤致裂效果的影响机理,建立了射孔弹-空气-页岩三维模型,设置药型罩的锥角分别为50°、60°、70°和80°,壁厚分别为0.5、1.0和1.5 mm,材料分别为铜、钢、钛和钨。利用ANSYS/LS-DYNA软件进行数值计算,分别从射流速度与形态、页岩射孔效果及页岩孔裂隙形成规律特征等进行系统性分析。研究结果表明：在射孔弹结构中,随着药型罩锥角的减小,射流速度提高、杵体速度降低、侵彻深度增大同时开孔孔径减小。在一定范围内,适当减小药型罩的壁厚,可以提高射流速度、减小杵体质量、增大侵彻深度和开孔倾斜度。药型罩材料对射流速度、杵体结构和页岩射孔效果均有显著影响,其中钨药型罩射孔弹的侵彻深度最大但开孔孔径最小,钛药型罩射孔弹的侵彻深度最小但开孔倾斜度最大,铜比钢药型罩射孔弹的侵彻深度略大但开孔孔径略小。通过研究不同对照组的页岩孔裂隙形成规律特征发现,页岩孔裂隙发育主要发生在杵体对页岩的再扩孔阶段,减小射流初始扩孔孔径、增大杵体直径、提高杵体速度,可以促进页岩孔裂隙发育程度。     

A simplified approximate model of compressible hypervelocity penetration

A simplified approximate model considering rod/target material’s compressibility is proposed for hypervelocity penetration. We study the effect of shockwaves on hypervelocity penetration whenever the compressibility of the rod is much larger, analogously, and much less than that of the target, respectively. The results show that the effect of shockwaves is insignificant up to 12 km/s, so the shockwave is neglected in the present approximate model. The Murnaghan equation of state is adopted to simulate the material behaviors in penetration and its validity is proved. The approximate model is finally reduced to an equation depending only on the penetration velocity and a simple approximate solution is achieved. The solution of the approximate model is in agreement with the result of the complete compressible model. In addition, the effect of shockwaves on hypervelocity penetration is shown to weaken material’s compressibility and reduce the interface pressure of the rod/target, and thus the striking/protective performance of the rod/target is weakened, respectively. We also conduct an error analysis of the interface pressure and penetration efficiency. With a velocity change of 1.6 times the initial sound speed for the rod or target, the error of the approximate model is very small. For metallic rod–target combinations, the approximate model is applicable even at an impact velocity of 12 km/s.     

Rebounding of a shaped-charge jet

The phenomenon of rebounding of a shaped-charge jet from the armour surface with small angles between the jet axis and the target surface is considered. Rebounding angles as a function of jet velocity are obtained in experiments for a copper shaped-charge jet. An engineering calculation technique is developed. The results calculated with the use of this technique are in reasonable agreement with experimental data. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 48, No. 5, pp. 17–20, September–October, 2007.     

Cutoff of a shaped-charge jet

The process of cutoff of low-velocity areas of a shaped-charge jet with the help of a reverse-action shaped charge adjacent to the base of the shaped charge and having an axial channel where the shaped-charge jet passes is considered. The operation of the cutoff device and the shaped charge is synchronized by choosing an appropriate thickness and material of the cutoff device liner. An engineering method for synchronization of operation of the cutoff device and the shaped charge is proposed. Recommendations on choosing the cutoff device are given for a particular case of practical interest.     

聚能射流对固体火箭发动机的冲击起爆

为研究聚能金属射流对固体火箭发动机的冲击响应,开展了聚能装药空射实验及某尺寸发动机在无防护情况下的射流冲击实验,使用高速摄影仪记录了爆炸响应过程,并测量了不同距离及方向的空气超压和破片速度。利用AUTODYN有限元计算软件对实验过程进行了数值模拟,通过调整流固耦合的网格大小,避免了耦合泄漏。实验结果表明,火箭发动机受到射流冲击后,会发生剧烈爆炸,推进剂完全反应,破片速度达4 700 m/s以上,距离发动机爆炸中心1 m处的空气超压达到19.78 MPa,爆炸中心温度达到3 000 ℃以上,该推进剂爆炸能量略高于常规炸药。模拟结果显示,射流以头部速度7 000 m/s的速度冲击发动机壳体后,射流头部的尖端被严重烧蚀,且速度降至约5 600 m/s;推进剂在受到射流侵彻1～2 mm后,发生剧烈反应;爆炸冲击波以球形沿圆柱孔装药传播,并通过圆柱形中心孔冲击另一侧推进剂,发生装药的二次冲击起爆,同时伴有回爆现象,在推进剂中心的高斯点出现了3次超压波峰;距离发动机中心1 m处3个高斯点的平均空气压力峰值为18.75 MPa,与实验结果吻合较好。     

钢筋混凝土靶侵彻的可压缩弹-塑性动态空腔膨胀阻力模型

在Forrestal素混凝土靶侵彻的可压缩弹-塑性球形动态空腔膨胀理论模型基础上,考虑粉碎区以内钢筋对混凝土的环向约束作用,提出了一个适用于刚性弹侵彻钢筋混凝土靶的阻力模型。论文通过体积配筋率的引入,获得了钢筋混凝土靶空腔表面径向应力的理论解,并讨论了配筋率对空腔壁面径向应力及各分区大小的影响。结果表明：钢筋对混凝土的环向约束效应影响了空腔膨胀过程中混凝土各区域的大小分布,并提高了空腔表面的径向应力。

     

Specific features of interaction of a shaped-charge jet with a target

Coaxial interaction of a copper shaped-charge jet with a thin tungsten rod is considered. A theoretical model of spraying of the shaped-charge jet on the rod and results of experiments performed are presented. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 5, pp. 24–26, September–October, 2008.     

Interaction of a shaped-charge jet with a target possessing an axial orifice

Interaction of a shaped-charge jet with a target possessing an axial orifice is studied experimentally. For an orifice diameter approximately equal to 0.2D, where D is the shaped-charge diameter, the shaped-charge penetration depth is found to be substantially reduced owing to deviation of the shaped-charge jet axis from the shaped charge axis because of imperfections of the manufacturing technology. A diameter of the target orifice providing unconstrained penetration of the shaped-charge jet is determined. __________ Translated from Prikladnaya Mekhanika i Tekhnicheskaya Fizika, Vol. 49, No. 6, pp. 13–16, November–December, 2008.     

Topology of radial jet reattachment

Topological features of the flow emanating from a radial jet nozzle and its subsequent reattachment on a flat surface were investigated using a variety of flow visualization techniques in the Texas A & M University (TAMU) water tunnel. Dominant features of the flow were observed to be the bifurcation of streamsurface after a turbulent reattachment into inner and outer flows. The inner flow was dominated by a sequence of events consisting of the recirculation, formation and breakup of the ring vortex into foci structures, mass entrainment and ejection. Outer flow exhibited formation of secondary vortices, and shear layer instabilities.     

Numerical analysis of critical jet penetration

In this paper, a computational program for two dimensional unsteady compressible, elastic-plastic flow is used to study low speed jet penetration into a steel target. Based on the computational results, the dynamic process of penetration can be distinguished into two stages, cratering and steady penetrating. This is in agreement with the jet penetration mechanism developed by Cheng Che Min in 1972^[1,2]. The consumption of the jet energy is discussed and the value of the critical jet velocity, which represents the strength resistance of the target, is estimated.     

A jet curtain model

A model of a jet curtain for an air cushion vehicle was examined in [1] by G. Yu. Stepanov (Fig. 1). Below we study a somewhat more general pattern of the flow (Fig. 2). An isolated equilibrium vortex is located at the point z₀, the magnitude of the velocity is constant on BHC, the velocities are continuous on HM. The fluid is ideal, incompressible, weightless. For simplicity, the inclination of the nozzle to the wall CE is set equal to 90°. The present author believes that the model considered is an idealized scheme of the flow shown in the photograph in Fig. 10 of [2].In conclusion, the author wishes to thank M. I. Gurevich and G. Yu. Stepanov for their valuable comments.