高功率连续光纤激光系统热效应及其抑制措施

热效应是影响高功率光纤激光系统安全运行的重要因素之一。探索光纤激光系统热效应产生的源头,积极开展热效应控制技术研究,采取合理措施抑制热集中现象,大幅提高光纤激光系统的模式不稳定阈值以避免模式劣化现象,对于进一步提升光纤激光系统安全稳定输出功率具有非常重要的现实意义。以广泛使用的端面集中泵浦技术为例,概述了高功率连续光纤激光系统的主要热效应来源,提出了针对不同热效应需要采取的解决方案与合理化建议。最后着重介绍了长距离分布式侧面泵浦技术和泵浦增益一体化复合功能激光光纤,展望了万瓦级超高功率光纤激光器的未来发展前景。     

高功率光纤放大器中模式不稳定阈值功率的理论研究

模式不稳定指高功率光纤激光随着输出功率提升发生的模式突变,会导致光束质量下降。基于模式耦合模型,对量子噪声、强度噪声等引起的高功率光纤激光模式不稳定出现的阈值功率进行了详细分析和计算。研究结果表明,采用级联抽运方案和部分掺杂方式可以使模式不稳定性出现的阈值功率提高2~5倍。增加初始注入信号光功率、抑制注入信号激光的强度噪声和高阶模成分也可以提高阈值功率。研究结果为高功率光纤激光系统的设计提供一定参考。     

高功率连续波掺镱光纤激光器研究进展

高功率连续波掺镱光纤激光器因具有电光效率高、光束质量好、热管理方便等优点,在工业加工、军事国防、科学研究等领域得到广泛应用,但是高功率条件下的非线性效应和热效应限制了其输出功率的进一步提升。基于此,本文重点分析了受激拉曼散射非线性效应和热致模式不稳定现象的形成机理和抑制方法,为高功率光纤激光系统的设计与集成提供了参考,并详细介绍了2015年以来为克服两种因素的影响所取得的最新研究成果,最后展望了高功率连续波掺镱光纤激光器的发展趋势。     

高功率全光纤结构主振荡功率放大器中模式不稳定现象的实验研究

模式不稳定指高功率光纤激光随着输出功率提升发生的模式突变,会导致光束质量下降,限制了衍射极限光束质量光纤激光输出功率的提升,本文研究了全光纤结构主振荡功率放大器中的模式不稳定现象,结果表明,全光纤结构主振荡功率放大器中的模式不稳定现象会导致放大器斜率效率下降;理论计算表明,对于20/400阶跃折射率大模场双包层掺镱光纤,注入种子功率在百瓦左右时,模式不稳定发生的阈值功率在1kW左右:热效应是模式不稳定现象发生的根源。     

高功率梯度掺杂增益光纤温度特性理论研究

在高功率光纤激光器中, 增益光纤的热效应是限制激光功率进一步提高的重要因素之一. 为了降低增益光纤的最高温度, 提出了一种通过改变增益光纤的掺杂浓度分布, 分散光纤激光的热效应, 从而提高激光输出功率的方法. 基于速率方程模型和热传导模型, 在光纤激光放大器输出功率大致相当的情况下, 对几种不同掺杂方式下增益光纤中的热分布和放大器的输出功率进行了数值模拟. 研究结果表明: 增益光纤的梯度掺杂可以优化光纤中的温度分布并提高光纤熔接点的稳定性; 同时兼具提高输出光束的光束质量、抑制光纤中非线性效应和模式不稳定的效果, 是提高光纤激光放大器输出功率切实可行的办法. 研究结果可以为高功率光纤激光器中增益光纤的设计提供一定的参考.     

高功率光纤激光受激拉曼散射效应研究新进展北大核心CSCD

由于具有高品质、高效率、高鲁棒性、结构紧凑等优点,光纤激光系统在近20年飞速发展,并得到广泛应用。然而发展至今,依旧存在着一些因素(如非线性效应、热效应、模式不稳定性等)限制着光纤激光系统功率的进一步提升。作为其中的一种主要限制因素,受激拉曼散射效应不仅降低了光纤激光器的输出效率,后向斯托克斯光还会提高系统的损毁风险。最近的研究结果表明,少模光纤中受激拉曼散射在引起模式不稳定性的同时,还会导致准静态的模式退化。因此,需要发展有效的拉曼抑制手段来突破现有瓶颈,促进高功率高光束质量光纤激光发展。在介绍高功率少模光纤激光中受激拉曼散射效应新表征的同时,从高功率光纤激光系统整体优化角度出发,总结整理了相关抑制技术研究新进展,并展望未来可能的研究方向。     

高功率掺镱光纤激光器的辐照影响分析及研究进展

高功率掺镱光纤激光器在空间环境中的应用日益增多,但掺镱光纤材料在空间辐照条件下会产生色心效应,导致损耗增加,影响光纤器件以及激光器整机的性能,从而给高功率光纤激光器在空间环境的长期稳定工作带来隐患。从空间辐照对高功率光纤激光器性能的影响机理、抑制方法和研究进展等3个方面进行介绍。首先介绍了空间辐照对高功率掺镱光纤激光器中关键光学器件、放大级热负载、非线性效应等方面的影响分析,其次介绍了抑制辐照效应的典型方法及其在高功率掺镱光纤激光器中的可行性分析,最后介绍了国内外典型的高功率掺镱光纤激光器的辐照影响及抑制的研究成果,并展望了未来发展趋势。     

高平均功率光纤激光技术基础:模式

从具有不同模式特性的光纤激光研究现状出发,指出模式是光纤激光特性的核心参数之一。通过算例给出模式与光束质量之间的关系,引出模式分解技术是准确知晓模式组分和光束质量的关键,介绍常见的模式分解技术。针对模式不稳定效应这一限制光纤激光功率提升的新现象,归纳总结了不同因素对模式不稳定效应产生阈值的影响,梳理了提高阈值的物理原理和实现方法。从高阶模抑制、特定高阶模式和结构光场输出等三个方面介绍了光纤激光模式控制的最新进展。     

少模光纤放大器中的准静态模式不稳定实验研究

模式不稳定发现于2010年,是影响高功率光纤激光器功率提升的重要限制因素.当前模式不稳定主要有两类,一类是动态模式不稳定,一类是准静态模式不稳定.本文研究了纤芯/内包层直径为25μm/400μm掺镱双包层光纤后向抽运放大器中的模式不稳定效应.通过对功率、光束质量和时域数据的分析,发现在该放大器中出现了准静态模式不稳定的现象,随着抽运功率的增加,放大器输出光束质量逐步退化,而时域上没有发现明显的动态模式不稳定特性.实验上对不同种子功率下放大器的输出特性进行研究,结果表明,通过提高种子激光功率可以较为有效地提高模式不稳定阈值,在种子功率为528 W时,当输出功率大于3000 W,输出激光效率没有明显下降.     

国产纺锤形渐变掺镱光纤实现6 kW宽谱激光输出

高功率高光束质量光纤激光器在工业加工等领域有着广泛的应用,然而光纤中的非线性效应和模式不稳定效应限制着高光束质量光纤激光器的功率提升,采用新型结构大模场增益光纤在同时抑制非线性效应和模式不稳定效应方面具有较大潜力。报道了基于单位自研的纺锤形渐变掺镱光纤激光成功实现6 kW功率、高光束质量激光输出。激光器采用主振荡功率放大结构,放大级采用双向981 nm泵浦纺锤形渐变掺镱光纤,在总泵浦功率为7.68 kW时,输出功率达到6.02 kW,光束质量M2因子约为1.9。通过进一步优化纺锤形掺镱光纤制作工艺及结构参数,有望实现更高功率、近单模光束质量的光纤激光输出。     

Secondary instabilities of interfacial waves due to coupling with a long wave mode in a two-layer Couette flow

We report experiments on the stability of interfacial waves in a two-layer Couette flow. As the shear rate is increased, the periodic wave train arising from the primary instability undergoes a secondary instability which results in wave coalescence or nucleation, after a long transient. This secondary instability crucially involves the coupling with a long wave mode, which corresponds to variations of the mean interface level. These observations are favourably compared to stability results on travelling wave solutions for a set of two coupled equations, one for the envelope of a weakly unstable wave packet, and the other for the marginal long wave mode with zero wave number. A physical mechanism for this instability is proposed, as well as an interpretation for the onset of chaos.     

Dynamo transformation of the collisional R–T in a weakly ionized plasma

Theoretical prediction of a new kind of normal mode behaviour of electro-mechanical nature was first time reported by Dwivedi and Das in 1992 in the context of mesospheric modeling of observed neutral induced turbulence. Local dynamo action (due to relative neutral flow) governs the basic physical principle for linear excitation of the neutral induced low frequency instability (NILF) in mesospheric plasma, which comprises of weakly ionized inhomogeneous gas confined by the external gravity and ambient magnetic field. The present contribution offers physical explanation in terms of dynamo transformation of neutral drag effect as a source to understand complete suppression of the usual collisional R-T and in turn linear driving of the NILF. It is therefore emphasized, worth calling it as the dynamo instability.     

Mechanisms for suppressing the transverse mode coupling instability in a circular accelerator

The chromatic and nonlinear suppression of the transverse mode coupling instability in a circular accelerator is analyzed. Analytical estimates are compared with the results of experiments and numerical simulations. The transverse mode coupling (or fast head—tail) instability is a significant factor that limits the beam intensity in circular accelerators. This instability arises when the bunch current exceeds a threshold value determined by the broadband impedance of the vacuum chamber. Feedback systems are traditionally used to suppress the instability. The experience of working with such systems shows that their efficiency depends strongly on the operating parameters of the amplifier, particularly on the chromaticity and nonlinearity of the magnetic lattice. Thus, both chromatic and nonlinear effects should be taken into account to better understand the physical processes and to increase the feedback efficiency.     

Nonlinear dynamic analysis of a rotor-bearing-seal system under two loading conditions

The operating speed of the rotating machinery often exceeds the second or even higher order critical speeds to pursue higher efficiency. Thus, how to restrain the higher order mode instability caused by the nonlinear oil-film force and seal force at high speed as far as possible has become more and more important. In this study, a lumped mass model of a rotor-bearing-seal system considering the gyroscopic effect is established. The graphite self-lubricating bearing and the sliding bearing are simulated by a spring-damping model and a nonlinear oil-film force model based on the assumption of short bearings, respectively. The seal is simulated by Muszynska nonlinear seal force model. Effects of the seal force and oil-film force on the first and second mode instabilities are investigated under two loading conditions which are determined by API Standard 617 (Axial and Centrifugal Compressors and Expander-compressors for Petroleum, Chemical and Gas Industry Services, Seventh Edition). The research focuses on the effects of exciting force forms and their magnitudes on the first and second mode whips in a rotor-bearing-seal system by using the spectrum cascades, vibration waveforms, orbits and Poincaré maps. The first and second mode instability laws are compared by including and excluding the seal effect in a rotor system with single-diameter shaft and two same discs. Meanwhile, the instability laws are also verified in a rotor system with multi-diameter shaft and two different discs. The results show that the second loading condition (out-of-phase unbalances of two discs) and the nonlinear seal force can mainly restrain the first mode instability and have slight effects on the second mode instability. This study may contribute to a further understanding about the higher order mode instability of such a rotor system with fluid-induced forces from the oil-film bearings and seals.     

Low-frequency oscillations in Hall thrusters

In this paper, we summarize the research development of low-frequency oscillations in the last few decades. The findings of physical mechanism, characteristics and stabilizing methods of low-frequency oscillations are discussed. It shows that it is unreasonable and incomplete to model an ionization region separately to analyze the physical mechanism of low-frequency oscillations. Electro-dynamics as well as the formation conditions of ionization distribution play an important role in characteristics and stabilizing of low-frequency oscillations. Understanding the physical mechanism and characteristics of low- frequency oscillations thoroughly and developing a feasible method stabilizing this instability are still important research subjects.     

Numerical investigation of separation-induced transition in a lowpressure turbine cascade in a low-disturbance environment

In this paper,the separation-induced transition in an LPT(low-pressure turbine)cascade is investigated at low Reynolds number with DNS(direct numerical simulation).The transition process is accurately predicted giving good agreements between the DNS and experimental results.To illustrate the secondary instability of separation-induced transition in a low-disturbance environment,the results are comprehensively analyzed in both Fourier space and physical space.It is illustrated that the effect of hyperbolic instability dominates around the saddle point of hyperbolic streamlines.This instability mechanism is responsible for the emergence of the streamwise vortices in the braid region.Elongated and intensified because of the“stretching”effect of the background flow,these vortices become the most noticeable characteristic of the flow field.Fundamental modes of small spanwise wavelength are excited in the braid region,so as some low-frequency modes.The elliptical instability plays a minor role than hyperbolic instability.It is also observed that the fundamental mode with a larger spanwise wavelength is unstable in the vortex core which is associated with the deformation of the vortex core via elliptical instability.There is no convincing evidence for the existence of subharmonic instability.     

Application of Galerkin spectral method for tearing mode instability

Magnetic reconnection and tearing mode instability play a critical role in many physical processes. The application of Galerkin spectral method for tearing mode instability in two-dimensional geometry is investigated in this paper. A resistive magnetohydrodynamic code is developed, by the Galerkin spectral method both in the periodic and aperiodic directions. Spectral schemes are provided for global modes and local modes. Mode structures, resistivity scaling, convergence and stability of tearing modes are discussed. The effectiveness of the code is demonstrated, and the computational results are compared with the results using Galerkin spectral method only in the periodic direction. The numerical results show that the code using Galerkin spectral method individually allows larger time step in global and local modes simulations, and has better convergence in global modes simulations.     

Gravitational Instability of a Thermally Conducting Plasma in an Oblique Magnetic Field

The combined influence of the effects of Hall currents, magnetic resistivity and viscosity have been studied on the gravitational instability of a thermally conducting homogeneous unbounded plasma in an oblique magnetic field. The solution has been obtained through the normal mode technique and the dispersion relation has been derived. It is shown that the Jeans' criterion for gravitational instability remains unchanged. Solving numerically the dispersion relation, the dependence of the growth rate of the gravitational unstable mode on the considered physical effects has been obtained for an astrophysical situation. For conditions prevailing in the magnetized collapsing clouds, the numerical calculations for the plot of growth rate against wave number has been obtained for several values of the parameters characterizing Hall currents magnetic resistivity viscosity thermal conductivity. It is found that magnetic resistivity and thermal conductivity have destabilizing influence while viscosity has stabilizing influence on the instability of the plasma of disturbance m(ϱ) = 9 × 10⁻³ kg.     

Magnetogravitational instability of a rotating homogeneous gas cloud with radiation

Magnetogravitational instability of an infinite, homogeneous rotating hot plasma cloud associated with radiative processes has been studied with the help of relevant MHD equations using normal mode analysis. Rotation is taken parallel and perpendicular to the magnetic field for both, the longitudinal and transverse modes of propagation. The Jeans espression of instability is modified to give the stabilizing effect of radiation pressure. The stabilizing effect of magnetic field is observed only for transverse mode of propagation whereas rotation stabilizes only along the magnetic field for transverse mode. The stabilizing effect of rotation is comparatively more effective.D. S. Vaghela gratefully acknowledges the financial assistance for his minor research project given by University Grants Commission of India.