纳米流体的聚集结构和导热系数模拟

本文根据布朗运动理论模拟纳米粒子在流体中的聚集过程，运用分形理论描述纳米粒子团的结构．考虑纳米粒子的运动传热，建立纳米流体的导热系数模型，理论预测值与实验结果显现了良好的一致性。     

纳米颗粒聚集形态对纳米流体导热系数的影响

纳米流体中悬浮的纳米颗粒可以增强其导热性能已经得到广泛认可,然而纳米流体颗粒增强传热的机理目前尚不清楚.研究表明,纳米颗粒的聚集是纳米流体导热系数增大的重要机制,而且纳米颗粒聚集的形态对纳米流体的导热系数有重要影响,但是目前的导热系数模型大多是建立在Maxwell有效介质理论的"静态"和"均匀分散"假设基础上.本文用平衡分子动力学模拟Cu-Ar纳米流体,采用Green-Kubo公式计算导热系数,采用Schmidt-Ott关系式计算不同聚集形态下的分形维数.对比导热系数与分形维数可以发现:在相同体积分数下,较低的分形维数会有更高的导热系数,分析了分形维数与导热系数的定量关系.此外,通过径向分布函数可以看出纳米颗粒紧密聚集与松散聚集的差异,基液分子在纳米颗粒附近的纳米薄层中处于动态平衡状态.研究结果有助于理解纳米颗粒聚集形态对导热系数的影响机理.     

γ-Al_2O_3纳米流体导热系数与稳定性影响因素分析

通过两步法制备了不同体积浓度的γ-Al_2O_3纳米流体,并添加不同质量分数的十二烷基苯磺酸钠(SDS)和聚乙烯吡咯烷酮(PVP)作为分散剂。分析了温度以及两种表面活性剂对γ-Al_2O_3纳米流体稳定性和导热系数的影响。试验结果表明,非离子型表面活性剂PVP比阴离子表面活性剂SDS具有更好的分散效果。随着表面活性剂浓度的增加,纳米流体的导热系数呈先增加后减小的趋势,适当的粒子浓度与活性剂浓度比例有利于提高纳米流体的导热系数。     

纳米低温保护剂导热机理分析

纳米低温保护剂溶液比传统的低温保护剂溶液具有更好的导热性能,纳米微粒能够显著提高低温保护剂溶液的降温速率.本文探讨了纳米低温保护剂溶液导热性能的影响因素,提出了纳米低温保护剂导热模型,并通过与实验测得的数据进行了比对分析,结果表明所提出的模型是合理的.     

纳米流体中固-液作用影响界面热阻及导热率的分子动力学研究

纳米流体中固-液界面处由于声子散射形成界面热阻,给纳米流体内热量传递带来阻力。为研究界面热阻对纳米流体导热率的影响,以Cu-Ar纳米流体为基础模型,采用非平衡分子动力学方法研究了纳米粒子-流体相互作用强度与界面热阻的定量关系。研究表明,随着纳米粒子-流体相互作用强度增大,界面热阻显著降低,其机制在于流体分子的吸附作用增强了纳米粒子表面原子的振动强度,从而促进了纳米粒子与流体之间的热传递。增大纳米粒子-流体相互作用强度可显著提高纳米流体导热率,且界面热阻对纳米流体导热率的影响程度随纳米粒子尺寸减小而增大。     

纳米流体对流换热机理分析

考虑在纳米流体中纳米颗粒做布朗运动引起的对流换热, 基于纳米颗粒在纳米流体中遵循分形分布, 本文得到纳米流体对流换热的机理模型. 本解析模型没有增加新的经验常数, 从该模型发现纳米流体池沸腾热流密度是温度、纳米颗粒的平均直径、 纳米颗粒的浓度、纳米颗粒的分形维数、沸腾表面活化穴的分形维数、基本液体的物理特性的函数. 对不同的纳米颗粒浓度和不同的纳米颗粒平均直径与不同的实验数据进行了比较, 模型预测的结果与实验结果相吻合. 所得的解析模型可以更深刻地揭示纳米流体对流换热的物理机理.     

纳米流体对流换热系数增大机理

纳米流体流动换热能力优于传统流体介质.研究了纳米流体热物性的提升和热散射对其对流换热系数的影响.结果表明,纳米颗粒的加入,优化了介质的热物性,增大了导热系数,强化了纳米流体内颗粒、流体以及流道管壁碰撞和相互作用,同时加强了流体的混合脉动和湍流,从而增大了对流换热系数. 关键词： 纳米流体 换热系数 热散射     

纳米流体研究的新动向

纳米流体近年来成为多个领域内的研究热点，特别是在流体物性测试、机理分析及新的应用上均取得长足进展．文章以该方向上最新完成的几类富有启发性的工作，如纳米流体热管、基于纳米液滴的纳米流体、纳米金属流体及借助于纳米颗粒控制纳米流体流动等进展予以剖析，归纳出了其中有待解决的一些重要科学问题，并指出一些可能的新应用。     

纳米流体研究的新动向

纳米流体近年来成为多个领域内的研究热点,特别是在流体物性测试、机理分析及新的应用上均取得长足进展.文章以该方向上最新完成的几类富有启发性的工作,如纳米流体热管、基于纳米液滴的纳米流体、纳米金属流体及借助于纳米颗粒控制纳米流体流动等进展予以剖析,归纳出了其中有待解决的一些重要科学问题,并指出一些可能的新应用.     

纳米受限效应下流体自扩散机理及规律研究

当固体壁面间距仅有几个纳米时,纳米受限效应使得流体自扩散系数降低1²个数量级,孔径、温度和压力的影响显著且复杂。分析受限流体扩散机理和规律,建立简洁的关联式具有重要意义。本研究从分子模拟出发,经过仔细计算和分析,获得了大量纳米孔隙中流体自扩散系数数据。分析了壁面吸附作用对流体扩散的影响机理和规律,提出了可简单描述流体扩散行为的无量纲扩散系数,从而与努森数建立相应关联式,具有较强的适用性。     

Prediction of heat transfer of nanofluid on critical heat flux based on fractal geometry

Analytical expressions for nucleate pool boiling heat transfer of nanofluid in the critical heat flux (CHF) region are derived taking into account the effect of nanoparticles moving in liquid based on the fractal geometry theory. The proposed fractal model for the CHF of nanofluid is explicitly related to the average diameter of the nanoparticles, the volumetric nanoparticle concentration, the thermal conductivity of nanoparticles, the fractal dimension of nanoparticles, the fractal dimension of active cavities on the heated surfaces, the temperature, and the properties of the fluid. It is found that the CHF of nanofluid decreases with the increase of the average diameter of nanoparticles. Each parameter of the proposed formulas on CHF has a clear physical meaning. The model predictions are compared with the existing experimental data, and a good agreement between the model predictions and experimental data is found. The validity of the present model is thus verified. The proposed fractal model can reveal the mechanism of heat transfer in nanofluid.     

基于热质运动概念的普适导热定律

根据爱因斯坦的质能等效关系式,热能具有的等效质量称为热质,从而在固态和气态介质中分别建立了声子气质量和热子气质量的概念.应用牛顿定律建立了含有驱动力、阻力和惯性力的热质(声子气或热子气)运动的动量守恒方程.由于热量在介质中的传递本质上就是热质(声子气和热子气)在介质中的运动,所以热质动量守恒方程就是普适的导热定律,能够统一描述各种条件下的导热规律.当热流密度不是很大从而热质惯性力可以忽略时,热质动量守恒方程就退化为傅里叶导热定律,这表明傅里叶导热定律是特殊条件下的导热定律,对于微纳尺度条件下的导热,热流密度可以极高,由速度空间变化引起的惯性力不能忽略,在稳态导热情况下也将出现非傅里叶导热,此时在计算或者实验中不能用热流密度除温度梯度求导热系数.在超快速加热条件下,必需考虑惯性力,与基于CV导热模型的波动方程相比,普适的导热定律增加了因速度空间变化引起的惯性力项,所以在介质中热波叠加时不会出现产生负温度的非物理现象,表明基于热质运动概念的普适导热定律更为合理. 关键词： 傅里叶导热定律 普适导热定律 热质运动 非傅里叶导热     

气体热导率实验中的传热机制

分析了从低气压到常压的实验数据,并进行了理论计算,得出了实验中气体传热机制的演变过程.     

Experimental and numerical investigation of heat transfer in a miniature heat sink utilizing silica nanofluid

In this paper, heat transfer characteristics of a miniature heat sink cooled by SiO₂–water nanofluids were investigated both experimentally and numerically. The heat sink was fabricated from aluminum and insulated by plexiglass cover plates. The heat sink consisted of an array of 4 mm diameter circular channels with a length of 40 mm. Tests were performed while inserting a 180 W/cm² heat flux to the bottom of heat sink and Reynolds numbers ranged from 400 to 2000. The three-dimensional heat transfer characteristics of the heat sink were analyzed numerically by solving conjugate heat transfer problem of thermally and hydrodynamically developing fluid flow. Experimental results showed that dispersing SiO₂ nanoparticles in water significantly increased the overall heat transfer coefficient while thermal resistance of heat sink was decreased up to 10%. Numerical results revealed that channel diameter, as well as heat sink height and number of channels in a heat sink have significant effects on the maximum temperature of heat sink. Finally, an artificial neural network (ANN) was used to simulate the heat sink performance based on these parameters. It was found that the results of ANN are in excellent agreement with the mathematical simulation and cover a wider range for evaluation of heat sink performance.     

Flow and heat transfer of a nanofluid over a hyperbolically stretching sheet

This article explores the boundary layer flow and heat transfer of a viscous nanofluid bounded by a hyperbolically stretching sheet. Effects of Brownian and thermophoretic diffusions on heat transfer and concentration of nanoparticles are given due attention. The resulting nonlinear problems are computed for analytic and numerical solutions. The effects of Brownian motion and thermophoretic property are found to increase the temperature of the medium and reduce the heat transfer rate. The thermophoretic property thus enriches the concentration while the Brownian motion reduces the concentration of the nanoparticles in the fluid. Opposite effects of these properties are observed on the Sherwood number.     

Non-Fourier heat conduction with radiation in an absorbing, emitting, and isotropically scattering medium

This article numerically analyses the combined conductive and radiative heat transfer in an absorbing, emitting, and isotropically scattering medium. The non-Fourier heat conduction equation, which includes the time lag between heat flux and the temperature gradient, is used to model the conductive heat transfer in the medium. It predicts that a temperature disturbance will propagate as a wave at finite speed. The radiative heat transfer is solved using the P₃ approximation method. In addition, the MacCormack's explicit predictor-corrector scheme is used to solve the non-Fourier problem. The effects of radiation including single scattering albedo, conduction-to-radiation parameter, and optical thickness of the medium on the transient and steady state temperature distributions are investigated in detail. Analysis results indicate that the internal radiation in the medium significantly influences the wave nature. The thermal wave nature in the combined non-Fourier heat conduction with radiation is more obvious for large values of conduction-to-radiation parameter, small values of optical thickness and higher scattering medium. The results from non-Fourier-effect equation are also compared to those obtained from the Fourier equation. Non-Fourier effect becomes insignificant as either time increases or the effect of radiation increases.     

A model of heat conduction

We construct a model of a chain of atoms coupled at its ends to two reservoirs at different temperatures. In a weak coupling limit the atoms obey a stochastic evolution law and have an equilibrium state with a uniform temperature gradient along the chain.     

Anomalous energy diffusion and heat conduction in one-dimensional system

We propose a new concept, the centre of energy, to study energy diffusion and heat conduction in one-dimensional hard-point model. For diatom model, we find an anomalous energy diffusion as $\langle x^2 \rangle\sim t^\beta$ with $\beta=1.33$, which is independent of initial condition and mass rate. The present model can be viewed as the model composed by independent quasi-particles, the centre of energy. In this way, heat current can be calculated. Based on theory of dynamic billiard, the divergent exponent of heat conductivity is estimated to be $\alpha=0.33$, which is confirmed by a simple numerical calculation.