乙醇气体标准物质研制过程中出现的一些问题

在研制乙醇气体标准物质的过程中,发现高浓度和低浓度乙醇气体标准物质的一致性、重现性和稳定性都很好.但通过对高浓度和低浓度的乙醇气体进行分装实验后发现,低浓度的乙醇在分装后子气与母气之间有明显的变化;经过分析发现乙醇在制备过程中,会在气瓶上出现一定的吸附,但吸附过程在很短时间就会完成.     

热脱附-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定工作场所空气中10种醇类和醚类化合物的含量北大核心CSCD

通过对比填充不同吸附剂的不锈钢吸附管对10种醇类和醚类化合物的吸附能力,优化热脱附条件,考察不同色谱柱和样品保存时间对测定结果的影响,提出了热脱附-气相色谱-质谱法同时测定工作场所空气中10种醇类和醚类化合物含量的方法。用填装Tenax GR的吸附管采集气体样品,采集完成后将吸附管两端封好,设置一次热脱附温度为220℃,二次热脱附温度为240℃,吹扫时间为4 min,进样时间为50 s,在上述条件下进行热脱附,脱附的气体进入气相色谱仪,采用DB-624毛细管色谱柱分离目标物,并用配电子轰击离子源的质谱仪在选择离子监测模式下检测。结果显示:10种醇类和醚类化合物的质量在10~300 ng内与其对应的峰面积呈线性关系,检出限(3.143s)为0.5~1.9 ng;对空白样品进行3个浓度水平的加标回收试验,回收率为70.5%~125%,测定值的相对标准偏差(n=6)为1.0%~20%;方法用于实际样品分析,正丁醇、异丁醇和仲丁醇被检出,检出量依次为0.013,0.007,0.008 mg·m^(-3)。     

气体中合成辣椒素的检测方法研究

研究了气体中合成辣椒素(OC)的固体吸附-气相色谱检测方法,建立了气体样品经XAD-2吸附后于CH_2Cl_2溶液中解析,采用毛细管色谱柱分离,FTD检测器进行检测的技术途径.色谱柱:HP-5;载气:高纯氮气(1.2 mL/min);进样口温度:250℃;检测器温度:280℃;程序升温:初始温度180℃,保持0.5 min后以30℃/min的速率升至250℃保持5 min;对影响样品采集和检测的条件进行了选择研究,方法平均回收率为91.5%;平均相对标准偏差为3.2%(n=6);对气态OC的最低检出浓度为10 μg/m~3;在5.0～1000.0 μg/mL范围内有良好的线形关系(r=0.9996).     

一种色谱纯乙醇及其制备方法、生产系统

一种色谱纯乙醇及其制备方法、生产系统,涉及化工产品纯化技术领域,该制备方法是将工业级乙醇作为原料,先后通过与浓硫酸,2,4-二硝基苯肼、铝粉和第一碱反应,除去工业级乙醇中含有的胺、醛、酮、酯等杂质,同时,通过过滤、活性炭吸附、精馏等操作,进一步纯化产品,得到高纯度的色谱纯乙醇。该制备方法生产成本低,制得的色谱纯乙醇品质好、产率高,满足色谱纯试剂要求。该生产系统包括并联设置的混合器、过滤器柱、活性炭吸附柱,其分别和反应釜构成循环管路。反应釜的气相出口连通至精馏塔底部的气相入口。该生产系统专门用于制备色谱纯乙醇,生产效率高,产品纯度高,能够实现色谱纯乙醇的规模化工业生产。     

全二维气相色谱质谱联用检验柴油

采用全二维气相色谱质谱联用技术对柴油进行了分离定性,并对比分析了在不同程序升温速率、调制解调周期、色谱柱极性等条件下的分离情况,进而对实验条件进行了优化。实验发现在同一色谱柱条件下,改变调制解调周期对一维方向上分离情况影响不大,对二维方向上分离情况影响较为明显;不同极性色谱柱对柴油分离情况存在明显差异。并对柴油的组成成分进行了分析,并测算了其主要成分的相对比例关系,为今后不同型号、产地柴油的区分打下基础。     

乙醇-水作为反相高效液相色谱流动相的研究

测定了乙醇在不同温度下的粘度,比较了乙醇与甲醇的理化性质和作反相高效液相色谱（ＲＰ ＨＰＬＣ）溶剂的特点。用乙醇 水作ＲＰ ＨＰＬＣ流动相测定中药有效成分,并将测定结果与甲醇 水或乙腈 水作流动相的测定结果进行比较。研究结果表明,选择合适的柱温等色谱条件,乙醇一般可以代替甲醇或乙腈用作ＲＰ ＨＰＬＣ流动相。     

卵清蛋白在疏水连续棒状色谱中吸附量与溶剂浓度间关系的研究

以推导改进的Langmuir模型过程中的总热力学平衡常数的表达式为基础,考察了卵清蛋白在疏水连续棒状色谱柱上的会行为,发现当蛋白在保留情况下,能很好地符合Langmuir模型,而且,进一步研究了吸附量与溶剂浓度的关系。发现在保留情况与,其吸附量的对数与流动相中置换剂的摩尔浓度之间在成线性关系。当流动相中硫酸铵浓度仅相关0．5mol/L时,其最大吸附量相差30倍,说明在比较柱的吸附量时,应选择适合的溶剂浓度,提出了在等浓度条件下洗脱条件蛋白能够在色谱柱保留时的饱和吸附量为其有效吸附量,在这种条件下的流动相的组成才是研究溶质饱和吸附量的合适组成。     

高效多孔层毛细管柱吸附气相色谱的研究进展

PLOT柱是用于永久性气体,低碳烃和挥发性化合物色谱分析的最有效的工具,经常用于替代经典填充柱,对多孔层开管毛细管柱（PLOT）吸附色谱的分离机理、PLOT柱制备方法和各类吸附剂的色谱特性及其特定应用进行了综述。     

离子交换色谱中混合保留机理的研究

鉴于离子交换色谱中被测离子和有机聚合物树脂之间存在的吸附作用, 选择阴离子交换色谱柱IonPacAS9-HC为研究对象, 针对离子交换色谱中的吸附保留行为, 从色谱混合保留机理的角度出发, 考虑各色谱柱固定相含量和界面吸附面积的不同, 建立柱间保留的相互关系方程. 在五根不同批号IonPacAS9-HC (250 mm×2 mm I.D.)柱上, 以含50%乙腈(V/V)的9 mmol/L Na₂CO₃为流动相, 0.25 mL/min流速, 对12个不同结构类型的无机和有机阴离子(氟离子、氯离子、硫酸根、磷酸根、二羟基丁酸、丙酮酸、乙酸、丙烯酸、苯甲酸、丙二酸、酒石酸和邻苯二甲酸)的保留行为进行研究, 并采用推导所得的混合保留机理模型对溶质这一保留特征进行表征, 结果较为理想, 其中一价离子的相关系数为0.9～0.999, 二价离子的相关系数为0.999～1, 为离子交换色谱中吸附保留行为的研究提供了新方法.     

气相色谱法在线分析生物乙醇催化脱水制备乙烯的反应产物

设计并组装了在线气相色谱法测定生物乙醇脱水制备乙烯过程中的反应产物的流程和装置,被测物质包括乙烯、水、乙醛、乙醇、乙醚及丙酮。取样前应保证气态样品在保持温度为110℃以上的气体流路中畅通至少60min,进样量为1.0mL,色谱柱为填充GDX-104固定相的不锈钢柱（2m,φ4mm）,柱温为104℃。样品按规定条件通过色...     

Search on ruggedness of fast gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in pesticide residues analysis

In this study, suitability of fast gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) on a narrow-bore column with a programmed temperature vaporizer for the analysis of pesticide residues in non-fatty food was evaluated. The main objectives were ruggedness and stability of chromatographic system with regards to co-extractives injected. The chromatographic matrix induced response enhancement was found to be strongly dependent on the concentration of residues and is reaching up to 700% compared to the pesticides solutions in a neat solvent. However, the responses of pesticides in matrix-matched standards at different concentration levels do not significantly change during 130 injections. Response enhancement/or decrease is influenced by the sample preparation technique. External calibration with matrix-matched calibration standards should, therefore, provide results with good precision also at the concentration level of 0.005 mg kg(-1). Special attention is given to the performance of the chromatographic column and retention gap with regards to peak widths, peak tailing and different sample preparation methods. During approximately 460 matrix sample injections, the performance of the analytical column was acceptable. GC-MS set-up with 0.15 mm i.d. column can be successfully utilized for the pesticide residues analysis.     

Residual solvents determination in the antibiotic L-749,345 by static headspace gas chromatography

An automated static headspace gas chromatographic method for the determination of residual solvents in the antibiotic L-749,345 was developed and validated. Headspace analysis was used when direct injection of the compound was found to significantly degrade the performance of the column stationary phase. Quantitation was performed by external standard analyses and the method was found to be precise, linear, sensitive, accurate and rugged. The chromatographic conditions and headspace parameters were optimized in a separate experiment to provide a limit test for trace levels of methylene chloride in the presence of significant levels of ethanol.     

Effect of injected sample amount on the shape of chromatographic peaks under condition of linear partition isotherm

In a previous paper a model function was tested in order to approximate the peak shape obtained on non-polar column by injecting different compounds. The simulation of the symmetrical or non-symmetrical shape of gas chromatographic peaks was satisfactory. In this paper, the influence of the amount of injected substance was investigated at different values of inlet pressure and carrier gas velocity, in order to evaluate the relative contribution to the total peak area and shape of the symmetrical distribution due to partition phenomena and of the non-symmetrical and tailing distribution due to adsorption-desorption kinetics. The effect of the molecular mass and of the chain length of compounds belonging to the homologous series of 1-alcohols and n-alkanes on the adsorption phenomena was evaluated.     

Measurement of thermodynamic equilibria by chromatography

Summary After a brief recall of the chromatographic principles, the different applications of gas chromatographic measurements of thermodynamic equilibria were reviewed. Gas and liquid chromatographies are now well known and elegant methods for measuring the physicochemical properties and phase equilibrium thermodynamic constants. Although fundamentally a dynamical method and mostly known as a powerful separation technique, chromatography can be schematized by a sucession of equilbria of a chemical species partitioning between a mobile phase and a fixed liquid or solid stationary phase. It can be operated in either infinite dilution or finite concentration conditions and permits to collect a large number of data for calculating molecular interactions for solutes which are either rare or available at the trace level. Gas chromatography permits the measurement of gas adsorption isotherm, gas-liquid equilibria, molecular diffusion and interaction virials. The modelization of successive partition equuilibria occuring in the chromatographic column leads to rather simple expression of differential enthalpy, entropy, free energy of adsorption or solution, variation of heat capacity, complexation constant, second virial coefficients, gas-solid and gasliquid isotherm and also binary or ternary equilibria. The possibilities of High Performance-Liquid Chromatography to investigate adsorption from solutions and chemical equilibria are also discussed.     

Effect of chemical modification on the adsorption and chromatographic properties of aluminas

The effect of chemical modification by sodium hydrogen carbonate on the adsorption and chromatographic properties of aluminas was studied by low-temperature nitrogen adsorption followed by thermal desorption, IR spectrometry, and gas chromatography. It was found that, at a decrease in the volume of micropores, adsorption and desorption proceed in mesopores. It was shown that, at the higher chemical homogeneity of the alumina surface, the symmetry of the chromatographic peaks and the efficiency of the column are considerably improved.     

Competitive adsorption of toxic metals on activated carbon

Competitive adsorption of zinc and copper on activated carbon is studied in this article. Main aim was to suggest an advanced model for competitive adsorption of both metals considering pH influence and precipitation. A surface-complexation approach was employed for the modeling. Two models were considered: simple adsorption and ion exchange. System “The Geochemists Workbench” was used for calculation of both static and dynamic adsorption tasks. From the batch experiments, concentration of four types of sorbing sites on the carbon surface and its protonation and sorption constants were deduced. Then, batch competitive adsorption experiments were compared with the models’ results. Finally, a column experiment (fixed bed adsorption) was carried out. It was observed that the model of ion exchange can satisfyingly predict both chromatographic effect and increase of zinc concentration in effluent over its initial value, although a quantitative agreement between the model and the experiment was not totally precise.     

Kinetic study of the mass transfer of S-Tr?ger's base in the system cellulose triacetate and ethanol.

A recent study of the mass transfer kinetics of (-)- or S-Tr?ger's base (TB) between ethanol and microcrystalline cellulose triacetate (CTA) allows an analysis of the concentration dependence of the mass transfer rate coefficient (k(m)). S-TB elutes before R-TB. The retention time of the both compounds decreases with increasing temperature. In this study, experimental data measured between 30 and 50 degrees C were analyzed to provide information on the kinetics of several mass transfer processes which take place in the chromatographic column, i.e., axial and intraparticle dispersion, the fluid-to-particle mass transfer, and the kinetics of adsorption/desorption at the actual adsorption sites. Intraparticle diffusion has the dominant contribution to band broadening at high flow-rates. Both intraparticle diffusivity and the surface diffusion coefficient exhibit a small concentration dependence. The positive dependence of k(m) on the concentration of S-TB seems to result from the properties of the adsorption/desorption kinetics and can be interpreted by considering the phase equilibrium properties. A quantitative analysis of the activation energy of the mass transfer kinetics of S-TB in the CTA column was also attempted.     

Comparison of ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography,ultra high performance liquid chromatography,and gas chromatography for the separation of synthetic cathinones

A comparison of ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography, ultra high performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography for the separation of synthetic cathinones has been conducted. Nine different mixtures of bath salts were analyzed in this study. The three different chromatographic techniques were examined using a general set of controlled synthetic cathinones as well as a variety of other synthetic cathinones that exist as positional isomers. Overall 35 different synthetic cathinones were analyzed. A variety of column types and chromatographic modes were examined for developing each separation. For the ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography separations, analyses were performed using a series of Torus and Trefoil columns with either ammonium formate or ammonium hydroxide as additives, and methanol, ethanol or isopropanol organic solvents as modifiers. Ultra high performance liquid chromatographic separations were performed in both reversed phase and hydrophilic interaction chromatographic modes using SPP C18 and SPP HILIC columns. Gas chromatography separations were performed using an Elite‐5MS capillary column. The orthogonality of ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography, ultra high performance liquid chromatography, and gas chromatography was examined using principal component analysis. For the best overall separation of synthetic cathinones, the use of ultra high performance supercritical fluid chromatography in combination with gas chromatography is recommended.     

Comparison of different types of stationary phases for the analysis of soy isoflavones by HPLC

Nowadays, there are new technologies in high-performance liquid chromatography columns available enabling faster and more efficient separations. In this work, we compared three different types of columns for the analysis of main soy isoflavones. The evaluated columns were a conventional reverse phase particle column, a fused-core particle column, and a monolithic column. The comparison was in terms of chromatographic parameters such as resolution, asymmetry, number of theoretical plates, variability of retention time, and peak width. The lower column pressure was provided by the monolithic column, although lower chromatographic performance was achieved. Conventional and fused-core particle columns presented similar pressure. Results also indicate that direct transfer between particle and monolithic columns is not possible requiring adjustment of conditions and a different method optimization strategy. The best chromatographic performance and separation speed were observed for the fused-core particle column. Also, the effect of sample solvent on the separation and peak shape was evaluated and indicated that monolithic column is the most affected especially when using higher concentrations of acetonitrile or ethanol. Sample solvent that showed the lowest effect on the chromatographic performance of the columns was methanol. Overall evaluation of methanol and acetonitrile as mobile phase for the separation of isoflavones indicated higher chromatographic performance of acetonitrile, although methanol may be an attractive alternative. Using acetonitrile as mobile phase resulted in faster, higher resolution, narrower, and more symmetric peaks than methanol with all columns. It also generated the lower column pressure and flatter pressure profile due to mobile phase changes, and therefore, it presents a higher potential to be explored for the development of faster separation methods.