矢量声纳高速运动目标稳健高分辨方位估计

针对水声矢量信号处理框架中的高速运动目标低信噪 比小快拍条件下的稳健高分辨方位估计问题, 将压缩感知技术应用于水声矢量信号空间谱估计模型中. 结合声矢量传感器结构特性, 探讨了基于声压振速联合处理的广义时域滤波方法; 结合矩阵空域预滤波理论, 设计了基于阻带约束通带均方误差最大值最小的空域滤波器, 研究了矢量声纳空域预滤波方法; 结合以上分析, 提出了基于压缩感知技术的时空联合滤波高分辨方位估计方法, 给出了方法的数学模型、物理解释及具体实施步骤.理论分析和计算机仿真试验表明, 新方法对于小快拍数 条件下的矢量声纳高速运动目标高分辨方位估计问题, 具有较低的双目标分辨门限和较高的估计精度, 有着良好的应用前景.湖上试验验证了方法的有效性. 关键词： 声矢量传感器 空间谱估计 时空滤波 压缩感知     

Time sequences of sonar signals generated by a beluga whale when locating underwater objects

The results of measuring the sonar signals produced by a beluga whale when locating a target presented at a distance of 600 m are discussed. The head of the beluga whale was positioned at a depth of 1.5 m, and the acoustic pulses emitted by the animal were measured by a horizontal chain of four hydrophones, which was placed at a distance of 1.8 m from the head. The analysis of time sequences of acoustic signals generated by the beluga whale demonstrated that the animal, when searching for an underwater object, uses trains of pulses following at intervals of Δt < 5 ms and emitted within a wide sector (up to 36°). It performs scanning by beamed single pulses with Δt up to 200 ms, and, when it detects the target, it irradiates the latter with a group of such signals. To locate a difficult target (at a small depth and a large distance), the beluga whale uses trains of pulses with a duration of up to 0.6 s and a time-pulse modulation.     

Digital holography of self-luminous objects by using a Mach-Zehnder setup

We describe a method where the wavefront emitted by a self-luminous object is superimposed to its filtered counterpart by using a Mach-Zehnder interferometer. The amplitude and phase of the resulting interference pattern is used for digital three-dimensional imaging. Experimental results are presented.     

一种高稳定、高分辨率的光纤位移检测系统

介绍一种大量程、高分辨率、高稳定的光纤传感位移测量系统。该系统基于反射式强度调制机制,由光发射机、传感器、光接收机三部分组成。系统通过采用调制、解调、窄带滤波,信号支路和参考支路双通道相比测量等技术措施,来保证系统的高稳定性和高分辨率。实验还表明测量中应尽量使用朗伯特平面作为光反射面,以解决二次安装的重复性问题。     

Perfect digital holographic imaging with high resolution using a submillimeter-dimension CCD sensor

In order to improve the resolution of digital holography with a common-dimension charge-coupled device (CCD) sensor, the point spread functions are briefly derived for the commonly used and practical post-magnification, pre-magnification, and image-plane digital holographic microscopic systems. The ultimate resolutions of these systems are analyzed and compared. The results show that the ultimate lateral resolution of pre-magnification digital holography is superior to that of post-magnification digital holography in the same conditions. We also demonstrate that the ultimate lateral resolution of image-plane digital holography has no correlation with the photosensitive dimension of the CCD sensor, and it is not significantly related to the pixel size of the sensor. Moreover, both the ultimate resolution and the imaging quality of image-plane digital holography are superior to that of pre- and post-magnification digital holographic microscopy. High-resolution imaging, whose resolution is close to the ultimate resolution of the microscope objective, can be achieved by image-plane digital holography even with a submillimeter-dimension sensor. This system, by which perfect imaging can be achieved, is optimal for commonly used digital holographic microscopy. Experimental results demonstrate the correctness of the theoretical analysis.     

Creation of high resolution pattern by nanoscratching

The lithography is a basic microelectronic process which determines properties of fabricated device. The resolution of optical lithography applied nowadays is insufficient for creating high resolution patterns such as gate electrode in transistors. The scaling ability is the major motivation for undertaking experiments to elaborate high resolution lithography techniques. The atomic force microscope (AFM) is commonly used as tool for creation patterns in sub-micrometers resolution. In this paper, the results of simulations of electromagnetic field behavior during passing the gap with a size smaller than the wavelength of the optical lithography light source are presented. Also results of the nanoscratching lithography prepared for various parameters of force that are applied to the tip are summarized.     

用空气阻力系数测定仪研究运动物体所受空气阻力的成因与定量分析

通过构建一个小型风洞,在对几种典型形状物体的风阻研究基础上,从能量转化的角度,提出了一套对空气阻力系数的理论模型,并通过实验分别对4种不同形状的物体进行了定量验证,实验结果与理论推导能较好地吻合.提出的空气阻力理论也应该可适用于液体的情况.     

High resolution Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy using a high temperature argon arc source

Application of a high temperature wall-stabilized argon arc source (HTAAS) for high resolution near- and mid-infrared Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) has been investigated. Spectra of N₂O, NH₃ and the complex OC-HCl were recorded at maximum apodized instrumental resolution (0.004 cm⁻¹). The signal to noise (S/N) ratio of these molecular absorption transitions were compared with corresponding spectra recorded using a 1520(30) K globar source. At 7.6 μm, recorded ¹⁴N₂ ¹⁶O transitions are consistent with a HTAAS at approximately 10,000 K and an enhancement of 12.6 in recorded S/N ratios with respect to the latter globar source. Such results demonstrate a significantly enhanced performance for specific FTIR applications such as high resolution static gas phase spectroscopy and molecular spectroscopy in supersonic jet expansions, and potentially for infrared microscopy.     

基于舷侧阵声纳的鱼雷远程自导性能研究

针对鱼雷的远程自导问题,研究了恶劣水文条件下浅海波导中鱼雷舷侧阵声纳对主动声纳信号的探测能力和测向精度,计算结果表明:在潜艇反舰作战中,通过利用水面舰艇发射的主动声纳信号,可实现潜射鱼雷对目标的远程被动探测,其被动测向精度一般可满足自导精度要求。     

LAMOST高分辨率光谱仪研制

为了充分利用LAMOST望远镜,实现对银河系不同星族的分布与整体性研究,以及极端贫金属星元素丰度测定等科学目标,研制了LAMOST高分辨率光谱仪,光谱分辨率R≥30 000,光谱覆盖范围380～740 nm。在充分考虑台址因素与现有条件后,采用中继倍率0. 7倍的准白瞳设计方案,使用大芯径光纤、拼接大光栅、棱栅组合式横向色散器、缝前像切分器等措施来满足性能要求。进行了效率估算与杂散光分析,光谱仪本体效率峰值大于30%,杂散光照度占CCD总照度的2. 55%,信噪比为16. 01 d B。试运行阶段实测了太阳光谱,温度稳定性达到±0. 03℃,光谱仪效率峰值约为33. 5%,满足稳定、高效的运行要求。     

Contouring of diffused objects by using digital holography

A simple method for contouring of diffused objects by using lensless Fourier transform digital holography (LFTDH) and dual-index immersion method is presented. Depth contour interval up to minimum of 0.12 mm could be achieved without making the interference phase fringes over crowded.     

Bioacoustic spatial perception by humans: a controlled laboratory measurement of spatial resolution without distal cues

The angular spatial resolution of a wide-angle air sonar using a continuous transmission frequency-modulated radiation, with the output coupled binaurally to the auditory system of a user, was measured under restrained controlled conditions. This was done to determine the effect of adding a narrow central field of view of 9 deg to a wide-angle sonar. The target objects were three equidistant vertical rods initially spaced apart by 10 deg. This was varied down to a spacing of 4 deg. Ten nonvisual subjects achieved an angular resolution of 6 deg. Four of these ten subjects continued learning to achieve an unexpected spatial resolution of 4 deg within the 9 deg central field. A mean error of approximately 1 deg in direction accuracy was achieved. It is inferred that the unique variations in the octave band ultrasonic echoes within the narrow field, and the invariance of the on-axis echo as one's head is turned, enables this angular resolution and accuracy to be achieved within the wide binaural field of view of 50 deg. This ability to resolve specula objects within a narrow angular resolution element of 9 deg is linked to the bat's ability to seemingly resolve object glints within a distal resolution element of less than 2 wavelengths.     

宽带声呐湖底沉积物分类研究

本文论述如何运用实际宽带主动声呐的回波信号识别湖底沉积物介质类型。五类湖底沉积层介质分别为:淤泥、岩石、孵石、沙、沙/砾石混合层。比较了等Q和等带宽两种子带能量频域特征提取方法,确认了等Q方法的优点。应用标准前馈BP人工神经网络结构,对五类湖底沉积层介质的平均正确识别率达到82.1%。     

On the characterisation of interfacial defects using high resolution electron microscopy

The characterisation of line defects in interfaces, observed using high-resolution electron microscopy, is discussed. Characterisation is carried out by mapping a closed circuit initially constructed around a defect into a reference space. This process has been generalised to incorporate operations other than translations, and has also been expressed mathematically, and thereby related to recent developments based on symmetry theory. Examples of the characterisation of dislocations in twin interfaces in hexagonal-close-packed crystals and an interfacial dispiration are presented as illustrations.     

Thickness measurement of GaN epilayer using high resolution X-ray diffraction technique

In this paper we propose a new method for measuring the thickness of the GaN epilayer, by using the ratio of the integrated intensity of the GaN epilayer X-ray diffraction peaks to that of the sapphire substrate ones. This ratio shows a linear dependence on the GaN epilayer thickness up to 2 μm. The new method is more accurate and convenient than those of using the relationship between the integrated intensity of GaN epilayer diffraction peaks and the GaN thickness. Besides, it can eliminate the absorption effect of the GaN epilayer.     

Achievement of a 920-MHz high resolution NMR

We have developed a 920-MHz NMR system and performed the proton NMR measurement of H(2)O and ethylbenzene using the superconducting magnet operating at 21.6 T (920 MHz for proton), which is the highest field produced by a superconducting NMR magnet in the persistent mode. From the NMR measurements, it is verified that both homogeneity and stability of the magnet have a specification sufficient for a high resolution NMR.     

Resolution of objects within subwavelength range by using the near field of a dipole

We analyze the far-field resolution of apertures that are illuminated by a point dipole located at subwavelength distances. It is well known that radiation emitted by a localized source can be considered a combination of traveling and evanescent waves, when represented by the angular spectrum method. The evanescent wave part of the source can be converted to propagating waves by diffraction at the aperture; thereby it contributes to the far-field detection. Therefore one can expect an increase in the resolution of objects. We present explicit calculations showing that the resolution at the far zone is improved by decreasing the source-aperture distance. We also utilize the resolution enhancement by the near field of a dipole to resolve two closely located apertures. The results show that without the near field (evanescent field) the apertures are not resolved, whereas with the near field of the dipole the far zone intensity distribution shows improved resolution. This method eliminates the requirements of near-field techniques such as controlling and scanning closely located tip detectors.     

Organization of microscale objects using a microfabricated optical fiber

We demonstrate the use of a single fiber-optic axicon device for organization of microscopic objects using longitudinal optical binding. Further, by manipulating the shape of the fiber tip, part of the emanating light was made to undergo total internal reflection in the conical tip region, enabling near-field trapping. Near-field trapping resulted in trapping and self-organization of long chains of particles along azimuthal directions (in contrast to the axial direction, observed in the case of large tip cone angle far-field trapping).