卤过氧化物酶在绿色卤化反应中的研究进展

卤化反应是一类极其重要的有机合成反应,在实验室研究和化工生产领域占据重要地位.传统卤化反应因存在使用有毒有害试剂、反应缺乏选择性等问题而亟待改进,生物酶催化策略则为突破上述瓶颈提供了可能.自然界已经进化出多种可对有机物中催化引入卤素的卤化酶.酶催化卤化反应的突出优势在于常温常压下,可使用来源温和的卤素进行高效的催化反应.催化范围包括卤化、羟卤化、卤环合和氧化脱羧等多种具有挑战性的反应.鉴于酶催化卤化反应展示出巨大的潜力,从催化活性、酶稳定性、底物浓度、催化范围等几个方面着重介绍了卤过氧化物酶在绿色卤化反应中的最新研究进展,为进一步开发绿色的卤化酶催化卤化反应提供参考.     

绿色路易斯酸三卤化铟在有机合成中的应用

三卤化铟作为温和的路易斯酸可在水、醇等绿色溶剂中实现高化学选择性、高 区域选择性和高立体选择性的化学转化。综述了三卤化铟在羟醛反应和类羟醛-曼 尼希反应、Fiedel-Crafts反应、环氧化合物的重排反应、α-氨基膦酸的合成、喹 啉环系的构建、酯交换反应、Diels-Alder反应和杂Diels-Alder反应,手性呋喃二 醇的合成、水相中的叠氮解反应和二硫缩醛的制备中的应用,同时还总结了本课题 组将三卤化铟应用于Biginelli反应和还原脱氧反应的反应结果。三卤化铟在有机 合成中潜在的优势将推动“绿色化学”的发展。     

锌介导的炔酰胺串联氧化/卤化反应合成α-卤代酰胺

卤代酰胺是一类十分重要的羰基化合物,广泛存在于众多天然产物和生物活性分子之中.本工作实现了通过卤化锌同时作为催化剂和卤素源的炔酰胺串联氧化/卤化反应,从而避免使用其他的外加卤化试剂.该反应可以中等到良好的产率得到一系列合成上非常有用的α-卤代酰胺化合物.     

过渡金属催化有机钛试剂的偶联反应研究进展

有机钛试剂廉价低毒,形态多样,具有优异的化学、区域和立体选择性.通过调整中心钛原子的配体可对有机钛试剂的反应活性进行调控.近年来,有机钛试剂参与的偶联反应引起了化学家们的广泛关注.从有机钛试剂类型出发,就过渡金属催化有机钛试剂的偶联反应进行了简要综述.     

现行高中化学课本有机化学部分几个值得商榷的问题

关于1,3-丁二烯的亲电加成反应 1,3-丁二烯跟卤素、卤化氢等试剂容易发生亲电加成反应。当它跟一分子卤素或一分子卤化氢等发生亲电加成时,一般既可得到1,4-加成产物,也可得到1,2-加成产物,而两种产物的比例,则取决于反应温度、试剂和溶剂的性质、产物的稳定性等诸因素。     

meso-焦脱镁叶绿酸-a的化学反应及其叶绿素类二氢卟吩衍生物的合成

以meso-焦脱镁叶绿酸-a甲酯为起始原料,利用其二氢卟吩大环上的活性反应区域,选用不同的亲电试剂进行卤化和硝化反应,分别在20-meso-位上选择性地引进了氯、溴、碘和硝基;通过空气氧化和胺解等反应,对其五元E-环实施了结构改造,并在外接环上稠并了不同的含氮杂环,完成了13个未见报道的叶绿素类二氢卟吩衍生物的合成,其化学结构均经UV-Vis,IR,1H NMR及元素分析予以证实,同时讨论了meso-焦脱镁叶绿酸-a的化学反应机理和相应的光谱性质.     

α-重氮膦酸酯作为亲核试剂参与不对称反应的研究进展

重氮化合物作为一类重要的合成子,在有机合成、药物化学、材料化学及化学生物学等领域均有广泛应用。α-重氮膦酸酯作为α-重氮羧酸酯的电子等排物,可作为亲核试剂参与不对称反应。综述了α-重氮膦酸酯作为亲核试剂参与不对称反应（Mannich反应,Morita Baylis-Hillman反应,类Aldol反应以及［3+2］反应）的研究进展,并对其未来发展进行了展望。     

2,6-二氯苯甲醛新的合成方法

在水相中,以对甲苯磺酸为原料,以次氯酸、双氧水-氢溴酸分别作为芳香环及侧链的卤化试剂,经苯环氯化、去磺化、侧链溴代和二溴化苄水解4步反应合成了2,6-二氯苯甲醛,总收率为52.6%.     

连续流动电化学促进的Aza-Wacker环化反应

正饱和N-杂环结构片段广泛存在于各类天然产物和生物活性物质中,且有研究表明提高小分子药物的饱和度有益于改善其临床表现[1].鉴于此,饱和N-杂环化合物的合成受到化学家的广泛关注.在众多饱和N-杂环合成的方法中, Aza-Wacker环化反应显示出独特的优越性,这类反应以胺作为亲核试剂,合成具有烯烃支链的饱和氮杂环分子,产物可方便地进行多样化衍生.经过一段时间的发展,这类反应能够在催化量钯试剂及氧气为氧化剂的条件下完成[2].该反应需要经过氨钯化历程生成产物,该步骤具有可逆性,且受烯烃位阻效应影响,致使一些多取代烯烃的Aza-Wacker环化反应仍具有很大挑战.发展无贵金属试剂、无化学氧化剂条件下的Aza-Wacker环化反应则有利于立足新机理,拓展反应底物的实用范围,同时能有效降低反应成本,发展绿色合成化学[3].     

化学发光消耗型锰传感器

化学和生物发光是由化学反应产生的一种光辐射,不需要任何光源。又由于它们具有高灵敏度、宽线性范围和相对比较便宜的仪器等优点,因而在化学和生物传感器领域引起了广泛的兴趣。已用于H_2O_2、乳酸和胆固醇等多种生物活性物质的测定,但未见有金属离子传感器的报道。本文发展了一种新型的全固态模式的消耗型锰离子化学发光传感器。该传感器将除待测物外的所有化学发光反应试剂全部固定在阴离子交换树脂Amberlyst A-27上,于化学发光反应之前,将一定量化学发光试剂从固定化试剂柱上洗脱,与样品中的锰离子产生化学发光。已成功地应用于水样中痕量锰离子的测定。每个固定化试剂柱可连续使用100次以上。 1 实验部分 1.1 仪器和试剂 化学发光传感器由流动系统和检测系统两部分组成。其中流动系统主要由蠕动泵、六通阀、固定化试剂柱和流通池组成。检测系统由光电信增管、负高压、放大器和记录仪组成(图1)。     

Visible-Light-Induced Catalytic Selective Halogenation with Photocatalyst

Halide moieties are essential structures of compounds in organic chemistry due to their popularity and wide applications in many fields such as natural compounds, agrochemicals, and pharmaceuticals. Thus, many methods have been developed to introduce halides into various organic molecules. Recently, visible-light-driven reactions have emerged as useful methods of organic synthesis. Particularly, halogenation strategies using visible light have significantly improved the reaction efficiency and reduced toxicity, as well as promoted reactions under mild conditions. In this review, we have summarized recent studies in visible-light-mediated halogenation (chlorination, bromination, and iodination) with photocatalysts.     

Oxidative Halogenation with “Green” Oxidants: Oxygen and Hydrogen Peroxide

It is difficult to imagine organic chemistry without organo‐halogen compounds and the molecular halogens needed for their preparation. The halogens have very different reactivity, with iodine usually requiring some form of activation, while others are reactive and hazardous chemicals. To avoid their use, various modified reagents have been discovered (N‐bromo‐ and N‐chlorosuccinimide, Selectfluor…?), but halogens are used to prepare these reagents and when they are used the atom economy is poor. A better approach, which is based on biomimetric research on oxidative halogenation in nature, consists of generating the halogenating reagent in situ under acidic conditions from a halide salt. The result of such a reaction has been halogenation with 100 % halogen atom economy. Suitable oxidants for the oxidation of halides are hydrogen peroxide and oxygen.     

Revisiting the Chemistry of Vinylpyrazoles: Properties,Synthesis, and Reactivity

Vinylpyrazoles, also known as pyrazolyl olefins, are interesting motifs in organic chemistry but have been overlooked. This review describes the properties and synthetic routes of vinylpyrazoles and highlights their versatility as building blocks for the construction of more complex organic molecules. Concerning the reactivity of vinylpyrazoles, the topics surveyed herein include their use in cycloaddition reactions, free-radical polymerizations, halogenation and hydrohalogenation reactions, and more recently in transition-metal-catalyzed reactions, among other transformations. The current state of the art about vinylpyrazoles is presented with an eye to future developments regarding the chemistry of these interesting compounds. Styrylpyrazoles were not considered in this review, as they were the subject of a previous review article published in 2020.     

氯过氧化物酶的手性催化活性在有机合成中的应用

氯过氧化物酶（CPO）作为过氧化物酶家族中的一员对多种有机底物表现出了广泛的催化活性。自上世纪60年代被发现以来，CPO在有机合成中的应用一直是一个研究热点。它作为一种生物催化剂能催化广泛的底物合成手性化合物，且有高的产率和高的对映选择率。本文综述了氯过氧化物酶在手性有机合成中的应用，重点关注了卤化、醇氧化、羟基化、环氧化、磺化氧化等反应，并讨论了目前在该领域所面临的问题及今后的发展趋势。     

Advances in Iodine(III)‐Mediated Halogenations: A Versatile Tool to Explore New Reactivities and Selectivities

Within the repertoire of organic chemical transformations, the halogenation of substrates is among the most versatile, reliable, and broadly applicable reactions. Although a multitude of different methods are known today, there is still a huge demand for novel and, in particular, catalytic halogenation methods that exhibit new reactivities and selectivities. The class of hypervalent iodanes meets exactly these needs and thus offers a great opportunity to fuel this highly desirable direction within the field of halogenation chemistry. This Concept gives a short overview of recent examples focusing on selective and/or mechanistically unusual halogenations.     

TRIMETHYLAMMONIUM CHLOROCHROMATE ADSORBED ON ALUMINA AS A NEW REAGENT FOR THE CLEAVAGE OF OXIMES AND P-NITROPHENYLHYDRAZONES

Derivatives of carbonyl compounds such as oximes and p-nitrophenylhydrazones have played an important role in the protection of carbonyl compounds,as they are highly crystalline and stable compounds. They are also very extensively used for the characterization and purification of carbonyl compounds. Regeneration of carbonyl compounds from their derivatives under mild condition is an important process in synthetic organic chemistry.     

Organic mixed-valence compounds: a playground for electrons and holes

Mixed-valence (MV) compounds are excellent model systems for the investigation of basic electron-transfer (ET) or charge-transfer (CT) phenomena. These issues are important in complex biophysical processes such as photosynthesis as well as in artificial electronic devices that are based on organic conjugated materials. Organic MV compounds are effective hole-transporting materials in organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs), solar cells, and photochromic windows. However, the importance of organic mixed-valence chemistry should not be seen in terms of the direct applicability of these species but the wealth of knowledge about ET phenomena that has been gained through their study. The great variety of organic redox centers and spacer moieties that may be combined in MV systems as well as the ongoing refinement of ET theories and methods of investigation prompted enormous interest in organic MV compounds in the last decades and show the huge potential of this class of compounds. The goal of this Review is to give an overview of the last decade in organic mixed valence chemistry and to elucidate its impact on modern functional materials chemistry.     

Extending the biocatalytic scope of regiocomplementary flavin-dependent halogenase enzymes

Flavin-dependent halogenases are potentially valuable biocatalysts for the regioselective halogenation of aromatic compounds. These enzymes, utilising benign inorganic halides, offer potential advantages over traditional non-enzymatic halogenation chemistry that often lacks regiocontrol and requires deleterious reagents. Here we extend the biocatalytic repertoire of the tryptophan halogenases, demonstrating how these enzymes can halogenate a range of alternative aryl substrates. Using structure guided mutagenesis we also show that it is possible to alter the regioselectivity as well as increase the activity of the halogenases with non-native substrates including anthranilic acid; an important intermediate in the synthesis and biosynthesis of pharmaceuticals and other valuable products.     

Fluorinations, chlorinations and brominations of organic compounds in micro reactors

This paper gives an overview of the application of micro reactors for fluorination and chlorination of organic compounds supplemented by reporting about first investigations by the authors on the topic of bromination reactions in a micro reactor system. After a brief introduction illuminating the status of micro-chemical processing in general and covering the basic advantages of microstructured reactors, the different micro reactors used so far for halogenation reactions will be described with respect to fabrication, range of operation and performance. Thereafter, investigated reaction systems will be described and discussed.All the reactions have in common that halogenation is achieved by using elemental halogens. Beside one gas phase chlorination, the described fluorinations and chlorinations are gas/liquid processes investigated in specialised gas/liquid micro reactors. In contrast, bromination reactions were performed in a micro mixer/tube set-up not specially adopted e.g. to gas/liquid conditions. Phase conditions here are quite complex through evaporated bromine and gaseous hydrogen bromide formed during the reaction.The range of reactions comprises aromatic electrophilic substitutions and free radical substitutions of alkanes and in the side chain of aromatic compounds. The experimental results underpin the benefits of micro reactors for halogenation reactions as improved process control, process safety, improved selectivity and yields, shortening of syntheses and higher space-time yields. Furthermore, another aspect is the potential for an accelerated process development.     

Design of ecologically safe and science intensive electrochemical processes

This review discusses the results of and prospects for studies aimed at design of new science intensive, environmentally safe technologies for the synthesis of organophosphorus compounds by halogenation of α-olefins, including modification of rapeseed oil; it also considers methods for the production of some other intermediates for chemical industry. New synthetic applications have been developed, using combined methods of classical organic chemistry and electrochemistry, for processes based on electrochemical generation of catalysts (mediators)—complexes of metals in low oxidation states, halogen complexes, etc. Selective electrochemical procedures are suggested for the synthesis of triphenylphosphine, trialkylphosphates, and nanosized transition metal phosphides from white phosphorus.