Y2O3/Ag3VO4复合可见光催化剂的制备及其光催化性能

以Na3VO4.12H2O,AgNO3和Y(NO3)3.6H2O为原料,采用浸渍法制备了Y2O3/Ag3VO4复合可见光催化剂,并用XRD,SEM,XPS,UV-Vis等测试手段表征了试样的结构和性能。结果显示,Y2 O3/Ag3VO4复合可见光催化剂为单斜结构,Y以Y2 O3的形式分散在Ag3VO4晶体的表面。UV-Vis测试结果表明,Y2O3/Ag3VO4较纯Ag3VO4吸收带边发生了红移,在可见光区的吸收增强;以金属卤灯(波长大于400 nm)为光源,研究了Y2O3/Ag3VO4催化剂对甲基橙(MO)的可见光催化降解性能。结果发现,Y2O3/Ag3VO4复合可见光催化剂的光催化活性较纯Ag3VO4均有大幅提高,其中Y掺杂量为4%时活性最高。     

Facile preparation of Ag/Ag2WO4/g‐C3N4 ternary plasmonic photocatalyst and its visible‐light photocatalytic activity

Introducing plasmonic metals into semiconductor materials has been proven to be an attractive strategy for enhancing photocatalytic activity in the visible region. In this work, a novel and efficient Ag/Ag₂WO₄/g‐C₃N₄ (AACN) ternary plasmonic photocatalyst was successfully synthesized using a facile one‐step in situ hydrothermal method. The composition, structure, morphology and optical absorption properties of AACN were investigated using X‐ray diffraction, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and UV–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, respectively. Photocatalytic performance of AACN was evaluated via rhodamine B and tetracycline degradation. The results indicated that AACN had excellent photocatalytic performance for rhodamine B degradation with a rate constant of 0.0125 min^?1, which was higher than those of Ag₂WO₄ and Ag/Ag₂WO₄. Characterization and photocatalytic tests showed that the strong coupling effect between the Ag/Ag₂WO₄ nanoparticles and the exfoliated ultrathin g‐C₃N₄ nanosheets was superior for visible‐light responsivity and reduced the recombination rate of photogenerated electrons and holes. A proposed mechanism is also discussed according to the band energy structure and the experimental results.     

H3PW12O40/mpg‐C3N4 as an efficient and reusable catalyst in the alkylation of o‐xylene and styrene

A heterogeneous catalyst (HPW/mpg‐C₃N₄) for the alkylation of o‐xylene and styrene reaction was acquired by the immobilization of phosphotungstic acid (HPW) on mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride (mpg‐C₃N₄) through electrostatic interaction. The results of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR), X‐ray powder diffraction (XRD), X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) proved that HPW was successfully immobilized on the protonated mpg‐C₃N₄ by electrostatic interaction. The textural properties and morphology of HPW/mpg‐C₃N₄ were characterized by N₂ adsorption–desorption, scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Among them, 40% HPW/mpg‐C₃N₄ displays the best catalytic performance in the alkylation reaction with 91.8% yield and 96.5% selectivity to 1, 2‐diphenylethylane. Moreover, protonated mpg‐C₃N₄ not only displays as a support to facilitate great dispersion of HPW but also promotes the alkylation product diffusion effectively. Besides, the HPW/mpg‐C₃N₄ catalyst could be recycled easily without significant loss of catalytic activity, which is demonstrate by the recyclability of HPW/mpg‐C₃N₄ catalyst test.     

TiO_2分级结构/Ag_3PO_4复合材料的可见光催化性能

制备了具有分级结构的海胆状TiO2纳米材料,并通过原位沉积法将可见光响应的Ag3PO4纳米颗粒沉积到TiO2的纳米分级结构上,合成了具有高效稳定可见光催化性能的系列TiO2分级结构/Ag3PO4复合材料,对比测试了系列材料对罗丹明B(RhB)的光催化降解性能.结果表明,TiO2分级结构/Ag3PO4复合材料光催化性能明显高于纯相的Ag3PO4光催化剂,同时也明显优于TiO2(P25)/Ag3PO4复合光催化剂,其中分级结构TiO2与Ag3PO4摩尔比为1∶1的复合材料具有最强的光催化性能,在可见光照射6min内可实现RhB的完全脱色.分析结果表明,与纳米颗粒TiO2相比,具有海胆状纳米结构的TiO2可为Ag3PO4的负载提供更多的担载位点,增加TiO2和Ag3PO4的接触面积,进而提升Ag3PO4光激发产生的光生电子-空穴的分离效率.同时在光降解过程中,Ag3PO4表面存在的少量Ag+会逐渐还原成单质Ag0,通过Ag0的等离子体共振效应,可增加对光子的吸收转换能力,从而进一步提高该复合材料光催化降解染料的性能.     

Novel ternary g-C3N4/Ag3VO4/AgBr nanocomposites with excellent visible-light-driven photocatalytic performance for environmental applications

Novel visible-light-induced photocatalysts were fabricated by integration of Ag₃VO₄ and AgBr semiconductors with graphitic carbon nitride (g-C₃N₄) through a facile refluxing method. The fabricated photocatalysts were extensively characterized by XRD, EDX, SEM, TEM, FT-IR, UV–vis DRS, BET, TGA, and PL instruments. The photocatalytic performance of these samples was studied by degradations of three dye contaminants under visible-light exposure. Among the ternary photocatalysts, the g-C₃N₄/Ag₃VO₄/AgBr (10%) nanocomposite displayed the maximum activity for RhB degradation with rate constant of 1366.6 × 10⁻⁴ min⁻¹, which is 116, 7.23, and 38.5 times as high as those of the g-C₃N₄, g-C₃N₄/AgBr (10%), and g-C₃N₄/Ag₃VO₄ (30%) photocatalysts, respectively. The effects of synthesis time and calcination temperature were also investigated and discussed. Furthermore, according to the trapping experiments, it was found that superoxide anion radicals were the predominant reactive species in this system. Finally, the ternary photocatalyst displayed superlative activity in removal of the contaminants under visible-light exposure, displaying great potential of this ternary photocatalyst for environmental remediation, because of a facile synthesis route and outstanding photocatalytic performance.     

Surface Functionalization of g‐C3N4: Molecular‐Level Design of Noble‐Metal‐Free Hydrogen Evolution Photocatalysts

A stable noble‐metal‐free hydrogen evolution photocatalyst based on graphite carbon nitride (g‐C₃N₄) was developed by a molecular‐level design strategy. Surface functionalization was successfully conducted to introduce a single nickel active site onto the surface of the semiconducting g‐C₃N₄. This catalyst family (with less than 0.1 wt % of Ni) has been found to produce hydrogen with a rate near to the value obtained by using 3 wt % platinum as co‐catalyst. This new catalyst also exhibits very good stability under hydrogen evolution conditions, without any evidence of deactivation after 24 h.     

Ultrathin g‐C3N4 Nanosheets Coupled with AgIO3 as Highly Efficient Heterostructured Photocatalysts for Enhanced Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Activity

The photocatalytic activity of graphite‐like carbon nitride (g‐C₃N₄) could be enhanced by heterojunction strategies through increasing the charge‐separation efficiency. As a surface‐based process, the heterogeneous photocatalytic process would become more efficient if a larger contact region existed in the heterojunction interface. In this work, ultrathin g‐C₃N₄ nanosheets (g‐C₃N₄‐NS) with much larger specific surface areas are employed instead of bulk g‐C₃N₄ (g‐C₃N₄‐B) to prepare AgIO₃/g‐C₃N₄‐NS nanocomposite photocatalysts. By taking advantage of this feature, the as‐prepared composites exhibit remarkable performances for photocatalytic wastewater treatment under visible‐light irradiation. Notably, the optimum photocatalytic activity of AgIO₃/g‐C₃N₄‐NS composites is almost 80.59 and 55.09 times higher than that of pure g‐C₃N₄‐B towards the degradation of rhodamine B and methyl orange pollutants, respectively. Finally, the stability and possible photocatalytic mechanism of the AgIO₃/g‐C₃N₄‐NS system are also investigated.     

理论计算研究二维/二维BP/g-C3N4异质结的光催化CO2还原性能

Photocatalytic reduction of CO₂ to hydrocarbon compounds is a promising method for addressing energy shortages and environmental pollution. Considerable efforts have been devoted to exploring valid strategies to enhance photocatalytic efficiency. Among various modification methods, the hybridization of different photocatalysts is effective for addressing the shortcomings of a single photocatalyst and enhancing its CO₂ reduction performance. In addition, metal-free materials such as g-C₃N₄ and black phosphorus (BP) are attractive because of their unique structures and electronic properties. Many experimental results have verified the superior photocatalytic activity of a BP/g-C₃N₄ composite. However, theoretical understanding of the intrinsic mechanism of the activity enhancement is still lacking. Herein, the geometric structures, optical absorption, electronic properties, and CO₂ reduction reaction processes of 2D/2D BP/g-C₃N₄ composite models are investigated using density functional theory calculations. The composite model consists of a monolayer of BP and a tri-s-triazine-based monolayer of g-C₃N₄. Based on the calculated work function, it is inferred that electrons transfer from g-C₃N₄ to BP owing to the higher Fermi level of g-C₃N₄ compared with that of BP. Furthermore, the charge density difference suggests the formation of a built-in electric field at the interface, which is conducive to the separation of photogenerated electron-hole pairs. The optical absorption coefficient demonstrates that the light absorption of the composite is significantly higher than that of its single-component counterpart. Integrated analysis of the band edge potential and interfacial electronic interaction indicates that the migration of photogenerated charge carriers in the BP/g-C₃N₄ hybrid follows the S-scheme photocatalytic mechanism. Under visible-light irradiation, the photogenerated electrons on BP recombine with the photogenerated holes on g-C₃N₄, leaving photogenerated electrons and holes in the conduction band of g-C₃N₄ and the valence band of BP, respectively. Compared with pristine g-C₃N₄, this S-scheme heterojunction allows efficient separation of photogenerated charge carriers while effectively preserving strong redox abilities. Additionally, the possible reaction path for CO₂ reduction on g-C₃N₄ and BP/g-C₃N₄ is discussed by computing the free energy of each step. It was found that CO₂ reduction on the composite occurs most readily on the g-C₃N₄ side. The reaction path on the composite is different from that on g-C₃N₄. The heterojunction reduces the maximum energy barrier for CO₂ reduction from 1.48 to 1.22 eV, following the optimal reaction path. Consequently, the BP/g-C₃N₄ heterojunction is theoretically proven to be an excellent CO₂ reduction photocatalyst. This work is helpful for understanding the effect of BP modification on the photocatalytic activity of g-C₃N₄. It also provides a theoretical basis for the design of other high-performance CO₂ reduction photocatalysts.      

Enhanced Ethylene Photodegradation Performance of g‐C3N4–Ag3PO4 Composites with Direct Z‐Scheme Configuration

Photocatalytic oxidation of ethylene continues to be a challenge at the frontier of chemistry. In a previous report, a simple Ag₃PO₄ semiconductor material was shown to have strong photooxidative properties and efficiently oxidised water and decomposed organics in aqueous solution under visible‐light illumination. Herein, its effects on the photo‐oxidation of gaseous C₂H₄ were investigated by fabricating graphitic C₃N₄–Ag₃PO₄ composite semiconductors with direct Z‐scheme configuration. It was found that both the ethylene photo‐oxidative activity and the stability of Ag₃PO₄ are considerably improved by fabrication of Z‐scheme composites. Moreover, stable C₂H₄ photo‐oxidation activity could be obtained by treating the composite at 450 °C for 3 h after long‐term operation. From the point of view of environmental pollutant cleanup, the present technique avoids the side reaction of oxidising water and will be valuable for further investigations on both Ag₃PO₄ and CH degradation.     

Construction of a 2D Graphene‐Like MoS2/C3N4 Heterojunction with Enhanced Visible‐Light Photocatalytic Activity and Photoelectrochemical Activity

A novel graphene‐like MoS₂/C₃N₄ (GL‐MoS₂/C₃N₄) composite photocatalyst has been synthesized by a facile ethylene glycol (EG)‐assisted solvothermal method. The structure and morphology of this GL‐MoS₂/C₃N₄ photocatalyst have been investigated by a wide range of characterization methods. The results showed that GL‐MoS₂ was uniformly distributed on the surface of GL‐C₃N₄ forming a heterostructure. The obtained composite exhibited strong absorbing ability in the ultraviolet (UV) and visible regions. When irradiated with visible light, the composite photocatalyst showed high activity superior to those of the respective individual components GL‐MoS₂ and GL‐C₃N₄ in the degradation of methyl orange. The enhanced photocatalytic activity of the composite may be attributed to the efficient separation of electron–hole pairs as a result of the matching band potentials between GL‐MoS₂ and GL‐C₃N₄. Furthermore, a photocatalytic mechanism for the composite material has been proposed, and the photocatalytic reaction kinetics has been measured. Moreover, GL‐MoS₂/C₃N₄ could serve as a novel sensor for trace amounts of Cu²⁺ since it exhibited good selectivity for Cu²⁺ detection in water.     

Preparation of porous g‐C3N4/Ag/Cu2O: a new composite with enhanced visible‐light photocatalytic activity

From previous reports, graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C₃N₄) can be used as a photocatalyst, although the low efficiency of solar energy utilization, small specific surface area and high recombination rate of photogenerated electron–hole pairs limit its practical application. For the purpose of increasing photocatalytic activity, especially under irradiation of visible light, we successfully synthesized a new composite, namely porous g‐C₃N₄/Ag/Cu₂O, through chemical adsorption of Ag‐doped Cu₂O on porous g‐C₃N₄, which has not been investigated carefully worldwide. The composition, morphology and optical properties of the composite were investigated through methods including X‐ray diffraction, energy‐dispersive X‐ray, Fourier transform infrared, UV–visible and photoluminescence spectroscopies and transmission electron microscopy. Using rhodamine B as organic pollutant to be degraded under the irradiation of visible light, different mass ratios of Ag/Cu₂O doped on porous g‐C₃N₄ led to enhanced photocatalytic performance of the composite compared to pure porous g‐C₃N₄. When the mass ratio of Ag/Cu₂O is 15%, porous g‐C₃N₄/Ag/Cu₂O exhibits a degradation rate 2.015 times higher than that of pure porous g‐C₃N₄. The reasons for this phenomenon may be attributed to the increased utilization efficiency of visible light, high‐speed separation of photogenerated electron–hole pairs, accelerated interfacial transfer process of electrons and increased surface area of the composite. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Ag3PO4量子点/石墨相氮化碳纳米片复合光催化剂的制备及其对苯甲醇选择性氧化活性

以热氧化剥离法得到的超薄石墨相氮化碳(g-C₃N₄)纳米片为载体,首次在室温条件下,制备了系列Ag₃PO₄量子点/g-C₃N₄纳米片复合光催化剂;通过透射电子显微镜(TEM)、高分辨透射电子显微镜(HRTEM)、X射线衍射(XRD)、傅里叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis DRS)、荧光光谱(PL),对复合光催化剂的形貌、结构和光学性质进行了表征,考察了系列光催化剂对苯甲醇的光催化选择性氧化性能。 结果表明,粒径为3~5 nm Ag₃PO₄颗粒均匀分散g-C₃N₄纳米片上,结晶度良好。 以乙腈为溶剂时,当m(Ag₃PO₄)/m(g-C₃N₄)=0.6时,苯甲醇具有32.1%的最大转化率,对产物苯甲醛具有90%的最高选择性;活性物种捕捉实验结果表明,该催化氧化反应的主要活性物是光生空穴的氧化作用,能带计算结果表明,该复合催化剂结构具有合适的苯甲醇的氧化电位而选择性生成苯甲醛。     

Enhanced Electrocatalytic Performance of a Porous g‐C3N4/Graphene Composite as a Counter Electrode for Dye‐Sensitized Solar Cells

A porous graphitic carbon nitride (g‐C₃N₄)/graphene composite was prepared by a simple hydrothermal method and explored as the counter electrode of dye‐sensitized solar cells (DSCs). The obtained g‐C₃N₄/graphene composite was characterized by XRD, SEM, TEM, FTIR spectroscopy, and X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The results show that incorporating graphene nanosheets into g‐C₃N₄ forms a three‐dimensional architecture with a high surface area, porous structure, efficient electron‐transport network, and fast charge‐transfer kinetics at the g‐C₃N₄/graphene interfaces. These properties result in more electrocatalytic active sites and facilitate electrolyte diffusion and electron transport in the porous framework. As a result, the as‐prepared porous g‐C₃N₄/graphene composite exhibits an excellent electrocatalytic activity. In I^?/I₃^? redox electrolyte, the charge‐transfer resistance of the porous g‐C₃N₄/graphene composite electrode is 1.8 Ω cm², which is much lower than those of individual g‐C₃N₄ (70.1 Ω cm²) and graphene (32.4 Ω cm²) electrodes. This enhanced electrocatalytic performance is beneficial for improving the photovoltaic performance of DSCs. By employing the porous g‐C₃N₄/graphene composite as the counter electrode, the DSC achieves a conversion efficiency of 7.13 %. This efficiency is comparable to 7.37 % for a cell with a platinum counter electrode.     

Aerobic Oxidative Coupling of Resveratrol and its Analogues by Visible Light Using Mesoporous Graphitic Carbon Nitride (mpg‐C3N4) as a Bioinspired Catalyst

The first aerobic oxidative coupling of resveratrol and its analogues by mesoporous graphitic carbon nitride as a bioinspired catalyst with visible light has been developed. With this method, δ‐viniferin and its analogues were synthesized in moderate to high yield. The metal‐free conditions, visible‐light irradiation, and the ideal oxidant, molecular oxygen, make this coupling reaction environmental friendly and practical.     

Synthese und Kristallstruktur des Lewis‐Säure/Base‐Addukts AlCl3·C3N3Cl3

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of the Lewis Acid‐Base Adduct AlCl₃·C₃N₃Cl₃ The reaction between cyanuric chloride (C₃N₃Cl₃) and the strong Lewis acid AlCl₃ yielded colorless crystals of the adduct AlCl₃·C₃N₃Cl₃. The crystal structure was determined by single crystal X‐ray diffraction at room temperature and was solved in the space group with Z = 4, a = 7.3802(7) Å, b = 9.688(1) Å, c = 16.272(2) Å, α = 72.80(1)°, β = 89.97(1)°, γ = 87.23(1)°, and V = 1110.0(2) ų. In the crystal structure, AlCl₃ is closely associated to the triazine ring with Al–N distances of 2.042(3) Å and 2.067(4) Å, respectively. The AlCl₃·C₃N₃Cl₃ units are connected with each other via intermolecular N···Cl donor–acceptor interactions, forming tape‐like arrangements in the ac‐plane, with tapes running parallel to the a‐axis.     

Synthesis and Crystal Structure of [VO2（C17H11N3O2） ] [VO （C4H13N3）（C6H5N3O） ]（C2H5OH）

The reaction of VO（acac）2 with 2-hydroxyl-1-naphthaldehyde isonicotinyl hydrazone and amines （ethylenediamine or diethylenetriamine） in CH3OH yields crystals of novel vanadium compounds characterized by IR, NMR spectroscopic methods and X-ray single-crystal structure determination. Two different vanadium units exist in the crystal cell of [VO2（C17H11N3O2）][VO- （C4H13N3）（C6H5N3O）]（C2H5OH） which crystallizes in the triclinic system, space group P1 with a = 8.0104（17）, b = 13.898（3）, c = 14.955（3）A, α = 89.103（4）, β = 79.551（4）, γ = 78.352（4）°, V = 1603.3（6）A^3, Mr = 723.54, Dc = 1.499 g/cm^3, Z = 2, λ（MoKα） = 0.71073 ]A,μ= 0.644 mm^-1, F（000） = 748, the final R = 0.0547 and wR = 0.0997 for 8920 observed reflections with I 〉 2σ（I）. According to structure analysis, two different molecules are arranged in the lattice and the two vanadium atoms adopt octahedral and square pyramidal coordination geometries, respectively. The interactions between DNA and vanadium complexes have been investigated by UV-Vis absorption spectro- photometry.     

The CoIII—C bond in (1‐thia‐4,7‐diazacyclodecyl‐κ3N4,N7,C10)(1,4,7‐triazacyclononane‐κ3N1,N4,N7)cobalt(III) dithionate hydrate

In the title compound, [Co(C₆H₁₅N₃)(C₇H₁₅N₂S)]S₂O₆·H₂O, the Co—C bond distance is 1.9930 (13) Å, which is shorter than for related compounds with the linear 1,6‐di­amino‐3‐thia­hexan‐4‐ide anion in place of the macrocyclic 1‐thia‐4,7‐diazacyclo­decan‐8‐ide anion. The coordinated carbanion produces an elongation of 0.102 (7) Å of the Co—N bond to the 1,4,7‐tri­aza­cyclo­nonane N atom in the trans position. This relatively small trans influence is presumably a result of the tri­amine ligand forming strong bonds to the Co^III atom.     

Novel Bi2WO6‐coupled Fe3O4 Magnetic Photocatalysts: Preparation,Characterization and Photodegradation of Tetracycline Hydrochloride

Novel Bi₂WO₆‐coupled Fe₃O₄ magnetic photocatalysts with excellent and stable photocatalytic activity for degrading tetracycline hydrochloride and RhB were successfully synthesized via a facile solvothermal route. Through the characterization of the as‐prepared magnetic photocatalysts by X‐ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy, UV–Vis diffuse reflectance spectra, it was found that the as‐prepared magnetic photocatalysts were synthesized by the coupling of Bi₂WO₆ and Fe₃O₄, and introduction of appropriated Fe₃O₄ can improve nanospheres morphology and visible‐light response. Among them, BFe2 (0.16% Fe₃O₄) exhibited the best photocatalytic activity for degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH), reaching 81.53% after 90 min. Meanwhile, the as‐prepared magnetic photocatalysts showed great separation and recycle property. Moreover, the results of electrochemical impedance spectroscopy demonstrated that the well conductivity of Fe₃O₄ can promote photogenerated charge carriers transfer and inhibit recombination of electron–hole pairs, so that Bi₂WO₆/Fe₃O₄ exhibited enhanced photocatalytic activity on degradation of TCH and RhB. Hence, this work provides a principle method to synthesize Bi₂WO₆/Fe₃O₄ with excellent photocatalytic performance for actual application, in addition, it showed that introduction of Fe₃O₄ not only can provide magnetism, but also can enhance photocatalytic activity of Bi₂WO₆/Fe₃O₄ magnetic photocatalysts.