MOF-Derived Double-Layer Hollow Nanoparticles with Oxygen Generation Ability for Multimodal Imaging-Guided Sonodynamic Therapy

The high reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation ability and simple construction of sonosensitizer systems remain challenging in sonodynamic therapy against the hypoxic tumor. In this work, we rationally prepared MOF-derived double-layer hollow manganese silicate nanoparticle (DHMS) with highly effective ROS yield under ultrasound irradiation for multimodal imaging-guided sonodynamic therapy (SDT). The presence of Mn in DHMS increased ROS generation efficiency because it could be oxidized by holes to improve the electron–hole separation. Moreover, DHMS could produce oxygen in the tumor microenvironment, which helps overcome the hypoxia of the solid tumor and thus enhance the treatment efficiency. In vivo experiments demonstrated efficient tumor inhibition in DHMS-mediated SDT guided by ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging. This work presents a MOF-derived nanoparticle with sonosensitive and oxygen generating ability, which provides a promising strategy for tumor hypoxia in SDT.     

细胞内原位纳米催化在疾病诊断与治疗中的应用

纳米催化剂因其经济、 稳定以及可量产等优势, 实现了细胞内原位催化反应, 为分子水平人工调控细胞功能提供了可能. 人工纳米催化剂优异的催化性能使其在不同生理和病理条件下成功用于诊断成像和治疗. 本文综合评述了具有天然酶活性的纳米催化剂在癌症和氧化应激治疗以及基于纳米催化剂介导的细胞内原位催化反应的精准诊断成像方面的主要研究进展, 并对纳米催化剂在未来生物医药领域应用中面临的挑战和机遇进行了展望.     

Direct In Vitro Comparison of the Anti-Leishmanial Activity of Different Olive Oil Total Polyphenolic Fractions and Assessment of Their Combined Effects with Miltefosine

The bioactive compounds present in the edible products of the olive tree have been extensively studied and their favorable effects on various disease risk factors have been demonstrated. The aim of this study was to perform a comparative analysis of the anti-leishmanial effects of total phenolic fractions (TPFs) derived from extra virgin olive oil with different phenolic contents and diverse quantitative patterns. Moreover, the present study investigated their association with miltefosine, a standard anti-leishmanial drug, against both extracellular promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of a viscerotropic and a dermotropic Leishmania strain. The chemical compositions of TPFs were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC-DAD). Analysis of parasite growth kinetics, reactive oxygen species production and apoptotic events were determined by microscopy and flow cytometry. Our results revealed that the presence of oleacein (OLEA) and oleocanthal (OLEO) secoiridoids enhances the anti-leishmanial effect of TPF. The association between TPFs and miltefosine was suggested as being additive in Leishmania infantum and Leishmania major promastigotes, and as antagonistic in intracellular amastigotes, as was evaluated with the modified isobologram method. The obtained data verified that TPFs are bioactive dietary extracts with a strong anti-leishmanial activity and highlighted that fractions that are richer in OLEA and OLEO phenolic compounds possess stronger inhibitory effects against parasites. This study may contribute to improving the therapeutic approaches against leishmaniasis.     

用实验和模拟计算确定SiO2空心微球的孔径分布

用巨正则系综蒙特卡罗（GCMC）模拟方法结合统计积分方程（SIE）计算了SiO2空心微球球壳上的孔径分布（PSD）.HRTEM、XRD及氮气吸附等实验测试表明,SiO2空心微球的球壳上有无序的介孔孔道.在模拟中,基于实验数据,将SiO2空心微球模型化为具有一定孔径分布的园柱孔,流体模型化为Lennard-Jones(LJ)球,流体分子和孔壁间的相互作用采用Wang等人[10]最近提出的完全解析的势函数描述.模拟结果显示,用孔径分布拟合的吸附数据和实验吸附等温线吻合良好,说明PSD能够十分有效地表示SiO2空心微球的微孔结构.     

低场核磁共振技术分析不同来源水分在烟丝中的分布状态及含水率的研究

采用低场核磁共振分析技术(LF-NMR)对不同来源水处理后的烟丝进行分析,研究了不同处理工艺样品的含水率及水分分布状态的变化。结果表明:水的种类对烘丝关键工序烟丝水分含量及分布状态具有明显影响。其中反渗透水和磁化水处理的样品含水率高于自来水处理后的样品,分别高0.43%和0.72%。得到薄板适宜的加工温度为140~150℃,气流干燥适宜的加工温度为180~210℃。     

分散聚合法制备窄分布聚苯乙烯微球

窄分布聚合物微球有相当广泛的用途，如用于色谱柱填料，过滤器效能和孔径的测定标准，生化反应的载体等［１］．制备聚合物微球的方法有多种：如悬浮聚合物法可以制得微米级球体，但粒径分布较宽［２］；超微乳液聚合法，却仅能制得小于１μｍ的超微球［３］；唯有分散聚...     

高比表面积窄孔分布氧化铝的制备研究 Ⅰ.沉淀条件的影响

 以硫酸铝液为原料，以氨水、氢氧化钠和铝酸钠为碱沉淀剂，采用pH摆动法制备了高比表面积、大孔径、窄孔分布、大孔体积氧化铝，考察了沉淀剂、沉淀温度及沉淀时酸侧pH值对氧化铝物性的影响，并对pH摆动法与等pH沉淀法的结果进行了比较．结果表明，通过改变制备参数可以获得高比表面积、大孔体积的氧化铝，当沉淀温度为70℃，pH摆动3或4次时，氧化铝的孔体积可高达1．0ml／g，比表面积仍大于300m2／g．用pH摆动法制得的样品比用等pH沉淀法制得的样品容易酸溶，对挤压成型有利．不同样品在酸溶液中的分散性表明，用氨水沉淀剂可获得相对较小的沉淀粒子．改变沉淀时酸侧的pH值，可导致沉淀粒子的结构发生变化．     

化学浸提法研究中药茯苓中活性铝的形态分布

利用KCl、NH4Ac、HCl、NaOH四种浸提液对中药茯苓中铝的存在形态分别进行浸取溶出,采用分光光度法对不同形态的铝含量进行测定,得到茯苓中活性铝的形态分布,有机铝含量占总量的58.9%;胶态Al(OH)3占总量41.1%;浸提液中铝的回收率为97.0%~109.3%。     

A Monte Carlo Method to Quantify the Effect of Reactor Residence Time Distribution on Polyolefins Made with Heterogeneous Catalysts: Part I—Catalyst/Polymer Particle Size Distribution Effects

Polyolefins are commercially produced in continuous reactors that have a broad residence time distribution (RTD). Most of these polymers are made with heterogeneous catalysts that also have a particle size distribution (PSD). These are totally segregated systems, in which the catalyst/polymer particle can be seen as a microreactor operated in semibatch mode, where the reagents (olefins, hydrogen, etc.) are fed continuously to the catalyst/polymer particle, but no polymer particle can leave. The reactor RTD has a large influence on the PSD of the polymer particles leaving the reactor, as well as in polymer microstructure and properties, polymerization yield, and composition of reactor blends. This article proposes a Monte Carlo model that can describe how particle RTD in a single or a series of reactors can affect the PSD of polymer particles made under a variety of operation conditions. It is believed that this is the most flexible model ever proposed to model this phenomenon, and can be easily modified to track all properties of interest during polyolefin production in continuous reactors with heterogeneous catalysts.     

In Situ Visual Distribution of Gelsemine,Koumine, and Gelsenicine by MSI in Gelsemium elegans at Different Growth Stages

The distribution of pharmatically important alkaloids gelsemine, koumine, and gelsenicine in Gelsemium elegans tissues is a hot topic attracting research attention. Regretfully, the in planta visual distribution details of these alkaloids are far from clear although several researches reported the alkaloid quantification in G. elegans by LC-MS/MS. In this study, mass imaging spectrometry (MSI) was employed to visualize the in situ visualization of gelsemine, koumine, and gelsenicine in different organs and tissues of G. elegans at different growth stages, and the relative quantification of three alkaloids were performed according to the image brightness intensities captured by the desorption electrospray ionization MSI (DESI-MSI). The results indicated that these alkaloids were mainly accumulated in pith region and gradually decreased from pith to epidermis. Interestingly, three alkaloids were found to be present in higher abundance in the leaf vein. Along with the growth and development, the accumulation of these alkaloids was gradually increased in root and stem. Moreover, we employed LC-MS/MS to quantify three alkaloids and further validated the in situ distributions. The content of koumine reached 249.2 μg/g in mature roots, 272.0 μg/g in mature leaves, and 149.1 μg/g in mature stems, respectively, which is significantly higher than that of gelsemine and gelsenicine in the same organ. This study provided an accurately in situ visualization of gelsemine, koumine, and gelsenicine in G. elegans, and would be helpful for understanding their accumulation in plant and guiding application.     

Enhanced Photodynamic Therapy by Reduced Levels of Intracellular Glutathione Obtained By Employing a Nano‐MOF with CuII as the Active Center

In photodynamic therapy (PDT), the level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced in the cell directly determines the therapeutic effect. Improvement in ROS concentration can be realized by reducing the glutathione (GSH) level or increasing the amount of photosensitizer. However, excessive amounts photosensitizer may cause side effects. Therefore, the development of photosensitizers that reduce GSH levels through synergistically improving ROS concentration in order to strengthen the efficacy of PDT for tumor is important. We report a nano‐metal–organic framework (Cu^II‐metalated nano‐MOF {CuL‐[AlOH]₂}_n (MOF‐2, H₆L=mesotetrakis(4‐carboxylphenyl)porphyrin)) based on Cu^II as the active center for PDT. This MOF‐2 is readily taken up by breast cancer cells, and high levels of ROS are generated under light irradiation. Meanwhile, intracellular GSH is considerably decreased owing to absorption on MOF‐2; this synergistically increases ROS concentration and accelerates apoptosis, thereby enhancing the effect of PDT. Notably, based on the direct adsorption of GSH, MOF‐2 showed a comparable effect with the commercial antitumor drug camptothecin in a mouse breast cancer model. This work provides strong evidence for MOF‐2 as a promising new PDT candidate and anticancer drug.     

Inhibition of Metastatic Hepatocarcinoma by Combined Chemotherapy with Silencing VEGF/VEGFR2 Genes through a GalNAc-Modified Integrated Therapeutic System

Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a highly malignant tumor related to high mortality and is still lacking a satisfactory cure. Tumor metastasis is currently a major challenge of cancer treatment, which is highly related to angiogenesis. The vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGFR signaling pathway is thus becoming an attractive therapeutic target. Moreover, chemotherapy combined with gene therapy shows great synergistic potential in cancer treatment with the promise of nanomaterials. In this work, a formulation containing 5-FU and siRNA against the VEGF/VEGFR signaling pathway into N-acetyl-galactosamine (GalNAc)-modified nanocarriers is established. The targeting ability, biocompatibility and pH-responsive degradation capacity ensure the efficient transport of therapeutics by the formulation of 5-FU/siRNA@GalNAc-pDMA to HCC cells. The nano-construct integrated with gene/chemotherapy exhibits significant anti-metastatic HCC activity against C5WN1 liver cancer cells with tumorigenicity and pulmonary metastasis in the C5WN1-induced tumor-bearing mouse model with a tumor inhibition rate of 96%, which is promising for future metastatic HCC treatment.     

Study on Effects of Polydispersity on the Form Factor and Depletion Interaction in Colloid‐Polymer Mixtures with Laser Distribution

Summary: We investigate the influence of the polydispersity of colloidal particles and polymer, respectively, on the form factor and depletion interaction by using the laser distribution for parallel plates immersed in a solution of nonadsorbing polymers. For colloidal particles, we show that the measurement of scattering intensity of a polymer‐colloid mixture can be described qualitatively in terms of the parameters K and M of the laser distribution. The form factor of the monodisperse system varies considerably, but generally stays close to the average value that corresponds to the form factor of polydisperse system. By using the laser distribution in the chain length of polymers, we present the complex polymer segment density of polymer chain between particles with the product‐function approximation comprehensively and accurately. In particular, we find that for small values of parameter M, the change of values of parameter K has no effect on depletion interaction.

Predicted form factor for polydisperse core‐shell particles.     

高温煅烧Mo改性的Fe／MgO催化剂用于制备管径分布均一的单壁碳纳米管

研究了在以甲烷化学气相沉积法制备单壁碳纳米管的过程中高温煅烧预处理(900℃煅烧10h)对Mo改性Fe/MgO催化剂的作用.发现这种预处理有利于Fe在催化剂中的稳定和分散,从而制备出管径均一的单壁碳纳米管.采用能谱元素分析、高分辨透射电镜、X射线衍射、比表面积测量、拉曼光谱和热重分析对样品进行了表征.结果表明,在碳纳米管生长的过程中,铁元素在催化剂表面富集,单壁碳纳米管生长于富集铁的纳米颗粒上,并存在碳管直径与铁颗粒尺寸的依赖关系.Mo存在时可煅烧形成FeMoO4复合氧化物,后者比MgFe2O4相更加稳定.Mo/Fe比例对提高单壁碳纳米管的生长密度、纯度与管径均一性等均有明显影响.上述研究对进一步精确控制制备单壁碳纳米管有重要意义.     

Distribution study of tryptanthrin in rat tissues by HPLC and its relationship with meridian tropism of indigo naturalis in traditional Chinese medicine

The aim of the present study is to characterize the distribution of tryptanthrin (TRYP) in rat tissues following oral administration at a dose of 100 mg/kg and its relationship with meridian tropism (MT) of indigo naturalis (IN) in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). For quantitative analysis in biological samples, a sensitive, inexpensive and accurate high‐performance liquid chromatographic method was developed and validated with 2‐hydroxy acetophenone as internal standard, a Shimadzu C₁₈ column and water–acetonitrile (55:45, v/v) as mobile phase. Acceptable intra‐day and inter‐day precision at high, medium and low concentration was acquired with RSD ranging from 0.87 to 5.22% and from 1.25 to 6.47%, respectively. Good assay and extraction recoveries were obtained with a single and relatively fast step to precipitate protein. The extraction recovery of TRYP ranged from 87.5 to 94.5 %. TRYP concentration was highest in the liver and remained for a much longer time than in other tissues. It could also be detected in kidney, lung, heart and spleen, but not in brain under the experimental conditions. The results confirmed the traditional knowledge of TCM that MT of IN belongs to the liver meridians and demonstrated that TRYP is one of the active constituents of the MT of IN. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Tissue Distribution Study of Poloxamer188 in Rats by Ultra-High-Performance Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time of Flight/Mass Spectrometry with MSALL-Based Approach

Poloxamer188 (PL188), as one of the most commonly used pharmaceutical excipients, has unique physicochemical properties and good biocompatibility, and so is playing an increasingly extensive role in the field of medicine. Currently, there are few studies on the tissue distribution of PL188 in vivo. In this study, the LC-MS method based on MS^ALL technique of quadrupole time of flight mass spectrometry for absolute quantitative analysis of poloxamer 188 in biological substrates was established for the first time. The tissue distribution of poloxamer188 in SD rats were studied using the established quantitative analysis method. To explore the distribution of PL188 in organs and tissues, PL188 was administered via rat tail vein at a dose of 5 mg/kg. Eight kinds of tissues including heart, liver, spleen, lung, kidney, stomach, muscle and brain of rats were collected at 0.25 h, 1 h and 4 h after administration. Tissue distributions showed the highest level was observed in kidney, then in stomach, which indicated PL188 mainly bioaccumulated in the kidney. This study can provide references for the further study of PL188.     

不同结构导向剂合成不同硅含量SAPO-34分子筛的酸性质

SAPO-34分子筛由于其独特的拓扑结构和适宜的酸性,在以甲醇制烯烃(MTO)和氨气选择性催化还原NO_x (NH₃-SCR)为代表的系列催化反应中显示了优良的性能,因此吸引了研究者的广泛关注。但是,在合成过程中如何通过选择有机模板和控制硅含量来得到合适酸量的SAPO-34催化剂是极具挑战的。本文中,四个系列的SAPO-34分子筛,即分别由四乙基氢氧化铵(TEAOH)、二异丙胺(DIPA)、正丁胺(nBA)和吗啉(MOR)为有机模板剂合成不同硅含量的样品,通过热重量分析(TG),结构精修和固态核磁进行了研究。TG和结构精修结果显示在TEAOH和DIPA合成的SAPO-34分子筛cha (一种复合结构单元)笼子中只有一个结构导向剂而MOR和nBA合成的SAPO-34分子筛的cha笼中有两个。采用固态核磁氢谱(¹H ss-NMR)探究碱性探针分子氘代乙腈(CD₃CN)和分子筛骨架之间主客体的相互作用,并对其酸性(酸量和酸强度)进行了系统的研究。例如,TEAOH合成的SAPO-34分子筛随着硅含量的增加酸强度增加而酸量却保持着不变。而DIPA合成的SAPO-34,与前者存在较大的差异,即随着硅含量的上升,酸量显著下降而酸强度只发生了微小的变化。该工作为SAPO-34分子筛催化剂酸性的定向调变提供了理论基础。     

Photocatalytic Effects of Rutile Phase TiO2 Ultrafine Powder with High Specific Surface Area Obtained by a Homogeneous Precipitation Process at Low Temperatures

The photocatalytic characteristics of nanostructured TiO₂ ultrafine powder with rutile phase produced using the homogeneous precipitation process at low temperatures (HPPLT) were compared with those of commercial P-25 TiO₂ powder by flame hydrolysis. The TiO₂ powder by the HPPLT showed much higher photoactivity in the removal rate, showing lower pH values in the solution than the P-25 powder when eliminating metal ions such as Pb and Cu from the aqueous metal-EDTA solutions. This can be inferred as the more rapid photo-oxidation or -reduction of metal ions from the aqueous solution, together with relatively higher efficiencies in the use of an electron-hole pair formed on the surface of the TiO₂ particles under UV light irradiation. Also, in the view of the TiO₂ particle morphology, compared to the well-dispersed spherical P-25 particles, the agglomerated TiO₂ secondary particles by the HPPLT consist of acicular typed primary particles with a thickness in the range of 3–7 nm and the primary particles radialize in all directions, which would be more effective to photocatalytic reactions without the large electron-hole recombination on the surface of the TiO₂ particle under UV light irradiation. It can be, therefore, thought that the higher photoactivity of the rutile TiO₂ powder by the HPPLT in the aqueous solutions results mainly from having a larger surface area by the acicular shaped primary particles with very thin thickness and radialization in all directions.