FTIR和XPS光谱分析Co—V—O催化剂的丙烷氧化脱氢活性氧物种

制备了正钒酸钴Co₃V₂O₈,焦钒酸钴Co₂V₂O₇和偏钒酸钴CoV₂O₆三种催化剂,进行了XRD,TEM,BET,FTIR,XPS,H₂-TPR和电导等表征, 并测试了他们的丙烷氧化脱氢(ODH)制丙烯催化性能。对各催化剂的FTIR主要吸收峰做了经验归属, 并对其O(1s) XPS谱进行了分峰拟合,计算了催化剂表面不同氧物种的含量。制得的催化剂晶粒均匀,平均粒径为20～30 nm,Co₃V₂O₈和Co₂V₂O₇具有p-型半导体性质,CoV₂O₆表现n-型半导体性质。p-型半导体Co₃V₂O₈和Co₂V₂O₇的丙烷ODH催化性能优于n-型半导体CoV₂O₆,当丙烷的转化率在10%时,在Co₃V₂O₈,Co₂V₂O₇,CoV₂O₆催化剂上丙烯选择性分别为48.12%,47.82%,35.24%。FTIR,XPS,H₂-TPR和电导的研究结果表明,正、 焦钒酸钴催化剂内各种价态钒之间易于进行氧化还原反应和形成氧缺位,钴含量的增加有利于丙烷转化的未充分还原的氧物种O-₂,O2-₂,O-等增加,可以判断未充分还原的氧物种Oδ-(0＜δ＜2)是丙烷ODH活性氧物种。     

ICP-AES法测定石膏中的多元素含量

分别采用酸溶和碱熔两种样品前处理方法处理样品,ICP-AES测定石膏中多元素。酸溶法适用于样品中CaO,SO₃,Al₂O₃,Fe₂O₃,MgO,K₂O,Na₂O,TiO₂,P₂O₅,MnO,SrO,BaO的同时测定。碱熔法适用于样品中CaO,SO₃,SiO₂,Al₂O₃,Fe₂O₃,MgO,TiO₂,P₂O₅,MnO,SrO,BaO,B₂O₃的同时测定。根据各个元素的性质、含量高低和基体因素配制了不同的系列标准溶液,确定了各个元素的最佳分析谱线和相应分析谱线下方法的检出限和定量限。结果表明,除酸溶法测定TiO₂的回收率略低外(81%～87%),两种前处理方法测定石膏样品中各元素的整体回收率为93%～110%,RSD(n=6)为0.70%～3.42%。但CaO和SO₃测定的准确度还比不上化学分析方法。采用本方法测定石膏中的CaO和SO₃仅适用于对测定结果准确度要求相对较低的情况。本方法操作简单,分析速度快,测定结果可靠,可以同时测定石膏中的多元素,综合酸溶和碱熔两种处理方法,可以实现石膏样品的全元素分析。     

氯铝酸离子液体酸性的红外光谱探针和量子化学研究

文章采用吡啶探针红外光谱、吡啶递增吸附实验研究和量子化学理论计算相结合的方法深入研究了氯铝酸离子液体的酸性及氯铝酸离子液体Lewis酸位Al₂Cl-₇与吡啶吸附之间的相互作用机理。通过实验和理论计算研究发现,Al₂Cl-₇,AlCl-₄阴离子具有吸电性,能够吸引吡啶环上的孤对电子产生吸附作用,具有Lewis酸性,它们分别呈现吡啶探针红外光谱Lewis酸特征峰;通过红外光谱特征峰峰位、键长及电荷分布分析表明Al₂Cl-₇的酸性强于AlCl-₄;氯铝酸离子液体Lewis酸位Al₂Cl-₇与吡啶吸附的机理为：当吡啶含量小时,仅存在Py-Al₂Cl-₇吸附;当吡啶量增加到一定程度时,Py-Al₂Cl-₇配位络合物中的AlCl-₄容易与吡啶发生吸附解离为Py-AlCl-₄配位络合物和Py-AlCl₃配位络合物,导致离子液体吡啶递增吸附红外特征峰发生变化。     

X射线荧光光谱法同时测定煤灰中的12种成分

采用熔融制样法,用X射线荧光光谱法同时测定煤灰中的常量、少量和微量成分SiO₂,Al₂O₃,Fe₂O₃,CaO,SO₃,TiO₂,K₂O,Na₂O,P₂O₅,Mg_O,MnO,BaO。选用混合熔剂并加入氧化剂的方式降低熔融温度,解决了硫的准确测量问题。同时通过选用土壤等标准样品解决了煤灰成分标准样品不足的问题。应用可变理论α系数及固定α系数法进行基体效应校正,所得结果与化学法的分析结果相符合。     

铅烷发生反应的非新生态氢机理

文章采用流动注射氢化物发生-石英管电热原子化-原子吸收光谱法检测实验系统,检测铅烷发生反应中反应物的量和产生的铅烷的量之间的关系,以阐明K₂Cr₂O₇体系铅烷发生的机理。实验结果表明,反应体系中酸首先与NaOH发生中和反应,随后过量的酸参与KBH₄和K₂Cr₂O₇的氧化还原反应(消耗的酸与KBH₄摩尔比为一常数9.95±0.42)。铅烷发生反应与氧化还原反应同步发生,且产率随酸量的增加而增加的实验结果表明：铅烷发生反应是由氧化剂和硼氢化钾之间的氧化还原反应所诱导的。至此,证实ⅣA族Ge,Sn,Pb的氢化物发生反应都是非新生态氢机理。     

Tm3+和 Yb3+共掺杂PGETYA玻璃的直接敏化上转换发光

制备了一种稀土离子掺杂的PGETYA氟氧玻璃材料,它不仅具有较高的上转换发光效率,而且还避免了氟化物基质的缺点。其组分为58.52PbF₂-34.43GeO₂-3Al₂O₃ -0.05Tm₂O₃-4Yb₂O₃,以共掺杂Tm³⁺和Yb³⁺离子为上转换研究的对象。测量了该玻璃系统在980 nm LD激发下的上转换发光光谱,观察到很强的476 nm的蓝色荧光,它来源于Tm³⁺离子的¹G₄→³H₆跃迁。同时,还有两个较弱的红色荧光来源于Tm³⁺离子的¹G₄→³H₄和³F₃→³H₆跃迁。对上转换发光强度与泵浦电流关系曲线的拟合结果表明:此材料的蓝色上转换为三光子过程,红色上转换为双光子过程。     

用固体核磁共振方法研究CeO2-γ-Al2O3混合氧化物中的Al状态

用固体核磁共振技术研究了CeO₂-γ-Al₂O₃ 混合体系中CeO₂ 和 γ -Al²O₃两相间的相互作用. 在混合物的²⁷Al MAS NMR 中,除了四配位和六配位的Al位外,有一个尖锐的位于37处的,这个峰在高场处有一宽的肩峰. 实验证实： 位于高场的宽峰来自于 γ-Al₂O₃中的五配位Al,而位于37处的尖峰则是由CeO₂ 和 γ-Al₂O₃两相间的相互作用产生的,即Al取代了CeO₂晶格中八配位的Ce. 定量研究表明,这种Al取代的量是极其有限的,整个CeO₂晶格只有1%的Ce能被Al取代.     

镁合金阳极氧化膜腐蚀特性的红外显微成像分析

采用显微红外成像技术对镁合金阳极氧化膜表面的腐蚀特性进行了研究。镁合金在7.3 Wt% Na₂SO₄溶液中浸泡后,表面氧化层中的部分MgO逐渐转化为Mg(OH)₂,进而发生溶解和脱落,使得镁合金失去保护作用。当浸泡时间达到2 h时,显微红外成像结果表明阳极氧化膜中Mg(OH)₂的红外吸收信号最强,Mg(OH)₂的含量最多。而4 h后Mg(OH)₂的红外吸收信号开始减弱,Mg(OH)₂开始减少,镁合金不断被腐蚀。氧化膜中另一成分Al₂O₃随浸泡时间的显微红外成像信息与Mg(OH)₂的变化规律相同。采用电化学阻抗谱技术对阳极氧化膜的阻抗进行测试,其阻抗随时间的变化特点基本符合氧化膜腐蚀规律。本研究对于镁合金阳极氧化膜的表征具有很好的指导作用和推广应用价值。     

微波促进类Fenton反应催化氧化脱色降解染料罗丹明B

研究了以Cr(Ⅵ)为催化剂,用微波促进类Fenton反应催化氧化脱色降解有机染料罗丹明B及相关机理。内容包括:罗丹明B溶液的浓度-吸光度工作曲线绘制;初始pH值、H₂O2用量、K₂Cr₂O₇用量对类Fenton反应脱色降解罗丹明B的影响;正交优化试验;微波单独脱色处理罗丹明B、微波+K₂Cr₂O₇脱色处理罗丹明B、微波+H₂O₂脱色处理罗丹明B、阳光-Cr(Ⅵ)-H₂O₂体系脱色处理罗丹明B、微波-Cr(Ⅵ)-H₂O₂体系脱色处理罗丹明B等对照试验研究。通过研究,确定了方法的优化条件,在优化条件下,比较了采用光助类Fenton与微波促进类Fenton反应的脱色效率,并讨论了微波促进类Fenton反应的反应机理。研究表明在pH 3.0时,微波可以明显加快类Fenton法催化氧化脱色降解罗丹明B溶液的过程, 对于降解脱色速度,微波-Cr(Ⅵ)-H₂O₂体系最快。用该方法处理染料罗丹明B,色度脱除率可达到99.0%以上。文章所用表征方法均为紫外-可见光谱法。     

直接沉淀法中不同晶型钛酸锌的X射线粉末衍射研究

以Ti(SO₄)₂和Zn(NO₃)₂·6H₂O为原料,碳酸铵为沉淀剂,采用直接沉淀法制备了钛酸锌的粉体。探讨了反应条件对所得钛酸锌晶体结构的影响,并对样品进行了XRD和TG-DTA等分析。钛酸与碳酸锌分子生成的先后顺序影响得到的钛酸锌的结构。在钛酸优先生成的体系中,碳酸锌分子生成之后与周围足量的钛酸分子发生碰撞反应,由于钛酸优先生成且沉淀剂足量,碰撞反应充分且在碰撞反应中钛酸保持过量,反应生成了亚钛酸锌(Zn₂Ti₃O₈)。在碳酸锌优先生成的体系中,钛酸分子生成之后与周围足量的碳酸锌分子发生碰撞反应,由于碳酸锌优先生成且沉淀剂足量,碰撞反应充分且在碰撞反应中碳酸锌保持过量,反应生成了正钛酸锌(Zn₂TiO₄)。另外,沉淀剂用量和反应温度都影响着最终产物的种类和晶型。沉淀剂用量越多、反应温度越高,越易于生成Zn₂Ti3O₈或Zn₂TiO₄。只有在沉淀剂不足、反应温度较低的情况下,才能生成偏钛酸锌(ZnTiO₃)。     

Promotion of surface SOx on the selective catalytic reduction of NO by hydrocarbons over Ag/Al2O3

The promotion of sulfur oxides on the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by hydrocarbons in the presence of a low concentration of sulfur oxides over Ag/Al₂O₃ has been investigated by a flow reaction test and in situ infrared spectroscopy. When the C₃H₆ (or C₁₀H₂₂) + NO + O₂ feed-flow reaction was tested, maximum NO reduction was below 30% over fresh Ag/Al₂O₃. After the addition of SO₂ to the feed flow, conversion increased slightly. Conversion increased further after SO₂ was cut-off from the feed flow. This demonstrated that the increase in NO reduction activity of the catalyst was related to SO_x adsorbed on the catalyst. SO_x adsorbed on the catalytic surface (1375 cm⁻¹) was detected by IR spectroscopy and was stable within the temperature range. NCO species, as an intermediate in NO reduction, on SO_x-adsorbed Ag/Al₂O₃ in a C₃H₆ + NO + O₂ feed flow was observed in in situ IR spectra during the elevation of the reaction temperature from 473 to 673 K, while it was only observed at 673 K on fresh Ag/Al₂O₃ under the same experimental conditions. We suggest that SO_x in low concentrations depressed the combustion of reductants by contaminating hydrocarbon combustion active sites on the catalyst, resulting in an increase in NO reduction efficiency of the reductants.     

Effect of Fe3+-doped Ca12Al14O33 cement on optical and thermal properties

This study aims to investigate the effect Fe ions doped into Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃ (C12A7, 12CaO-7Al₂O₃) cement compound on its thermal and optical properties. Polycrystalline samples of Ca₁₂Al_14?xFe_xO₃₃ (where x?=?0.0, 0.5, and 1.0) were prepared via a solid state reaction in an oxygen atmosphere. The lattice constant of Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃ determined using an XRD technique was in excellent agreement with first-principles calculations. With increasing Fe concentrations, the lattice constants were found to have increased. Additionally, the optical gaps of Ca₁₂Al_14?xFe_xO₃₃, (x?=?0, 0.25, 0.5, and 1.0) were 3.9?eV, 3.77?eV, 3.75?eV and 3.63?eV, respectively. It was clearly seen that the optical gap decreased with increasing Fe concentrations. As revealing by first-principles calculations, the optical gap was directly related to the electronic transition from the occupied electronic state of extra-framework O^2? ions (as free O^2? ions inside nano-cage) to the conduction band. Moreover, we also found that the thermal conductivity Ca₁₂Al_14?xFe_xO₃₃ was reduced when the larger atomic mass and atomic radii Fe was substituted into Al sites. Hence, this indicated that Fe³⁺-substitution into Al³⁺ sites of Ca₁₂Al₁₄O₃₃ cement directly affected both its optical gap and thermal conductivity.     

Improvement of Atomic-Layer-Deposited Al2O3/GaAs Interface Property by Sulfuration and NH3 Thermal Nitridation

Fermi level pinning at the interface between high-h gate dielectric and GaAs induced by unstable native oxides is a major obstacle for high performance GaAs-based metal-oxide-semiconductor （MOS） devices. We demonstrate the improved Al2O3/GaAs interracial characteristics by （NH4）2S immersion and NH3 thermal pretreatment prior to A1203 deposition. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS） analysis confirms that sulfuration of GaAs surface by （NH4 ）2S solution can effectively reduce As-O bonds while Ga-O bonds and elemental As still exist at Al2O3 /GaAs interface. However, it is found that N incorporation during the further thermal nitridation on sulfurated GaAs can effectively suppress the native oxides and elemental As in the sequent deposition of Al2O3. Atomic force microscopy （AFM） shows that the further thermal nitridation on sulfurated GaAs surface can also improve the surface roughness.     

Laser-induced etching of polycrystalline Al2O3TiC in KOH aqueous solution

Laser-induced etching of polycrystalline Al₂O₃TiC material by a tightly-focused cw Ar ion laser has been investigated in a KOH solution with different concentrations. It is found that the KOH concentration can strongly affect the etching quality where low KOH concentration can result in rough and irregular patterns. Laser-induced etching of polycrystalline Al₂O₃TiC in a KOH solution is found to be a photothermal reaction in which a threshold laser power exists. With an appropriate set of etching parameters, well-defined grooves can be obtained with clean side walls and with an etching rate up to several hundred micrometers per second. The etching behavior is also found to depend on laser scanning direction. It is also found that the grains in the polycrystalline Al₂O₃TiC material play an important role in the etching dynamics and etching quality. This etching process is believed to be applicable to the formation of a slider surface of magnetic heads in the future.     

Effects of CeO2-ZrO2 present in Pd/Al2O3 catalysts on the redox behavior of PdOx and their combustion activity

The ceria-zirconium-modified alumina-supported palladium catalysts are prepared using impregnation method with H₂PdCl₄ as Pd source, hydrazine hydrate as reducing agent. The physicochemical properties of these catalysts are characterized by BET surface area (BET), X-ray powder diffraction (XRD), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), temperature programmed reduction (H₂-TPR) and temperature programmed oxidation (O₂-TPO) techniques, and their catalytic activities for the combustion of methane are examined. The results show that the palladium mainly exist in a highly dispersed PdO species on Ce-Zr-rich grains as well as Al₂O₃-rich grains surfaces, and a stable PdO species due to the strong interaction between PdO and CeO₂-ZrO₂ on the Ce-Zr/Al₂O₃ surfaces. The catalytic activity is strongly related to the redox behavior of PdO species highly dispersed on Ce-Zr-rich grains and Al₂O₃-rich grains surfaces, and the higher the reducibility of the PdO species, the higher the catalytic activity. The presence of Ce-Zr in Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst would inhibit the site growth of PdO_x particles and decomposition of PdO to Pd⁰, and the reoxidation property of Pd⁰ to PdO_x is significantly improved, which obviously increases thermal stability and catalytic activity of Pd/Ce-Zr/Al₂O₃ catalyst for the methane combustion.     

Sol-gel法制备Er3+-Yb3+共掺杂Al2O3粉末光致发光特性

采用异丙醇铝[Al(OC₃H₇)₃]为前驱体,溶胶-凝胶(Sol-gel)法制备Er³⁺-Yb³⁺共掺杂Al₂O₃粉末.实验结果表明:900 ℃烧结的粉末为固溶Er³⁺、Yb³⁺的γ-(Al,Er,Yb)₂O₃相和少量θ-(Al,Er,Yb)₂O₃相的混合物.Er³⁺-Yb³⁺共掺杂Al₂O₃粉末具有中心波长为1.533 μm的光致发光(PL)特性.1 mol % Er³⁺和1 mol% Yb³⁺共掺杂的Al₂O₃粉末的PL强度较1 mol % Er³⁺掺杂提高2倍,半峰宽从53 nm增加到63 nm.随泵浦功率的提高,PL强度呈线性增加后渐呈饱和趋势.     

Working Pressure Dependence of Properties of Al2O3 Thin Films Prepared by Electron Beam Evaporation

The effects of working pressure on properties of Al2O3 thin films are investigated. Transmittance of the Al2O3 thin film is measured by a Lambda 900 spectrometer. Laser-induced damage threshold （LIDT） is measured by a Nd：YAG laser at 355 nm with a pulse width of 7ns. Microdefects were observed under a Nomarski microscope. The samples are characterized by optical properties and defect, as well as LIDT under the 355 nm Nd：YAG laser radiation. It is found that the working pressure has fundamental effect on the LIDT. It is the absorption rather than the microdefect that plays an important role on the LIDT of Al2O3 thin film.     

Controlling metal/oxide interactions in bifunctional nanostructured model catalysts: Pd and BaO on Al2O3/NiAl(1 1 0)

We have investigated the structure and growth of Pd and BaO containing nanoparticles sequentially co-deposited on an ordered Al₂O₃/NiAl(1 1 0) by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), and their interaction with CO and NO₂ by infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS).Ba deposition and subsequent oxidation result in Ba_xAl_2yO_x+3y nanoparticles being formed which are characterized by high particle densities and nucleation both on regular terraces and at oxide defects. In contrast, Pd interaction with the model support is weaker and preferential nucleation occurs mainly at rotational domain boundaries and to a lesser extent at anti-phase domain boundaries. For subsequent co-deposition of Pd on preformed Ba_xAl_2yO_x+3y/Al₂O₃/NiAl(1 1 0), Pd nucleates at the Ba_xAl_2yO_x+3y nanoparticles and covers them. The reverse deposition sequence, i.e. subsequent Ba co-deposition and oxidation on preformed Pd/Al₂O₃/NiAl(1 1 0), leads to formation of small isolated Ba_xAl_2yO_x+3y nanoparticles without contact to Pd, together with large Pd crystallites modified by Ba_xAl_2yO_x+3y. The present results provide control over the degree of interaction between metal nanoparticles and oxide nanoparticles on a well-defined model catalyst and thus allow us to study effects related effects on the reactivity and catalytic behavior.     

Vanadium-Al2O3 nanostructured thin films prepared by pulsed laser deposition: Optical switching

The formation and optical response of VO_x nanoparticles embedded in amorphous aluminium oxide (Al₂O₃) thin films by pulsed laser deposition is studied. The thin films have been grown by alternate laser ablation of V and Al₂O₃ targets, which has resulted in a multilayer structure with embedded nanoparticles. The V content has been varied by changing the number of pulses on the V target. It is found that VO_x nanoparticles with dimensions around 5 nm have been formed. The structural analysis shows that the vanadium nanoparticles are oxidized, although probably there is not a unique oxide phase for each sample. The films show a different optical response depending on their vanadium content. Optical switching as a function of temperature has been observed for the two films with the highest vanadium content, at transition temperatures of about −20 °C and 315 °C thus suggesting the presence of nanoparticles with compositions V₄O₇ and V₂O₅, respectively.     

Cavitation intensifying bags improve ultrasonic advanced oxidation with Pd/Al2O3 catalyst

Advanced oxidation processes can potentially eliminate organic contaminants from industrial waste streams as well as persistent pharmaceutical components in drinking water. We explore for the first time the utilization of Cavitation Intensifying Bags (CIB) in combination with Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst as possible advanced oxidation technology for wastewater streams, oxidizing terephthalic acid (TA) to 2-hydroxyterephthalic acid (HTA). The detailed characterization of this novel reaction system reveals that, during sonication, the presence of surface pits of the CIB improves the reproducibility and thus the control of the sonication process, when compared to oxidation in non-pitted bags. Detailed reaction kinetics shows that in the CIB reactor the reaction order to TA is zero, which is attributed to the large excess of TA in the system. The rate of HTA formation increased ten-fold from ~0.01 μM*min⁻¹ during sonication in the CIB, to ~0.10 μM*min⁻¹ for CIB in the presence of the Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst. This enhancement was ascribed to a combination of improved mass transport, the creation of thermal gradients, and Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst near the cavitating bubbles. Further analysis of the kinetics of HTA formation on Pd/Al₂O₃ indicated that initially the reaction underwent through an induction period of 20 min, where the HTA concentration was ~0.3 μM. After this, the reaction rate increased reaching HTA concentrations ~6 μM after 40 min. This behavior resembled that observed during oxidation of hydrocarbons on metal catalysts, where the slow rate formation of hydroperoxides on the metal surface is followed by rapid product formation upon reaching a critical concentration. Finally, a global analysis using the Intensification Factor (IF) reveals that CIB in combination with the Pd/Al₂O₃ catalyst is a desirable option for the oxidation of TA when considering increased oxidation rates and costs.