微细腔内甲烷湿空气低温重整特性热力学分析

从理论上探讨低温(小于973K)、压力、空碳比及水碳比对重整特性及甲烷转化率的影响,以及各参数的合理取值范围;同时,对甲烷自热重整系统与无氧重整系统进行了性能对比.研究结果表明:微细腔在温度大于633K,反应压力小于0.10MPa,空碳(摩尔)比为2.0以及水碳摩尔比在1.0-2.5之间有利于甲烷自热重整反应的发生;自热重整与无氧重整体系相比,当甲烷质量流量一定时,有氧系统可以在较低的水碳比和较低的温度条件下获得较高的甲烷转化率和氢气产量.     

含湿量对微细腔内甲烷低温重整影响的热力学研究

为了实现微燃烧器内甲烷持续稳定燃烧,要求进一步深入研究原料气中含湿量变化对微细腔甲烷湿空气低温(小于973 K)重整反应的影响.于此,本文通过热力学方法分析了 0.1 MPa下一定温度时,恒定原料气流量和恒定空碳比两种工况中,含湿量在欠氧和低温环境中对微细腔甲烷自热重整反应中积炭、甲烷转化、产氢特性及反应过程的影响.结果表明:微细腔内甲烷质量流量一定时,随着含湿量增加,积炭逐渐减小,甲烷转化率先减小后增加,氢气则一直随之增加.体系中甲烷的转化以生成CO2为主,CO的选择率随含湿量增加先增加后减小,CO2选择率则一直增加;增加含湿量会使反应后体系中水的含量增加,也会促使反应过程中体系消耗的水量最终大于生成的水量.在含湿量不超过空气量的反应条件下,两种工况中反应前后水质量分数的变化量均在含湿量达280 g·kg-1后显示出体系以消耗水为主,且原料气中湿空气的含湿量均应满足最低为350 g·kg-1,才有利于反应过程中减少积炭产生和促进重整反应,当达到这一条件时,恒定的空碳比在获得较高的甲烷转化率和氢气产率上更具优势.     

甲烷自热重整制氢热力学分析

为了优化甲烷自热重整制氢过程的反应条件,运用吉布斯自由能最小化方法对过程进行了热力学计算,研究了重整过程的反应温度、空碳比、水碳比对平衡组成的影响。模拟结果表明,适宜的水碳比为2.5～3.5,空碳比2.0～3.5,重整温度700℃～850℃,每摩尔甲烷生成2.17mol～2.23mol氢;以水碳比1.5为例,对不同空碳比下的组分的产生和转化的机理进行了分析。     

甲烷自热重整制氢的热力学和动力学分析

对甲烷自热重整进行了系统的热力学分析,并采用预混合层流模型结合甲烷氧化、蒸汽重整、干重整机理对反应过程进行了动力学分析。结果表明,甲烷自热重整的平衡产物及其浓度主要受温度、O₂/CH₄、H₂O/CH₄的影响;压力影响不是十分明显,主要影响达到平衡的速度。在715℃~730℃、压力0.7MPa~1.0MPa,控制O₂/CH₄在0.60~0.70、H₂O/CH₄在3.15~3.25,可以得到H₂>68%、CO<10%的产物气,积炭率接近于0。动力学分析表明,自热重整过程分为两个主要阶段进行,在起始阶段主要发生甲烷氧化反应,产物主要为H₂O和CO₂;第二阶段以甲烷蒸汽重整反应为主,伴随水气变换反应（WGS）和微弱的干重整,H_2、CO和CO₂为主要产物。调节初始水浓度可以控制快速氧化阶段反应速率,避免“热点”出现,抑制CO的生成。     

合成气甲烷化反应积炭过程的热力学分析

建立了煤制替代天然气工艺中合成气甲烷化过程的热力学计算模型,并对该反应体系的10个反应进行了分析计算,得到了各组分的平衡组成和各反应的标准化学平衡常数.研究了反应温度、操作压力、原料气组分浓度和产品气循环比等对催化剂床层积炭的影响,发现容易导致积炭的热力学条件为550~800 ℃的反应温度和0.1~1.5 MPa的操作压力,且温度在700 ℃左右、操作压力低于1.0 MPa时催化剂床层积炭量最大.本研究针对催化剂床层积炭规律提出了低温、相对高压、合理的原料气组成是有利于缓解催化剂床层积炭、提高产品收率及保持催化剂活性的优化反应操作条件.     

甲烷重整制合成气镍催化剂积炭研究

本文综述了甲烷转化制合成气镍催化剂积炭的研究进展,论述了积炭热力学和动力学、积炭类型、积炭机理和影响积炭的因素,详细分析了催化剂的镍粒子尺寸、镍-载体相互作用、载体碱性强度、载体氧化-还原性质和添加助剂对镍催化剂的积炭速率和积炭量的影响,并总结了重整反应工艺参数和反应器形式对镍催化剂积炭的影响。最后指出,采用现代表征手段阐明镍催化剂的积炭机理、种类和数量,明确积炭的规律,可为设计开发抗积炭性能强的镍催化剂提供理论依据;可通过增强金属与载体的相互作用、减小镍粒子的尺寸(镍粒子尺寸小于20 nm)和选择适宜的载体来制备抗积炭性能强的催化剂;可通过采用流化床反应器且优化工艺参数来减少重整过程积炭量;可通过寻求行之有效的积炭催化剂再生方法来解决镍催化剂积炭问题。     

等离子体处理制备对甲烷重整Ni基催化剂抗积炭性能的改进

对于甲烷重整反应,Ni基催化剂具有与贵金属催化剂相当的活性,但其易于积炭失活.本文总结了辉光放电等离子体处理制备CO2甲烷重整Ni催化剂以提高催化剂抗积炭性能的研究进展.比较表明,辉光放电等离子体处理制备的Ni催化剂,Ni颗粒较小,分散性更好,密集平面增加,且Ni活性组分与载体相互作用加强.这些变化导致Ni催化剂抗积炭性能改善.     

甲烷与二氧化碳重整制取合成气反应的研究：ⅢSr（La）NiAl11O19积炭动力学

用热重（ＴＧＡ）方法，研究了ＬａＮｉＡｌ１１Ｏ１９和ＳｒＮｉ１１Ｏ１９催化剂上甲烷与二氧化碳重整反应的积炭动力学。实验结果表明，甲烷裂解是ＣＨ４＋ＣＯ２反应中主要的积炭反应，甲烷的二氧化碳重整反应的积炭速率随反应温度升高而增大，但春衰减速度也较快；ＣＨ４＋ＣＯ２反应的积炭速率相对甲烷分压的反应级数是１，相对二氧化碳分压的反应级数是一－０５；在ＳｒＮｉＡｌ１１Ｏ１９中掺入Ｌａ＾３＋离子，提高了催化剂     

Oxidative reforming of methane for hydrogen and synthesis gas production:Thermodynamic equilibrium analysis

A thermodynamic analysis of methane oxidative reforming was carried out by Gibbs energy minimization (at constant pressure and temperature) and entropy maximization (at constant pressure and enthalpy) methods,to determine the equilibrium compositions and equilibrium temperatures,respectively.Both cases were treated as optimization problems (non-linear programming formulation).The GAMS 23.1 software and the CONOPT2 solver were used in the resolution of the proposed problems.The hydrogen and syngas production were favored at high temperatures and low pressures,and thus the oxygen to methane molar ratio (O 2 /CH 4) was the dominant factor to control the composition of the product formed.For O 2 /CH 4 molar ratios higher than 0.5,the oxidative reforming of methane presented autothermal behavior in the case of either utilizing O 2 or air as oxidant agent,but oxidation reaction with air possessed the advantage of avoiding peak temperatures in the system,due to change in the heat capacity of the system caused by the addition of nitrogen.The calculated results were compared with previously published experimental and simulated data with a good agreement between them.     

Ultra-stable Ni catalysts for methane reforming by carbon dioxide

Methane reforming by carbon dioxide has been studied over ultra-stable Ni catalysts. The catalyst was characterized by XRD, IR and TEM and temperature programmed hydrogenation. The nickel–magnesia solid solution catalyst containing low nickel has shown excellent stability (>3000 h) and no carbon deposition in the methane reforming by carbon dioxide. It was also found that the small nickel metal particle interaction with support surface is effective for the inhibition of carbon formation.     

Thermodynamic analysis of mixed and dry reforming of methane for solar thermal applications

Thermodynamic analysis of the reforming of methane with carbon dioxide alone ("dry reforming") and with carbon dioxide and steam together ("mixed reforming") is performed as part of a project which investigates the suitability of these endothermic reactions for the storage of solar thermal energy. The Gibbs free energy minimization method was employed to identify thermodynamically optimal operating conditions for dry reforming as well as mixed reforming with a desired H2/CO molar ratio of 2. The non-stoichiometric equilibrium model was developed using FactSage software to conduct the thermodynamic calculations for carbon formation, H2/CO ratio, CH4 conversion and H2 yield as a function of reaction temperature, pressure and reactant molar ratios. Thermodynamic calculations demonstrate that in the mixed reforming process, optimal operating conditions in a carbon-free zone are under H2O/CH4 /CO2 =1.0/1.0/0.5, p = 1 to 10 bar and T = 800 to 850℃ for the production of syngas with a H2 /CO molar ratio of 2. Under the optimal conditions, the maximum H2 yield of 88.0% is achieved at 1 bar and 850℃ with a maximum CH4 conversion of 99.3%. In the dry reforming process, a carbon formation regime is always present at a CO2/CH4 molar ratio of 1 for T = 700 1000℃ and p = 1-30 bar, whereas a carbon-free regime can be obtained at a CO2/CH4 molar ratio greater than 1.5 and T≥800℃.     

羟基磷灰石负载Ni催化剂中Ni含量对催化甲烷二氧化碳重整制合成气性能的影响

以低温沉淀方法制备的羟基磷灰石(HAp)为载体,采用浸渍法制备了一系列不同Ni含量的Ni/HAp催化剂,并采用BET、H2-TPR、XRD、SEM、FT-IR、TEM和TG-DTA技术对催化剂进行了表征。结果表明,NiO含量为13%的催化剂表现出最好的催化甲烷二氧化碳重整制合成气活性,在850℃、空速3.6×104mL/(h·gcat)的反应条件下,甲烷和二氧化碳的转化率在10 h内分别稳定在72%和83%。这主要归因于催化剂中金属和载体之间的强相互作用。虽然反应后的催化剂表面有少量的积炭,但这些积炭多以丝状炭存在,并不会影响催化剂的活性和稳定性。     

Effect of CeO2 on the catalytic performance of Ni/Al2O3 for autothermal reforming of methane

The effect of promoter Ce on the catalytic performance of Ni/Al2O3 catalyst for autothermal reforming of methane to hydrogen was investigated. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction （XRD）, temperature-programmed reduction （TPR）, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy （XPS）. The results indicated that the catalytic performance of the catalysts was improved with the addition of Ce. Ni/Ce30Al70Oδ showed the highest CH4 conversion in operation temperatures ranging from 650 ℃ to 850 ℃. At the same time, the decrease in H2/CO ratio with increasing reaction temperature was consistent with the fact that water-gas shift reaction was thermodynamically unfavorable at higher temperatures. The XRD result indicated that adding Ce to Ni/Al2O3 catalyst prevented the formation of NiAl2O4 and facilitated the formation of NiO. The formation of NiO increased the number of active sites, resulting in higher activity. Comparing the TPR profiles of Ni/Ce30Al70Oδ with Ni/Al2O3, it could be clearly observed that with the addition of Ce, the total reduction peak areas in the middle and low temperatures increased. It was most probably that the addition of Ce inhibited the stronger interaction between Ni and Al2O3 to form the phase of NiAl2O4, and favored the formation of the strong interaction between NiO species and CeO2. Therefore, the addition of Ce to the Ni/Al2O3 catalyst increased the active surface that promoted the activity of the catalyst.     

Nickel catalysts supported on MgO with different specific surface area for carbon dioxide reforming of methane

In this paper, three kinds of MgO with different specific surface area were prepared, and their effects on the catalytic performance of nickel catalysts for the carbon dioxide reforming of methane were investigated. The results showed that MgO support with the higher specific surface area led to the higher dispersion of the active metal, which resulted in the higher initial activity. On the other hand, the specific surface area of MgO materials might not be the dominant factor for the basicity of support to chemisorb and activate CO₂, which was another important factor for the performance of catalysts. Herein, Ni/MgO(CA) catalyst with proper specific surface area and strong ability to activate CO₂ exhibited stable catalytic property and the carbon species deposited on the Ni/MgO(CA) catalyst after 10 h of reaction at 650 °C were mainly activated carbon species.     

煤与甲烷共转化制合成气过程的热力学分析

采用Gibbs自由能最小法,对流化床煤与甲烷共转化过程进行了热力学分析。在保持体系绝热温度为常压流化床煤气化的操作温度1 273 K下,将煤与甲烷共转化过程的冷煤气效率、产出合成气的单位有效能氧耗及H2/CO比等指标与单纯煤气化过程进行了比较。结果表明,在煤气化体系中增加甲烷进料,能使冷煤气效率提高,单位有效能氧耗降低,产出合成气的H2/CO比可调。此外,甲烷可作为部分氢源,降低过程水耗。从热力学角度证明了煤与甲烷共转化方法对于有效利用煤层气的优越性,所得出的操作线也为该过程的实际操作指出了方向。     

沸石负载Ni催化剂在甲烷干重整中的稳定性(英文)

Ni/γ-Al2O3 , Ni/Y-zeolite, and Ni/H-ZSM-5 catalysts were prepared using the incipient wetness impregnation method. Their catalytic performance in dry reforming of methane was studied. The fresh and used catalysts and deposited carbon were characterized using H2 temperature-programmed reduction, temperature-programmed oxidation, N2 adsorption-desorption, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis. The H-ZSM-5-supported Ni catalyst proved to be more stable than the other two catalysts, as it had the lowest carbon deposition.