Ca(H2PO4)2-H3PO4-K2SO4体系中石膏晶型及形貌调控

为将Ca(H₂PO₄)₂制备KH₂PO₄过程中的石膏资源化利用,以H₃PO₄与CaCO₃反应制备Ca(H₂PO₄)₂溶液,并与K₂SO₄溶液反应,进行Ca(H₂PO₄)₂-H₃PO₄-K₂SO₄体系中石膏晶型和形貌调控研究。结果表明:通过改变反应时间、反应温度、SO^2-₄过量系数和CaO含量等参数可对Ca(H₂PO₄)₂-H₃PO₄-K₂SO₄体系中石膏晶型和形貌进行调控,制得短柱状α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O。体系在温度高于95 ℃和CaO含量为3.0%~5.0%(质量分数,下同)时形成α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O,在CaO含量为5.5%主要形成CaSO₄·2H₂O;反应时间长于20 min和SO^2-₄过量系数大于1.4将形成K₂SO₄(CaSO₄)₅·H₂O,导致石膏晶体表面缺陷增加。本实验条件下,适宜反应条件为:反应时间10 min、反应温度95 ℃、SO^2-₄过量系数1.2和CaO含量5.0%,此条件下可制得长度42~70 μm、直径13~24 μm的短柱状α-CaSO₄·0.5H₂O,其抗折和抗压强度分别可达5.61 MPa和33.74 MPa,滤液中钾收率和脱钙率分别可达94.23%和83.80%。     

Ba3Bi2(PO4)4∶Tb3+荧光粉的制备与性能研究

利用高温固相反应法制备出Ba₃Bi_2-x(PO₄)₄∶xTb³⁺(x=0.05,0.1,0.15,0.3,0.4,0.5)绿色荧光粉。通过X射线衍射仪、扫描电子显微镜、积分球式分光光度计和荧光光谱仪等对样品进行了分析。结果表明,所制备的样品均为Ba₃Bi₂(PO₄)₄纯相,Ba₃Bi_1.7(PO₄)₄∶0.3Tb³⁺的带隙估计值为4.21 eV。当激发光的波长为377 nm时,样品的发射光谱的波峰位于543 nm、584 nm和619 nm处,分别对应于Tb³⁺的⁵D₄→⁷F₅、⁵D₄→⁷F₄和⁵D₄→⁷F₃的能级跃迁。随着Tb³⁺掺杂浓度的增加,样品的发光强度先增强后减弱,当x=0.3时,发光强度最大。计算表明最近邻离子在Ba₃Bi_2-x(PO₄)₄∶xTb³⁺荧光粉的浓度猝灭中起主要作用。随着测试温度的升高,发光强度变化不大,表明样品具有优异的热稳定性能。CIE色坐标图表明所制备的样品可以被紫外光有效激发而发出绿光。     

ε-(AlxGa1-x)2O3/ε-Ga2O3异质结电子输运性质研究

Ga₂O₃是一种新兴的宽带隙半导体,在电力和射频电子系统中具有潜在的应用前景。前期研究以β-Ga₂O₃为主,并且已经对β-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃/Ga₂O₃异质结构中的二维电子气(2DEG)进行了理论计算,本文主要研究ε-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃作为势垒层对ε-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃/ε-Ga₂O₃异质结电子输运性质的影响,首先介绍了ε-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃/ε-Ga₂O₃异质结的结构和性质,分析计算了由于ε-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃/ε-Ga₂O₃异质结的自发极化和压电极化所产生的极化面电荷密度,以及极化对2DEG浓度产生的影响,接着分析了在不同Al摩尔组分下,ε-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃势垒层厚度与合金无序散射、界面粗糙度散射和极性光学声子散射之间的关系。最后通过计算得出结论:界面粗糙度散射和极性光学声子散射对ε-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃/ε-Ga₂O₃异质结的电子输运性质有重要影响,合金无序散射对异质结的输运性质影响较小;2DEG浓度、合金无序散射、界面粗糙度散射和极性光学声子散射的电子迁移率强弱由ε-(Al_xGa_1-x)₂O₃势垒层的厚度和Al摩尔组分共同决定。     

不同晶体结构Gd2(MoO4)3:Eu3+荧光粉的合成及其发光性能研究

采用溶胶凝胶-燃烧法,柠檬酸为络合剂合成出系列Gd₂(MoO₄)₃:Eu³⁺荧光粉.利用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和荧光光谱对样品的结构、形貌和发光性能进行了研究.XRD分析表明:稀土离子与柠檬酸为1:0.5时,800℃热处理获得单斜结构的Gd₂(MoO₄)₃:Eu³⁺荧光粉.单斜结构的Gd₂(MoO₄)₃:Eu³⁺荧光粉到正交结构的Gd₂(MoO₄)₃:Eu³⁺荧光粉的转换可以通过改变稀土离子与柠檬酸摩尔比和热处理温度等合成条件实现.Gd₂(MoO₄)₃:Eu³⁺荧光粉的形貌受合成条件的影响.荧光光谱研究表明:Gd₂(MoO₄)₃:Eu³⁺荧光粉的主发射峰位于616 nm处来自于Eu³⁺的⁵D₀→⁷F₂电偶极跃迁.正交结构的Gd₂(MoO₄)₃:Eu³⁺荧光粉发射强度明显高于单斜结构的荧光粉.计算⁵D₀→⁷F₂与⁵D₀→⁷F₁跃迁发射的相对强度比值表明:正交结构的Gd₂(MoO₄)₃:Eu³⁺中Eu³⁺局域环境的对称性较高。     

压电晶体YbBa3(PO4)3的生长与性质表征

压电材料在振动传感器、压力传感器和超声波压电换能器等器件技术领域有着广泛应用,探索新型压电晶体材料用于特种压电传感器件的研发具有重要意义。本文利用传统的提拉法生长出具有高熔点(~1 800 ℃)的磷酸钡镱(YbBa₃(PO₄)₃,YbBP)新型压电晶体。X射线衍射分析表明,该晶体属于立方晶系I43d空间群,晶胞参数为a=b=c=1.043 5 nm。研究发现,该晶体沿垂直于(013)晶面的方向更容易生长。摇摆曲线半峰全宽测得为60.6″,表明生长的晶体具有较高的结晶品质。采用LCR电桥法、阻抗法和超声法测算了该晶体的相对介电常数和压电应变常数,得到晶体的相对介电常数ε₁₁和压电应变常数d₁₄分别为15.3和11.4 pC/N。该晶体不仅具有较好的压电性能,同时具有纯的面切变振动模态,表明该晶体在压电传感技术领域具有潜在应用。     

碱式磷酸锌光学性质的理论计算及其实验验证

Zn₂(OH)PO₄ (ZPOH)属于正交晶系,其空间群为P2₁2₁2,该结构没有对称中心。基于赝势平面波方法,计算了ZPOH的电子结构,线性折射率和倍频(SHG)系数,并拟合了色散方程。为了验证计算值,使用水热法合成了ZPOH微晶,实验测得其SHG效应与理论计算相符,同时测试了ZPOH的紫外(UV)吸收边及其热稳定性。     

H2SO4-H2O中硝酸铜对脱硫石膏晶须生长的影响

以处理后的脱硫石膏为原料,在H₂SO₄-H₂O体系中以Cu(NO₃)₂为晶形控制剂采用水热法制备脱硫石膏晶须,探讨了Cu(NO₃)₂对脱硫石膏晶须生长的影响机理。结果表明:Cu(NO₃)₂对脱硫石膏有明显促溶作用,其中Cu²⁺可减小溶液中各离子的活度系数,使溶液中的Ca²⁺浓度增大。NO^-₃通过静电作用在Ca²⁺周围聚集并对SO^2-₄产生屏蔽作用,导致脱硫石膏继续溶解并使Ca²⁺和SO^2-₄的浓度处于相对稳定状态,有利于半水脱硫石膏晶体的形核与生长。此外,Cu²⁺还可在晶须的生长过程中选择性吸附在晶须表面,生成CuSO₄,促进了脱硫石膏的结晶生长,最终在Cu(NO₃)₂用量为2.0%(质量分数)时制备的脱硫石膏晶须长径比约为73。     

基于2,5-二溴对苯二甲酸配体的锌/钴配合物合成、晶体结构及性质

将有机物2,5-二溴对苯二甲酸(H₂L₁)和2,2′-联吡啶(L₂)作为双配体,使用溶剂热法和七水合硫酸锌(ZnSO₄·7H₂O)、六水合硝酸钴(Co(NO₃)₂·6H₂O)分别反应,得到配合物[Zn(L₁)(L₂)(H₂O)]_n(1)和配合物[Co(L₁)(L₂)(H₂O)]_n(2)。采用单晶X射线衍射、元素分析、红外光谱、紫外光谱、荧光光谱、热重分析等测试方法对这两种物质进行分析研究。单晶测试结果表明配合物1是单斜晶系,以Zn²⁺配位连接L^2-₁与L₂形成一维链状结构,各条链在分子间氢键和π…π共轭作用下有规律地堆叠形成三维网络结构。配合物2是三斜晶系,Co1离子和Co1ⁱ离子由H₂L₁上的羧酸氧原子O4和O4ⁱ连接,形成双齿螯合的配位结构单元,以Co²⁺配位连接 L^2-₁和L₂形成二维网格结构,各层在O—H…O分子间氢键和范德瓦耳斯力作用下有规律的堆叠形成三维网络结构。配合物1和2均含有芳香杂环、羧基杂环和氮杂环,具有良好的荧光性质和热稳定性,最大发射波长分别为345 nm和333 nm。     

萘基二膦酸钴配合物的合成、晶体结构和磁性质

基于萘二膦酸,采用水热法合成两例新型钴配合物[Co₄(1,4-ndpa)₂(4,4′-bpy)₂]·5H₂O (1)和[Co(1,4-ndpaH)]·1.5H₂O (2),其中1,4-ndpa^4-为1,4-萘二膦酸去质子化,4,4′-bpy为4,4′-联吡啶。在配合物1和2中,钴原子呈四配位的畸变四面体构型。配合物1的晶体结构中包含有共用顶点的四面体{CoNO₃}和{PO₃C}的梯形链,这些梯形链分别由1,4-ndpa^4-和4,4′-bpy配体与相邻的梯形链连接,形成开放的三维框架结构,结晶水分子通过氢键作用填充在骨架的空隙中。配合物2的晶体结构中包含有不同于配合物1的链结构,共用顶点四面体{CoO₄}和{PO₃C}组成的无机链仅通过1,4-ndpaH^3-配体交联形成三维开放框架结构。磁性研究表明,配合物1中Co^II存在自旋轨道耦合和/或Co^II之间存在反铁磁相互作用。     

铁离子掺杂对铜铬黑颜料呈色性能的影响

为改善CuCr₂O₄黑色颜料呈色性能,将Fe³⁺掺杂进入CuCr₂O₄晶体中,采用共沉淀法制备CuCr_2-xFe_xO₄(x=0,0.04,0.05,0.06,0.07),并对所制备样品进行TG-DTA、XRD、SEM、Raman、XPS、UV-Vis吸收光谱和色度值的测试与表征。结果表明,Fe以三价态固溶进入Cr³⁺位置,未出现杂质相,得到的CuCr_2-xFe_xO₄晶粒细小、分散均匀。Fe³⁺掺杂可减小CuCr₂O₄的禁带宽度,从1.25 eV减小到1.08 eV,禁带宽度的减小是由于2p(O^2-)→3d(Fe³⁺)和Fe³⁺的d-d(⁶A_1g→⁴T_1g和 ⁶A_1g→⁴T_2g)电荷跃迁引起的。禁带宽度的减小使得黑色颜料对可见光(380~780 nm)的吸收率提高,L^*值减小,呈现出良好的黑度。得到的最佳黑色颜料为CuCr_1.95Fe_0.05O₄,L^*=17.63,a^*=-0.77,b^*=-1.61。     

基于有机羧酸配体的Co(Ⅲ)/Cu(Ⅱ)配合物的合成、结构及表征

在溶剂热条件下,以含卤素有机羧酸3-溴-吡啶-2,6-二甲酸(H₂L)为配体,以硝酸钴、硝酸铜为金属源,合成了两例配合物:[Co(L′)₃](1)和[Cu(L′)₂]_n(2)(HL′=5-溴-吡啶-2-甲酸),通过元素分析(EA)、X射线单晶衍射(SXRD)、X射线粉末衍射(PXRD)、红外光谱(IR)和热重分析(TGA)进行结构表征。X射线单晶衍射结果表明,配体H₂L在反应过程中发生脱羧现象,生成单羧酸配体5-溴-吡啶-2-甲酸。在配合物1中,每个Co(Ⅲ)都位于略微扭曲的八面体几何构型中,不对称单元中含有两个单核单元,单核单元通过C—H…O氢键形成三维超分子结构。配合物2的不对称单元中含有一个Cu(Ⅱ),两个脱质子的L′^-配体,每个Cu(Ⅱ)都是六配位的,位于扭曲的八面体几何构型中。Cu(Ⅱ)由配体连接生成1D链结构,通过C—H…O氢键形成三维超分子结构。此外,研究了两例配合物的热稳定性能。     

白磷钙石型荧光粉Ca1.8Li0.6La0.6-x(PO4)2∶xEu3+的合成、结构及发光性能

白磷钙石结构化合物合成温度较低,且具有更加丰富可调变的晶体学格位,是一种优良的发光基质材料。本文采用高温固相法在1 250 ℃条件下合成了白磷钙石型发光材料Ca_1.8Li_0.6La_0.6-x(PO₄)₂∶xEu³⁺(x=0、0.01、0.03、0.06、0.09、0.15),并采用X射线粉末衍射仪(XRD)和荧光光谱仪对其结构和发光性能进行系统表征。结果表明,制备荧光粉均为白磷钙石结构,Eu³⁺的掺杂并未在很大程度上改变其结构。该体系荧光粉发射红光,发射光谱出现了Eu³⁺的特征发射,最强发射峰位于617 nm处,来源Eu³⁺的⁵D₀→⁷F₂跃迁。随着Eu³⁺掺杂浓度的增加,样品的荧光寿命逐渐减小,证明了Eu³⁺离子间能量传递的存在。     

Porous glass-ceramics composed of a titanium phosphate crystal skeleton: A review

Bulk microporous glass-ceramics with a skeleton of two types of functional titanium phosphate crystal were prepared by controlled crystallization of RTi₂(PO₄)₃ (

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glasses, and chemical treatment. One crystal is a NASICON-type with a three-dimensional network structure of TiO₆ and PO₄ while the other is a zirconium phosphate-type crystal Ti(HPO₄)₂ · 2H₂O with a two-dimensional layered structure. The mean pore diameter and porosity of 30–60 nm and 40–60 vol.% were achieved. Porous CaTi₄(PO₄)₆ glass-ceramics have excellent properties as supports for immobilization of enzymes, humidity sensors and porous LiTi₂(PO₄)₃ glass-ceramics as ion exchange media. Conspicuous bacteriostatic activities were found for the partially Ag-exchanged porous LiTi₂(PO₄)₃ and Li_1.4Ti_1.6Al_0.4(PO₄)₃. Integrated microporous glass-ceramics with skeletons of LiTi₂(PO₄)₃ (LTP) and Ti(HPO₄)₂ · 2H₂O (TP) crystals were synthesized utilizing a novel discovery that LTP is transformed into TP in acid solution.     

Structure and properties of the pure and Pr-doped Ge25Ga5Se70 and Ge30Ga5Se65 glasses

The Ge₂₅Ga₅Se₇₀ and Ge₃₀Ga₅Se₆₅ pure and Pr³⁺-doped glasses were prepared by direct synthesis from elements and PrCl₃. It was found that up to 1 mol% PrCl₃ can be introduced in the Ge₂₅Ga₅Se₇₀ and Ge₃₀Ga₅Se₆₅ glasses. Both types of glasses with overstoichiometric and substoichiometric content of Se were homogeneous and of black color. The optical energy gap is E^opt_g=2.10 eV, and the glass transition temperature is T_g=543 K for Ge₂₅Ga₅Se₇₀ and T_g=633 K for Ge₃₀Ga₅Se₆₅. The long-wavelength absorption edge is near 14 μm and it corresponds to multiphonon processes. Doping by Pr³⁺ ions creates absorption bands in transmission spectra, which can be assigned to the electron transitions from the ground ³H₄ level to the higher energy levels of Pr³⁺ ions ³H₅, ³H₆, ³F₂, ³F₃ and ³F₄, respectively. By excitation with YAG:Nd laser line (1064 nm), two intense luminescence bands (1343 and 1601 nm) were excited. The first band can be ascribed to electron transitions between ¹G₄ and ³H₅ energy levels of Pr³⁺ ions. Full width at half of maximum (FWHM) of the intensity of luminescence was found to be 70 nm for (Ge₂₅Ga₅Se₇₀)_1 − x(PrCl₃)_x and (Ge₃₀Ga₅Se₆₅)_1 − x(PrCl₃)_x glasses. The FWHM in selenide glasses is lower than in halide and sulphide glasses. The second luminescence band (1601 nm) can be probably ascribed to the transitions between ³F₃ and ³H₄ energy levels of Pr³⁺ ions. The absorption and luminescence spectra of Pr³⁺ ions in studied glasses are slightly influenced by stoichiometry of glassy matrix. The Raman spectra of studied glasses were deconvoluted and assignment of Raman bands to individual vibration modes of basic structural units was suggested. The structure of studied glasses is mainly formed by corner-sharing and edge-sharing GeSe₄ tetrahedra. The vibration modes of Ga-containing structural units were not found, they are apparently overlapping with Ge-containing structural units due to small difference between atomic weights of Ge and Ga. In the glasses with substoichiometry of Se, the Ge–Ge bonds of Ge₂Se₆ structural units were found. In Se-rich glasses the Se–Se vibration modes were found. In all studied glasses also ‘wrong' bonds between like atoms were found in small amounts. Maximum phonon energy of studied glasses is 320 cm⁻¹.