清华汤姆逊散射X射线源初步实验研究

汤姆逊散射X射线源利用高亮度的相对论电子束与超短TW级激光相互作用,能产生能量可调、脉冲长度短（～100飞秒量级）的准单色高能X射线,在超快物理过程研究和医学领域具有广泛的应用前景。清华大学工程物理系加速器实验室正在积极筹建基于光阴极微波电子枪和飞秒强激光的汤姆逊散射实验平台,并利用实验室现有的16MeV返波行波加速器和Nd:YAG纳秒调Q激光系统进行了初步实验研究。在解决实验中出现的电磁干扰和韧致辐射X射线本底干扰等问题后,在实验中测量到了脉宽为6纳秒、脉冲光子产额为1.7x 10^4 的散射光子信号。在本文中将对实验装置和结果进行详细介绍。     

基于超快激光调制的纳秒脉冲X射线发射源

面向基础科学与空间应用研究领域对小型化超快脉冲X射线发射源的需求,设计并研制了基于激光调制光源与光电阴极X射线管的超快脉冲X射线发生器,解决了传统X射线调制发射装置重复频率低、时间稳定性差、脉冲特性差等应用难题.本文主要开展了脉冲X射线发生器的超快调制控制模块研究,并利用基于预调制的激光控制光源实现了高时间精度、高时间稳定度的超快时变光子信号以及纳秒脉冲X射线产生.理论方面,建立了脉冲X射线发生器时间响应模型,分析了出射脉冲X射线的时域时间特性.实验方面,搭建了基于超快闪烁体探测器的脉冲X射线时间特性实验测试系统,测试了激光控制光源及脉冲X射线发射源的时间特性参数.实验结果表明脉冲X射线发生器可同时实现高重频(12.5 MHz)、超快脉冲(4 ns)、高时间稳定度(400 ps)特性,且与所建立的理论模型高度符合.相比于传统X射线调制方案,脉冲时间参数指标得到了大幅提升、应用场景获得了极大拓展,本项研究有望为实现超高时间稳定性、超快脉冲X射线发射源提供新思路.     

超快X射线自由电子激光研究进展北大核心CSCD

现代光源的发展不断推动着人们从更深层次上理解物质的基本结构和动力学行为。X射线自由电子激光作为最先进的光源,其超高的峰值功率、超短的脉冲长度和优良的相干性,为人们以原子级时空分辨率探测和操控物质中的超快过程提供了可能。目前全世界已有多个X射线自由电子激光装置建成并投入使用,在原子分子物理、化学、生命科学、材料科学等各学科应用中都显示出了重要价值。同时大量的研究工作也集中于继续提高X射线自由电子激光的性能,包括把脉冲持续时间从fs量级进一步缩短至as量级,这将为超快科学的发展带来新突破。以超快脉冲产生为主线,综述了近年来超快X射线自由电子激光产生方案的研究进展,从产生原理、方案特性、最新成果等方面介绍了各类产生方案,总结对比了各方案的优缺点,最后对超快X射线自由电子激光的未来发展方向进行了展望。     

SXFEL阻抗壁尾场对束流相空间畸变的影响（英文）

X射线自由电子激光器（FEL）由于其超高亮度、超短脉冲等特点,在世界范围内得到广泛应用。基于尾流场理论,我们计算了上海X射线自由电子激光器（SXFEL）中从直线加速器出口到波荡器末端,束流在245 m不锈钢传输线和波荡器中的阻抗壁尾场。通过对两种不同的阻抗壁尾场的叠加,发现将导致束流纵向相空间的畸变。在SXFEL上进行束流物理的实验,并得到与理论预测非常吻合的实验结果。结合之前对主要直线加速器部分的详细模拟和实验研究,为后续FEL整体束流优化提供了参考。     

SXFEL阻抗壁尾场对束流相空间畸变的影响

X射线自由电子激光器（FEL）由于其超高亮度、超短脉冲等特点,在世界范围内得到广泛应用。 基于尾流场理论,我们计算了上海X射线自由电子激光器（SXFEL）中从直线加速器出口到波荡器末端,束流在245 m不锈钢传输线和波荡器中的阻抗壁尾场。通过对两种不同的阻抗壁尾场的叠加,发现将导致束流纵向相空间的畸变。在SXFEL上进行束流物理的实验,并得到与理论预测非常吻合的实验结果。 结合之前对主要直线加速器部分的详细模拟和实验研究,为后续FEL整体束流优化提供了参考。     

喷气Z箍缩X光辐射信号分析

 在清华大学喷气Z箍缩平台上进行了对Ne气的箍缩软X射线诊断工作。该喷气装置由4个充电至23 kV的电容器并联组成，总储能4.5 kJ，放电电流峰值210 kA，上升沿2.5 ms。实验中通过观测放电电流微分信号来观测箍缩聚焦点的位置（波形的下凹尖峰点），此尖峰也是X光辐射的时间分辨点。利用响应时间为亚ns量级的光敏半导体探测器(PIN)探头获得了Ne气箍缩时等离子体发出的软X射线信号，X光辐射出现在放电电流微分信号突变点附近。一般来说，多次箍缩会导致多次的X光辐射输出，实验中的X光脉冲实际为多个等离子热点辐射叠加的结果，单次箍缩所产生的X光辐射比多次箍缩所产生的X光辐射要强。对每次箍缩来说，单个X光脉冲信号比多个X光脉冲信号的幅值要大。     

飞秒激光驱动X射线源中超热电子与靶相互作用研究

飞秒激光与靶相互作用产生超热电子,随后超热电子与靶原子碰撞,通过kα、kβ等散射过程,可辐射高亮度、飞秒级X射线,在原子与分子物理、生物及医学等领域均有广泛的应用前景.论文首先对飞秒激光驱动X射线源的发展进行简要叙述,然后对X射线源中的超热电子与靶相互作用进行研究.超热电子的产生由靶材对光脉冲的非碰撞吸收机制决定,X射线的产生由超热电子决定.研究超热电子、靶参数对X射线产额的影响,确定最佳参数值,可指导驱动激光脉冲参数的选择,以获得更大的X射线光子产额.使用蒙特卡洛模拟方法可研究超热电子动能及入射角、靶材(Cu靶)厚度对靶材上、下表面X射线辐射光子产额的影响,分析确定最佳超热电子动能及最佳靶厚.驱动激光强度与超热电子动能的定标关系表明：需要合理选择驱动激光参数,使真空加热机制主导超热电子产生过程,以在合适的激光脉冲强度下获得最大X射线光子产额.     

低速Ar q+(q=7—14)离子入射Au表面激发的X射线谱

研究了高电荷态离子40Arq+(q=7—14)轰击金属Au表面产生的特征X射线谱。 实验结果表明, 在弱束流（nA量级）的情况下, 对于动能相同的入射离子, 当电荷态比较高（q=11）时, 便能有效地激发靶原子的特征X射线, 单离子的X射线产额高达10-8量级。 分析结果显示, 入射离子的势能、 动能和这种相互作用特有的镜像相互作用势能沉积在靶表面, 使靶原子内壳层电子激发和电离, 形成空穴和产生外壳层电子填充空穴辐射特征X射线,特征X射线的产额随入射离子的势能（电荷态）的增加而增加。 The Au atomic Mα characteristic X ray spectrum has been measured for the slow highly charged ions Arq+ (q= 7—14) impacting on Au surface. The result shows that as long as the charge state of projectile is higher（q=11）, the characteristic X rays of heavy atomic can be effectively excited even though the ionic beam is very weak(nA magnitude), and the single ionic X ray yield is in the order of 10-8 and increases with potential energies of projectiles.     

回声谐波放大型自由电子激光相干涡旋X射线产生方案

外种子型自由电子激光具有全相干、频谱稳定、极高亮度的优点,可以实现在超小空间和超快时间尺度下对物质结构的研究。具有特殊横向相位模式的光特别是具有螺旋相位的带轨道角动量的涡旋光已经在众多科学领域有了应用,基于自由电子激光原理产生的辐射横向模式基本上为简单的高斯模式,为产生具有横向螺旋相位的相干涡旋X射线,对基于回声谐波放大型(EEHG)自由电子激光产生涡旋光方案进行了深入研究,并且根据上海软X射线自由电子激光装置(SXFEL)的参数,进行了相关方案设计和模拟研究。三维模拟结果表明,外种子型EEHG自由电子激光可以产生峰值功率可达到GW量级的相干涡旋软X射线。     

大气压尖板电极结构重复频率纳秒脉冲放电中X射线辐射特性研究

文章通过碘化钠晶体和光电倍增管构成的X射线探测系统,研究了上升沿15ns,脉宽30-40ns量级,电压90kV的大气压重频纳秒脉冲气体放电中X射线的辐射特性,X射线有效探测能量范围为10-130keV.结果表明放电产生的X射线主要集中在20-90keV能量范围,而能量在十几keV的软X射线和超过90keV的高能X射线数量很少.X射线辐射计数随脉冲重复频率的增加而增加,随着气隙距离的改变存在峰值,且峰值出现在弥散放电模式.     

Ultra-high order harmonic generation via a free electron laser mechanism

In this paper,by using the"frequency up-conversion"principle with a high gain harmonic generation free electron laser and an external seed laser,we consider the possibility of modulating a relativistic electron beam on the attosecond scale,so that it can produce coherent spontaneous radiation from the deep ultraviolet to the hard X-ray spectral region with a very short radiator.Analytical estimation and three-dimensional numerical modeling show the great potential to reach ultra-high harmonics up to several thousand.For an electron bunch with the typical quality as in the free electron laser scheme and a seed laser with 800 nm wavelength,0.8 nm attosecond trains with alterable duration and GW scale peak power are modeled.The output radiation exhibits good shot-to-shot stability,full coherence and perfect tuning ability between the discrete harmonics of the seed frequency.     

Self-Seeding XFELs: Operation Principle and Challenges

A high-gain free electron laser gradually became one of the most promising hard X-ray sources after its experimental demonstration in 1997. The baseline mode of operation since then remains the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE), which is based on the shot noise amplification. Numerous statistically independent modes emerge in the electron density modulation of the electron beam and, as a result, in the temporal structure of the pulse. In a radiation spectrum, the same number of modes would be present (Figure 1(a)). In this way, SASE radiation has a poor temporal coherence.     

Self-amplified spontaneous emission free-electron laser with an energy-chirped electron beam and undulator tapering

We report the first experimental implementation of a method based on simultaneous use of an energy chirp in the electron beam and a tapered undulator, for the generation of ultrashort pulses in a self-amplified spontaneous emission mode free-electron laser (SASE FEL). The experiment, performed at the SPARC FEL test facility, demonstrates the possibility of compensating the nominally detrimental effect of the chirp by a proper taper of the undulator gaps. An increase of more than 1 order of magnitude in the pulse energy is observed in comparison to the untapered case, accompanied by FEL spectra where the typical SASE spiking is suppressed.     

第四代光源

 第四代光源（X射线激光）是继第三代同步辐射光源以后,人们正在探索之中的新一代光源,它在亮度、相干性和时间结构上都大大优于第三代同步辐射光源。从目前发展的趋势来看,新一代的短脉冲、高亮度、可调的相干X射线光源将是基于自放大自发辐射原理的高增益自由电子激光（SASE FEL）。综述了第四代光源的由来、它和SASE的关系, 它的优异特性、发展现状以及应用前景。     

Nonlinear Analysis of Relativistic Motion of Electrons in Self-Amplified Spontaneous Emission Free-Electron Laser in Ultraviolet and X-Ray Spectral Regions

The free-electron laser (FEL) based on the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) is an effective candidate of the coherent optical sources at wavelengths in ultraviolet and x-rays. It requires a relativistic electron beam with extremely high quality and extremely stable transmission. In this paper we analyze the dynamic behavior of the relativistic electron in that device by calculating the entropy-like quantity. Results show that if there is no adiabatic field of the wiggler, the electron beam may have great fluctuation in velocity space and diverge in configuration space.     

Generation of Coherent Radiation in the Near X-Ray Band by a Cascade FEL with a Two-Frequency Undulator

Generation of X-ray radiation in a cascade self-amplified spontaneous emission free-electron laser (SASE FEL) using the harmonics of a two-frequency undulator is studied. The advanced phenomenological model of a one-pass FEL that accounts for the main losses in real FELs is presented: the electron energy spread in the beam, the beam divergence, diffraction, and the fact that emission losses are greater at higher harmonics than in the main frequency range. The FEL mathematical model was performed using the Mathematica software and calibrated within the experiment carried out at the operating SPARC facility via complex three-dimensional numerical simulations. The phenomenological model is used to analyze FEL dynamics for generation of a high-energy X-ray emission at a relatively short length. It is proposed to use a two-frequency undulator for the initial electron grouping and subsequent frequency multiplication in a cascade FEL with higher harmonic amplification (HGHG). The advantages of the two-frequency undulator are presented for electron grouping at higher harmonics of the undulator radiation (UR). The operation of several types of FEL is simulated with amplification of the seed laser wave frequency in two and three cascades to generate the soft X-ray radiation. A seed laser with a wavelength of 11.43 nm corresponding to the peak reflectivity of mirror coatings with MoRu/Be is proposed for generating the intensive X-ray laser radiation with λ ~ 1.27–3.37 nm. Here, the intensive radiation power reaches 50 MW at a length of only 35 meters; the radiation shows good temporal coherence corresponding to the performance of a low-power seed laser with a lower frequency.     

上海软X射线自由电子激光外种子运行模式的模拟研究

上海软X射线自由电子激光用户装置（SXFEL）是我国首台可以运行在水窗波段的自由电子激光装置,未来可以为5个实验线站供光,其主要运行模式为自放大自发辐射模式以及外种子模式。本文就SXFEL的外种子模式进行了从头到尾的模拟研究,主要包括EEHG-HGHG混合级联与单级EEHG两种方案。模拟结果表明,虽然EEHG-HGHG混合级联模式较为复杂,但能够产生更高功率的高次谐波辐射。除此之外,我们还研究了各种三维效应对EEHG的影响。模拟和分析结果表明,通过上述两种方案,采用紫外波段的种子激光,用户可以得到全相干、窄带宽、短脉冲的水窗波段自由电子激光。     

Generation of GW radiation pulses from a VUV free-electron laser operating in the femtosecond regime

Experimental results are presented from vacuum-ultraviolet free-electron laser (FEL) operating in the self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) mode. The generation of ultrashort radiation pulses became possible due to specific tailoring of the bunch charge distribution. A complete characterization of the linear and nonlinear modes of the SASE FEL operation was performed. At saturation the FEL produces ultrashort pulses (30-100 fs FWHM) with a peak radiation power in the GW level and with full transverse coherence. The wavelength was tuned in the range of 95-105 nm.     

Time-resolved phase measurement of a self-amplified free-electron laser

We report on the first time-resolved phase measurement on self-amplified spontaneous emission (SASE) free-electron laser (FEL) pulses. We observed that the spikes in the output of such free-electron laser pulses have an intrinsic positive chirp. We also observed that the energy chirp in the electron bunch mapped directly into the FEL output. Under certain conditions, the two chirps cancel each other. The experimental result was compared with simulations and interpreted with SASE theory.