On thermodynamically consistent constitutive equations for fiber-reinforced nonlinearly viscoelastic solids with application to biomechanics

In this paper, we are interested in developing thermodynamically consistent constitutive equations for fiber-reinforced nonlinearly viscoelastic bodies, in particular for transversely isotropic nonlinearly viscoelastic solids, in isothermal processes. It follows from results in the theory of algebraic invariants that constitutive equations for such materials can be expressed in terms of functions of 18 independent invariants associated with deformation and fiber orientation: 10 of them are isotropic invariants and 8 of them are associated with the deformation and the orientation of the fiber. Among the 8 anisotropic invariants just 6 are related to the viscoelastic response. The terms in the Cauchy stress tensor associated to these 6 invariants are analyzed with respect to thermodynamical consistency, and we obtain restrictions for the corresponding constitutive coefficients. This framework is applied to viscoelastic potentials within the context of biomaterials.     

Evolution Equations for Non-Simple Viscoelastic Solids

Objectivity and compatibility with thermodynamics of evolution equations are examined in connection with the modelling of viscoelastic solids. The purpose of the paper is to show that the evolution equation for the stress is eventually obtained by means of a tensorial internal variable within the framework of the reference configuration. The non-simple character is realized by gradients of the internal variable. The thermodynamic analysis is developed by investigating the entropy inequality in the reference configuration and allowing for a non-zero extra-entropy flux. It follows that the evolution for the Cauchy stress tensor involves the Oldroyd derivative, irrespective of the form of the non-local terms.     

弹性——粘弹性复合结构模态理论

本文研究弹性-粘弹性复合结构动力学基本问题.复合结构动力学方程是一组微分积分方程,引入增广状态变量.将其变换为常规的状态方程.研究了状态方程特征解的性质.提出了"振荡模态"和"蠕变模态"慨念.给出了脉冲响应矩阵和传递函数矩阵,讨论了它们的特性.复合结构模态理论为其动特性和动响应分析提供理论依据.     

A stability condition for an extensive class of viscoelastic motions

The stability problem of viscoelastic solids is usually approached by means of linear integro-differential equations describing infinitesimal perturbed motions. To date, only simple unidimensional problems have been studied and general stability conditions are not available. This paper analyses the case of viscoelastic solids undergoing constant stress under the assumption of fading memory and thermodynamic compatibility. An existence and uniqueness theorem and a stability condition are provided for the problem.     

On non-linear Beltrami-Mitchell equations

Beltrami-Mitchell equations for non-linear elasticity theory are derived using the first Piola-Kirchhoff stress and the deformation gradient tensors as field variables so as to yield linear equilibrium and compatibility equations, respectively. In the derivation it is assumed that a strain energy density and, correspondingly, a complementary strain energy density exist, and satisfy the axiom of objectivity. Substitution for the deformation gradient in the compatibility equations yields non-linear differential equations in terms of the first Piola-Kirchhoff stress tensor which may be regarded as the Beltrami-Mitchell equations of non-linear elasticity. The equations are also derived for “semi-linear” isotropic elastic materials and the theory is illustrated by three simple examples.     

A constitutive equation derived from Lodge's network theory

A constitutive equation is presented, derived from Lodge's molecular network theory. The equation is of a form similar to the one presented previously by Carreau. The rate of creation of junctions and the probability of loss of junctions depend here also on the second invariant of the rate-of-strain tensor. The dependence, however, is through simple exponential functions, resulting in easy-to-use equations.Material functions are presented for the viscosity, the primary normal stress coefficient, the complex viscosity, the stress relaxation after cessation of steady simple shear, the stress growth after onset of steady simple shear and for elongational flow. The usefulness of the simplified (series truncated) equations is discussed and the model is evaluated with typical viscoelastic data.     

液晶高分子各向异性粘弹性流体本构方程理论

将液晶高分子－各向异性流体的本构方程,建立在Oldroyd随体导数观点基础上。推广上随机Oldroyd B流体模型,提出共转OldroydB流体模型,同时将微观结构的影响通过宏观参数表示出来,使在宏观理论中包含微观结构的贡献,即引入取向物质函数,非线性各向异性黏度函数和各向异性松弛时间及推迟时间等,表征取向运动对黏度和松弛及推迟现象的影响,在此基础上开展了一类新的液晶高分子－Oldroyd型本构方程理论,由该类型本构方程得出的物质函数,液晶高分子流体的第一、第二法向应力差与实验结果一致,解释了液晶高分子溶液的第一、第二法向应力差的特殊流变学行为。     

EIGEN THEORY OF VISCOELASTIC DYNAMICS BASED ON THE KELVIN-VOIGT MODEL

Using the eigen theory of solid mechanics, the eigen properties of anisotropic viscoelastic bodies with Kelvin-Voigt model were studied, and the generalized Stokes equation of anisotropic viscoelastic dynamics was obtained, which gives the three-dimensional pattern of viscoelastical waves. The laws of viscoelastical waves of different anisotropical bodies were discussed. Several new conclusiones are given.     

超细长弹性杆的分析力学问题

超细长弹性杆作为DNA等生物大分子链的力学模型，其平衡和稳定性问题已成为力学与分子生物学交叉的研究热点．虽然在Kirchhoff动力学比拟的基础上，用分析力学方法讨论弹性杆的文章已见诸文献，但尚未形成弹性杆分析力学的严格理论．本文研究了超细长弹性杆分析力学的若干基础性问题．对杆截面的自由度、虚位移、约束方程及约束力等基本概念给出严格的定义和表达式．建立弹性杆平衡的D’Alembert-Lagrange原理、Jourdain原理和Gauss原理；从D’Alembert-Lagrange原理导出Hamilton原理．从变分原理出发导出Lagrange方程、Nielsen方程、Appell方程和Hamilton正则方程；对于受约束的弹性杆，导出了带乘子的Lagrange方程．讨论了Lagrange方程的首次积分．对于杆中心线存在尖点的情形，导出了微段杆平衡的近似方程。     

各向异性非线性固体力学的规范空间理论

本文在弹性规范空间概念基础上，利用非平衡态热力学理论，证明了各向异性固体力学非线性问题规范空间场以及不可逆过程本征解的存在。损伤对结构刚度的弱化效应和损伤诱发各向异性效应分别反映在本征弹性和相应的模态向量中。在简正坐标中考察各向异性体变形时，材料的行为以六个普通的粘弹性Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ方程描述，总的响应由模态叠加得到。以此为基础给出的非线性本构方程具有坐标转换不变性，最后给出了二个具体的算例。     

Dynamics of the geometrically non-linear analysis of anisotropic laminated cylindrical shells

A general approach, based on shearable shell theory, to predict the influence of geometric non-linearities on the natural frequencies of an elastic anisotropic laminated cylindrical shell incorporating large displacements and rotations is presented in this paper. The effects of shear deformations and rotary inertia are taken into account in the equations of motion. The hybrid finite element approach and shearable shell theory are used to determine the shape function matrix. The analytical solution is divided into two parts. In part one, the displacement functions are obtained by the exact solution of the equilibrium equations of a cylindrical shell based on shearable shell theory instead of the usually used and more arbitrary interpolating polynomials. The mass and linear stiffness matrices are derived by exact analytical integration. In part two, the modal coefficients are obtained, using Green's exact strain-displacement relations, for these displacement functions. The second- and third-order non-linear stiffness matrices are then calculated by precise analytical integration and superimposed on the linear part of equations to establish the non-linear modal equations. Comparison with available results is satisfactorily good.     

A Donnell type theory for finite deflection of stiffened thin conical shells composed of composite materials

A Donnell type theory is developed for finite deflection of closely stiffened truncatedlaminated composite conical shells under arbitrary loads by using the variational calculusand smeared-stiffener theory.The most general bending-stretching coupling and the effectof eccentricity of stiffeners are considered.The equilibrium equations,boundary conditionsand the equation of compatibility are derived.The new equations.of the mixed-type ofstiffened laminated composite conical shells are obtained in terms of the transversedeflection and stress function.The simplified equations are also given for some commonlyencountered cases.     

Irreversible thermodynamics of liquid crystal interfaces

A macroscopic theory for the dynamics of isothermal compressible interfaces between nematic liquid crystalline polymers and isotropic viscous fluids has been formulated using classical irreversible thermodynamics. The theory is based on the derivation of the interfacial rate of entropy production for ordered interfaces, that takes into account interfacial anisotropic viscous dissipation as well as interfacial anisotropic elastic storage. The symmetry breaking of the interface provides a natural decomposition of the forces and fluxes appearing in the entropy production, and singles out the symmetry properties and tensorial dimensionality of the forces and fluxes. Constitutive equations for the surface extra stress tensor and for surface molecular field are derived, and their use in interfacial balance equations for ordered interfaces is identified. It is found that the surface extra stress tensor is asymmetric, since the anisotropic viscoelasticity of the nematic phase is imprinted onto the surface. Consistency of the proposed surface extra stress tensor with the classical Boussinesq constitutive equation appropriate to Newtonian interfaces is demonstrated. The anisotropic viscoelastic nature of the interface between nematic polymers (NPs) and isotropic viscous fluids is demonstrated by deriving and characterizing the dynamic interfacial tension. The theory provides for the necessary theoretical tools needed to describe the interfacial dynamics of NP interfaces, such as capillary instabilities, Marangoni flows, wetting and spreading phenomena.     

圆柱型各向异性弹性力学平面问题

本文对圆柱型各向异性弹性力学平面问题的基本方程进行了改写。在此基础上，导出了应力函数Ｇ和位移函数φ，它们满足相同的控制方程，比文〔１〕的应力函数Ｆ的控制方程要简单，便于求得特解，并有Ｆ＝ｒＧ的关系。还对若干经典问题进行了求解。     

Analytical solution for functionally graded anisotropic cantilever beam subjected to linearly distributed load

The bending problem of a functionally graded anisotropic cantilever beam subjected to a linearly distributed load is investigated.The analysis is based on the exact elasticity equations for the plane stress problem.The stress function is introduced and assumed in the form of a polynomial of the longitudinal coordinate.The expressions for stress components are then educed from the stress function by simple differentiation. The stress function is determined from the compatibility equation as well as the bound- ary conditions by a skilful deduction.The analytical solution is compared with FEM calculation,indicating a good agreement.     

The plane self-similar anisotropic and angularly inhomogeneous wedge under power law tractions and the asymptotic analysis of the stress field

In this study the generally anisotropic and angularly inhomogeneous wedge, under power law tractions of order n of the radial coordinate r at its external faces is considered. At first, using variable separable relations in the equilibrium equations, the strain–stress relations and the strain compatibility equation, a differential system of equations is constructed and investigated. Decoupling this system, an ordinary differential equation is derived and the stress and displacement fields may be determined. The proposed procedure is also applied to the elastostatic problem of an isotropic and angularly inhomogeneous wedge. In the sequel William's asymptotic analysis in the case of angular inhomogeneity is examined. Finally, applications for the case of an angularly inhomogeneous wedge-shape dam and for the asymptotic procedure in an isotropic wedge with angularly varying shear modulus, are made.     

Non-Linear Two Dimensional Double Diffusive Convection in a Rotating Porous Layer Saturated by a Viscoelastic Fluid

Double diffusive convection in a rotating anisotropic porous layer, saturated by a viscoelastic fluid, heated from below and cooled from above has been studied making linear and non-linear stability analyses. The fluid and solid phases are considered to be in equilibrium. In momentum equation, we have employed the Darcy equation which includes both time derivative and Coriolis terms. The linear theory based on normal mode method is considered to find the criteria for the onset of stationary and oscillatory convection. A weak non-linear analysis based on minimal representation of truncated Fourier series analysis containing only two terms has been used to find the Nusselt number and Sherwood number as functions of time. We have solved the finite amplitude equations using a numerical scheme. The results obtained, during the above analyses, have been presented graphically and the effects of various parameters on heat and mass transfer have been discussed. Finally, we have drawn the steady and unsteady streamlines, isotherms, and isohalines for various parameters.     

An adaptation of finite linear viscoelasticity theory for rubber-like viscoelasticity by use of a generalized strain measure

In this paper a simplified three-dimensional constitutive equation for viscoelastic rubber-like solids is derived by employing a generalized strain measure and an asymptotic expansion similar to that used by Coleman and Noll (1961) in their derivation of finite linear viscoelasticity (FLV) theory. The first term of the expansion represents exactly the time and strain separability relaxation behavior exhibited by certain soft polymers in the rubbery state and in the transition zone between the glassy and rubbery states. The relaxation spectra of such polymers are said to be deformation independent. Retention of higher order terms of the asymptotic expansion is recommended for treating deformation dependent spectra.Certain assumptions for the solid theory are relaxed in order to obtain a constitutive equation for uncross-linked liquid materials which exhibit large elastic recovery properties.Apart from the strain energyW(I₁,I ₂), which alternatively characterizes the long-time elastic response of solids or the instantaneous elastic response of elastic liquids, only the linear viscoelastic relaxation modulus is required for the first-order theory. Both types of material functions can be obtained, in theory, from simple laboratory testing procedures. The constitutive equations for solids proposed by Chang, Bloch and Tschoegl (1976) and a special form of K-BKZ theory for elastic liquids are shown to be particular cases of the first-order theory.Previously published experimental data on a cross-linked styrene-butadiene rubber (SBR) and an uncross-linked polyisobutylene (PIB) rubber is used to corroborate the theory.