形如“|x|+|y|=1”的画法及其扩展

人教版教材第二册(上)第八章第二节讲的是椭圆的简单几何性质,在对称性中有这样的描述,在曲线的方程中,如果以-y代y方程不变,那么当P(x,y)在曲线上时,它关于x轴的对称点P′(x,-y)也在曲线上,所以曲线关于x轴对称,同理如果以-x代x方程不变,那么曲线关于y轴对称,如果同时以-x代x,以     

躺着思想,不如站起行动

在很久很久以前,有两个年轻人,一起去遥远的地方寻找幸福和快乐,一路上风餐露宿,历尽艰辛,在即将到达目的地时,遇到了一条风急浪高的大河.对于如何渡过这条河,两人有不同的意见:一个人建议砍伐附近的树造一条木船渡过河去,另一个人则认为这么高的浪,这么湍急的水流,这么宽的河面,无论造多大的船都不可能渡过这条河,与其自寻烦恼和死路,不如等这条河干了,再轻轻松松地走过去.     

Low dimensional modules over quantum complete intersections in two variables

We classify all the indecomposable modules of dimension ≤ 5 over the quantum exterior algebra k(x, y)/(x^2, y^2, xy + qyx) in two variables, and all the indecomposable modules of dimension ≤3 over the quantum complete intersection k(x,y)/(x^m,y^n,xy + qyx) in two variables, where m or n ≥3, by giving explicitly their diagram presentations.     

论怀疑

现代世界,资讯发达,我们常常会听到一些匪夷所思的事情.这些传闻可信么?的确,大千世界,无奇不有,好像什么事情都可能发生,但我们也不能听到什么都相信我们要有怀疑精神,要独立思考,对该事件发生的可能性大小作一些分析,有助于我们作出理性判断.也就是说,我们要作出理性判断,要以怀疑精神作为前提,以概率分析为辅助.下面,就让我们从怀疑谈起.     

是谁拉你走向平庸

一名长跑运动员参加一个5人小组的比赛,赛前教练对他说,据我了解,其他4人的实力不如你,于是,这名运动员轻松地跑了第一名随后教练又让他参加了一个10人小组比赛,教练把平时其他人的成绩拿给他看,他发现别人的成绩并不如自己,他又轻松跑了第一名然后,这名运动员又参加了一个20人小组的比赛,教练说,你只要战胜其中的一个人,你就能取得胜利,结果,比赛中他紧跟着教练说的那个运动员,并在最后冲刺时,又取得了第一名.     

本期特约编委简介

杨仁宽,男,湖北恩施市人,湖北大学毕业.广东省数学特级教师,广东省南粤优秀教师,广东省名师工作室主持人,广州市名教师,教育部"国培研修员",省教育厅"南粤名师大讲堂"主讲、主评,广东省示范性高中广州市从化中学教研主任,从化市十大科技杰出人才,从化市劳动模范,《数学大世界》执行编委,国家级优秀(核心)期刊《高中数理化》特邀编委,广州市教育局第十三届特约教研员,主持教育部规划课题的子课题结题,主持广州市教育局资助课题在研,核心期刊《中学数学》2006年第10期     

抓住小条件 解决大问题

每一道习题都有着严密的逻辑性,已知条件不可能多余,也不可能短缺,在所有条件中,抓住其最有特征性的一个,联想展开,这是解题的一种途径．许多同学在解题时,往往不去认真推敲题目中给出的已知条件,对于一些细小的似乎是不起眼的说明,便不去深入探讨,弃之一旁,熟视无睹,这是一个极大的错误．很多时候,若能紧紧抓住这些小条件,便可从这里打开缺口,解决大问题．     

共同探究,享受数学

众所周知,数学很重要,这很大层面上是由高考指挥棒决定的,学生在沉重的数学作业负担下,大多是疲于应付,很少有人真正体验到数学内在的美,学会享受数学.笔者从事高中数学多年,做了一点有益的尝试,让学生从多种角度理解数学,师生平等,教师做好组织、引领工作,充分调动学生学习数学积极性,各抒己见,经常是一个平淡的问题,往往出现多种漂亮的解法,碰撞出思维的火花,师生乐在其中,一同享受数学带给我们的快乐.现举两个案例,供大家分享.     

品鸭脖赏小题——武汉市中考数学选择压轴题赏析

武汉鸭脖名扬天下,鸭脖虽小,品之有趣:一在麻劲够劲,二在慢啃细嚼之间回味无穷.同样,武汉人出的中考数学题也匠心独运,特色鲜明,出现在“脖颈”处的小题,带着股明显的鸭脖味儿,初品辣火呛口,但只要解题者细细品味、慢慢咀嚼,总会嚼出“香气”,唇齿留香.     

相似三角形等积式问题证明“三部曲”

等积式证明问题是初中平面几何的重要内容,它涉及的知识内容广泛,有利于培养学生综合运用知识的能力.等积问题综合性强,类型繁多,涉及面广,难度大,加之许多学生由于基础知识不牢,不善于归纳总结,结果在解决等积问题时不能灵活运用,感觉问题的分析困难,甚至是无从下手,望而生畏.为此,     

Best approximation by downward sets with applications

We develop a theory of downward sets for a class of normed ordered spaces. We study best approximation in a normed ordered space X by elements of downward sets, and give necessary and sufficient conditions for any element of best approximation by a closed downward subset of X. We also characterize strictly downward subsets of X, and prove that a downward subset of X is strictly downward if and only if each its boundary point is Chebyshev. The results obtained are used for examination of some Chebyshev pairs （W,x）, where ∈ X and W is a closed downward subset of X     

On a class of Riemann surfaces

It is considered the class of Riemann surfaces with dimT1 = 0, where T1 is a subclass of exact harmonic forms which is one of the factors in the orthogonal decomposition of the spaceΩH of harmonic forms of the surface, namely The surfaces in the class OHD and the class of planar surfaces satisfy dimT1 = 0. A.Pfluger posed the question whether there might exist other surfaces outside those two classes. Here it is shown that in the case of finite genus g, we should look for a surface S with dimT1 = 0 among the surfaces of the form Sg\K , where Sg is a closed surface of genus g and K a compact set of positive harmonic measure with perfect components and very irregular boundary.     

The use of phase portraits to visualize and investigate isolated singular points of complex functions

ABSTRACT

Undergraduate students usually study Laurent series in a standard course of Complex Analysis. One of the major applications of Laurent series is the classification of isolated singular points of complex functions. Although students are able to find series representations of functions, they may struggle to understand the meaning of the behaviour of the function near isolated singularities. In this paper, I briefly describe the method of domain colouring to create enhanced phase portraits to visualize and study isolated singularities of complex functions. Ultimately this method for plotting complex functions might help to enhance students' insight, in the spirit of learning by experimentation. By analysing the representations of singularities and the behaviour of the functions near their singularities, students can make conjectures and test them mathematically, which can help to create significant connections between visual representations, algebraic calculations and abstract mathematical concepts.     

Schreier rewriting beyond the classical setting Dedicated to our teacher Alfred Lvovich Shmelkin on his 70th birthday

Using actions of free monoids and free associative algebras, we establish some Schreier-type formulas involving ranks of actions and ranks of subactions in free actions or Grassmann-type relations for the ranks of intersections of subactions of free actions. The coset action of the free group is used to establish a generalization of the Schreier formula in the case of subgroups of infinite index. We also study and apply large modules over free associative and free group algebras.     

A quantum spin system with random interactions I

We study a quantum spin glass as a quantum spin system with random interactions and establish the existence of a family of evolution groups {τ_t(ω)}_ω∈/Ω of the spin system. The notion of ergodicity of a measure preserving group of automorphisms of the probability space Ω, is used to prove the almost sure independence of the Arveson spectrum Sp(τ(ω)) of τ_t(ε). As a consequence, for any family of (τ(ω),β) — KMS states {ρ(ω)}, the spectrum of the generator of the group of unitaries which implement τ(ω) in the GNS representation is also almost surely independent of ω.     

Absolute Continuity of Measures in the Class of Markov and Semi-Markov Processes of Diffusion Type

The property of absolute continuity of measures in the class of one-dimensional semi-Markov processes of diffusion type is investigated. The measure of such a process can be composed of two measures. The first one is a distribution of a random track, and the second one is a conditional distribution of a time run along the track. The desired density is represented in the form of product of two corresponding densities.     

Toward eudaimonology: notes on a quantitative framework for the study of happiness

After noting factors (concern for others, ignorance, irrationality) accounting for the divergences between preference and happiness, the question of representing the preference of an individual by a utility function is discussed, taking account of lexicographic ordering, imperfect discrimination and the corresponding concepts of semiorder and sub-semiorder. Methods to improve upon the interpersonal comparability of measures of happiness such as pinning down the dividing line of zero happiness and the use of a just perceivable increment of happiness are discussed. The relation of social welfare to individual welfare (i.e. happiness) is then considered. Some reasonable set of axioms ensuring that social welfare is a separable function of and indeed an unweighted sum of individual welfares are reviewed. Finally, happiness is regarded as a function of objective, institutional and subjective factors; an interdisciplinary approach is needed even for an incomplete analysis.     

Rigid isotopy classification of real algebraic curves of bidegree (3,3) on quadrics

A rigid isotopy of nonsingular real algebraic curves on a quadric is a path in the space of such curves of a given bidegree. We obtain the rigid isotopy classification of nonsingular real algebraic curves of bidegree (3, 3) on a hyperboloid and on an ellipsoid. We also study of the space of real algebraic curves of bidegree (3, 3) with a single node or cusp. Translated fromMatematicheskie Zametki, Vol. 66, No. 6, pp. 810–815, December, 1999.     

Noncommutative geometry and motives: The thermodynamics of endomotives

We combine aspects of the theory of motives in algebraic geometry with noncommutative geometry and the classification of factors to obtain a cohomological interpretation of the spectral realization of zeros of L-functions. The analogue in characteristic zero of the action of the Frobenius on ?-adic cohomology is the action of the scaling group on the cyclic homology of the cokernel (in a suitable category of motives) of a restriction map of noncommutative spaces. The latter is obtained through the thermodynamics of the quantum statistical system associated to an endomotive (a noncommutative generalization of Artin motives). Semigroups of endomorphisms of algebraic varieties give rise canonically to such endomotives, with an action of the absolute Galois group. The semigroup of endomorphisms of the multiplicative group yields the Bost-Connes system, from which one obtains, through the above procedure, the desired cohomological interpretation of the zeros of the Riemann zeta function. In the last section we also give a Lefschetz formula for the archimedean local L-factors of arithmetic varieties.     

Variation of the structure and permeability of tensioned fiber layers during impregnation with a thermoplastic polymer melt

The influence of displacements of tensioned fibers on the impregnation of fibrous layers with a polymer melt and on the final composite structure is studied. Using computer simulation, it is shown that, during impregnation, the structure of tensioned fibrous layers changes considerably depending on the initial arrangement and tensioning of fibers. The consolidated regions formed under the melt front move inside the impregnated layer with the advancing melt front. Displacement of the tensioned fibers as well as the formation of “washouts” favors the impregnation of internal layers, but cause significant inhomogeneity of the polymer structure. The surface (on the side of the melt flow) regions are more saturated with the polymer than the internal ones. A difference in the melt percolation mechanisms at various impregnation regimes is revealed. The effective permeability coefficients of a tensioned fiber layer are not constant but depend on the conditions and regimes of impregnation. Submitted to the 11th Conference on the Mechanics of Composite Materials (Riga, June 11–15, 2000). Translated from Mekhanika Kompozitnykh Materialov, Vol. 36, No. 2, pp. 259–270, March–April, 2000.