液化地基中桩的破坏机理研究进展

地震诱发的地基液化对桩基础的破坏极大,液化地基中桩的破坏机理是岩土地震工程中的一个重要研究课题。目前地基液化时桩—土—结构系统的地震性态尚没有认识充分,已有的研究内容较多局限于桩身材料的强度破坏方面,难以考虑液化土体侧向流动、基桩屈曲失稳、以及土与结构动力相互作用等复杂因素的影响。本文重点加强以下3个方面的深入探讨和研究:(1)液化地基中桩的屈曲失稳;(2)液化地基中桩基破坏的数值模拟新方法;(3)液化地基中桩-土-结构的动力相互作用分析。     

引入退火机制的智能单粒子算法在复杂边坡最危险滑动面搜索中的应用

复杂边坡的安全系数可能存在多个局部极小值点,如何确定边坡的最小安全系数是复杂边坡稳定性分析中的一个关键问题。本文结合简化Bishop法,采用一种新的启发式全局优化算法——智能单粒子算法(ISPO)来搜索复杂边坡的最危险滑动面。为帮助该算法快速跳出局部极值点,本文将模拟退火(SA)机制引入到智能单粒子算法中,结合了两种算法各自的优点,提出了引入退火机制的智能单粒子算法SA-ISPO。将本文提出的SA-ISPO算法用于搜索两个复杂边坡的最危险滑动面,并与其它方法相比较,验证了SA-ISPO算法的优越性,该算法搜索效率高,计算结果不受搜索范围的影响,是一种较好的全局优化算法。     

河北省宽城县遵(化)—小(寺沟)铁路某滑坡治理措施研究

河北省宽城县遵(化)—小(寺沟)铁路穿越一个体积约77×10⁴m³的古滑坡体,因在滑坡前缘以路堑方式穿过,开挖施工导致古滑坡复活。为保障未来铁路的运营安全,需要对其进行彻底治理。在现场地质调查及试验,以及分别对沿复活滑坡体新滑面和古滑面在不同工况下的稳定性计算的基础上,结合复活滑坡体的具体特征,提出2种治理方案,即"抗滑桩"方案和"削方+抗滑桩+桩间挡土墙"方案。通过综合比选确定后者为采用方案,并具体进行了削方、抗滑桩、截排水系统和坡面防护等设计。     

汶川地震诱发文家沟巨型滑坡 碎屑流基本特征及成因机制初步分析

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2008年5月12日,汶川M80地震在四川省绵竹市清平乡文家沟内诱发一巨型滑坡。通过现场调查得知,滑坡前后缘高差455m,厚度20～30m,滑面为基岩层面,初始方量2750×107m3。滑体在运动中转化为碎屑流。滑坡-碎屑流总的水平运动距离为4022m,垂直运动距离为1443m,遗留的堆积物体积达5×107m3。滑坡距映秀—北川断裂仅36km,位于其下盘,地震烈度达XI度。滑坡导致文家沟中48人遇害,并形成一条完整的地震次生地质灾害链。初步分析表明滑坡启动速度快,滑坡向碎屑流转化过程明显、地点明确。碎屑流运动过程复杂,伴有强烈的“气垫效应”和“前缘气浪冲击效应”。作者认为,文家沟滑坡的高启动速度是长持时强烈地震动作用的结果,与山体的猛烈碰撞是导致滑体解体并转化为碎屑流的原因。     

颗粒介质固-流态转变的理论分析及实验研究

颗粒介质由大量离散的颗粒聚集而成,因而与传统固体和流体不同,运动过程中的颗粒介质中可能同时存在多种流态及其相互间复杂的转换过程. 颗粒介质弹性失稳机理、不可恢复应变量化是研究颗粒介质固态和流态及固-流态转变的关键. 在前期建立的双颗粒温度热力学(two-granular-temperature, TGT) 理论基础上,确定了颗粒介质的弹性稳定性条件,建立了不可恢复应变流动法则,搭建了描述颗粒固态-液态及其相互转化的简单模型. 颗粒堆积体坍塌过程是典型的颗粒介质固态和流态及其转变过程,因此本文首先开展了25 167 个陶颗粒堆积体坍塌过程的实验研究,并使用基于TGT 理论的物质点方法和离散元方法对物理实验进行了模拟. 结果表明,模型数值结果与物理实验在颗粒堆坍塌过程中的形态、速度分布等细节上吻合很好,同时也发现了现阶段所使用的物质点方法和TGT 理论的不足. 初步说明TGT 理论可以实现颗粒介质固态和流态,以及状态转变的描述.      

动力UH模型及其有限元应用

饱和砂土在循环载荷下具有复杂的应力应变关系, 通常表现出液化过程中的大变形以及往返活动性现象. 为简单有效地模拟上述特性, 在超固结UH模型的基础上, 将其扩展为可考虑砂土动力加载下的本构模型. 具体做法有3点: (1)改变屈服面椭圆长短轴之比, 将比值定义为反映应力诱导各向异性转轴斜率的函数; (2)引入旋转硬化规则, 用来反映应力诱导各向异性; (3)建立一个与旋转硬化规则以及临界状态特性相协调的统一硬化参数. 模型预测结果表明, 所提动力模型可简单、有效地用于砂土在动力载荷下应力应变关系的模拟. 最后将该动力UH模型嵌入到有限元软件中, 三维地基的动力加载模拟结果表明, 动力UH模型可方便地应用于岩土工程实践中.      

桩网二元组合在加固软基中的应用研究

工程实践表明对软土地基工后沉降和不均匀沉降有特殊要求的构筑物,采用桩网加固地基是一种经济有效的处理方法。由于其作用机理、荷载传递方式是一个复杂的相互作用问题,本文运用应力扩散原理估算筋材承受的荷载,并由此计算筋材的拉力和割线模量,为桩网法设计提供理论依据。     

快速颗粒流动

<正> 1 引言 颗粒材料是大量离散固体粒子的聚集.一般地说,粒子间的间隙充满着诸如空气或水之类的流体,因此技术上,颗粒流动是多相过程.然而,如果粒子是密堆积的,或者如果它们比间隙流体稠密得多,则在材料内部的动量输运中粒子将单独地(而不是流体的作用或流体-粒子间相互作用)起最大的作用,在这种情况下,在描述流动行为时可以忽略间隙流体.颗粒材料的流动通常归入这种极端情况的范畴,这样就可把它看成是弥散的单相流动而不是     

主应力轴旋转对压实黄土动变形特性的影响

实际工程中的地基或路基的土体往往处于复杂初始应力状态,在地震或其他动荷载的作用下会出现变形和沉降,而常规的室内土工试验无法真实再现这种固结应力条件下土的动力特性。通过对原有的DTC 199型周期扭转荷载三轴仪进行简单的改造后可进行土体在主应力轴发生旋转时的压实黄土动变形的试验研究。结果表明,在其他固结条件不变的情况下,初始主应力方向角α对压实黄土的动剪切模量有一定的影响,随着α的增加,动剪切模量有减小的趋势,最大动剪应力也逐渐减小,但是α对最大动剪切模量的影响不太显著。初始主应力方向角α对压实黄土的阻尼比基本没有影响,在λ-lgγd的半对数坐标图中,阻尼比随动剪应变的增加有逐渐增大的趋势,并且表现出较好的相关性。     

粗糙颗粒的随机离散元模拟——随机法向接触定律

真实颗粒的力学性质会受到其随机粗糙表面的影响,然而在传统离散元模拟中通常假设颗粒具有光滑表面,因此有必要在定量考虑颗粒表面粗糙度的基础上改进离散元的接触模型。本文基于经典 Greenwood-Williamson(GW)模型通过理论分析和数值模拟提出了一种可以考虑颗粒表面粗糙度的法向接触定律;开发了基于 Newton-Raphson迭代的数值计算方法,通过输入颗粒重叠量和一系列表面粗糙系数计算总接触力;讨论了改进计算方法效率和准确性的相关问题。相对于 GW模型中接触关系的复杂积分表示,拟合得到新随机接触定律的表达式具有类似 Hertz定律的简单结构,只包含一个表征颗粒表面粗糙度标准偏差的新增参数,σ,可以方便的引入当前离散元模拟程序中进行计算。     

Wave interaction with a new type perforated breakwater

In this study examined is the wave interaction with a new modified perforated breakwater, consisting of a perforated front wall, a solid back wall and a wave absorbing chamber between them with a two-layer rock-filled core. The fluid domain is divided into three sub-domains according to the components of the breakwater. Then by means of the matched eigenfunction expansion method, an analytical solution is obtained to assess the hydrodynamic performance of the new structure. An approach based on a step approach method is introduced to solve the complex dispersion equations for water wave motions within two-layer porous media. Numerical results of the present model are compared with previous limiting cases. The effects of rock fill on the reflection coefficient and the horizontal wave force are discussed. The project supported by the Program for Changjiang Scholars and Innovative Research Teams in Universities (IRT0420). The English text was polished by Keren Wang.     

抽水引起的含水层水平应变──地裂缝活动新机理

基于Darcy -Gersevanov广义渗流关系式 ,本文首先导出了单井定流量抽水引起的泰斯承压含水层水平运动和应变解析表达式 ,并据此提出了抽水诱发地裂缝活动的含水层水平应变新机理 ,其主要观点为 :受井栅的约束阻挡作用 ,抽水活动将在含水层内部形成近井径向挤压区和远井径向拉张区两个应变区域 ,随着抽水时间的增长 ,近井径向挤压区将逐渐向外扩展 ;当地裂缝及其下伏断层或裂隙位于抽水活动引起的径向拉张应变区域时 ,地裂缝将出现加速活动 ;反之 ,当地裂缝处于抽水活动引起的径向挤压应变区域时 ,地裂缝活动反而受到抑制。上述地裂缝活动机理通过大同机车工厂现场抽水实验得到了初步证实。     

Propagation and scattering of waves by dense arrays of impenetrable cylinders in a waveguide

A coupled numerical scheme, based on modal expansions and boundary integral representations, is developed for treating propagation and scattering by dense arrays of impenetrable cylinders inside a waveguide. Numerical results are presented and discussed concerning reflection and transmission, as well as the wave details both inside and outside the array. The method is applied to water waves propagating over an array of vertical cylinders in constant depth extended all over the water column, operating as a porous breakwater unit in a periodic arrangement (segmented breakwater). Focusing on the reflection and transmission properties, a simplified model is also derived, based on Foldy–Lax theory. The latter provides an equivalent index of refraction of the medium representing the porous structure, modeled as an inclusion in the waveguide. Results obtained by the present fully coupled and approximate models are compared against experimental measurements, collected in wave tank, showing good agreement. The present analysis permits an efficient calculation of the properties of the examined structure, reducing the computational cost and supporting design and optimization studies.     

Mathematical study on wave interaction with a composite poroelastic submerged breakwater

In this paper the problem of wave propagation over an adjoining-type of composite submerged poroelastic breakwater with different materials is investigated theoretically. A new analytical solution for describing the dynamic response of wave interaction with poroelastic structures is presented. A set of simultaneous equations is developed and numerically solved in order to produce a general solution for each region subject to matching boundary conditions. The present paper focuses on the changes of influence parameters such as different component widths of the composite breakwater, permeability coefficients, composite materials and configurations of breakwater on wave variations.     

Modeling the interaction of solitary waves and semi-circular breakwaters by using unsteady reynolds equations

A vertical 2 -D numerical wave model was developed based on unsteady Reynolds equations. In this model, the k-epsilon models were used to close the Reynolds equations, and volume of fluid( VOF) method was used to reconstruct the free surface. The model was verified by experimental data. Then the model was used to simulate solitary wave interaction with submerged, alternative submerged and emerged semi-circular breakwaters. The process of velocity field, pressure field and the wave surface near the breakwaters was obtained. It is found that when the semi-circular breakwater is submerged, a large vortex will be generated at the bottom of the lee side wall of the breakwater ; when the still water depth is equal to the radius of the semi-circular breakwater, a pair of large vortices will be generated near the shoreward wall of the semi-circular breakwater due to wave impacting, but the velocity near the bottom of the lee side wall of the breakwater is always relatively small. When the semi-circular breakwater is emerged, and solitary wave cannot overtop it, the solitary wave surface will run up and down secondarily during reflecting from the breakwater. It can be further used to estate the diffusing and transportation of the contamination and transportation of suspended sediment.     

波浪与新型双排开孔圆筒防波堤相互作用三维数值模拟

双排开孔圆筒防波堤是基于圆筒、板式结构的一种复合式新型结构型式;基于不可压缩两相流模型建立三维数值波浪水槽,通过RNG k-ε湍流模型进行湍流封闭,并采用TruVOF方法捕捉自由液面,开展波浪与双排开孔圆筒防波堤相互作用数值模拟,探究相对排间距、开孔率对新型双排开孔圆筒防波堤消浪性能的影响,分析了后排开孔圆筒防波堤附近的复杂水动力现象和流动特性.结果表明,在本文研究工况范围内,沿程平均波高随相对排间距的增大先增大后减小,随开孔率的增大而增大,周期对沿程平均波高的影响没有明显规律;当B/D=9, e=23.11%时,新型双排开孔圆筒防波堤消浪效果最优,反射系数在0.4～0.46之间,透射系数在0.3～0.35之间,耗散系数在0.8～0.85之间;自由液面破碎、水气掺混、环状涡运动演化是新型双排开孔圆筒防波堤紊动耗能消波的主要原因;相对排间距会引起后排防波堤附近涡量分布以及剪切层形态的变化,从而导致不同的紊动特性,影响双排开孔圆筒防波堤消浪特性.研究结果可以为新型双排开孔圆筒防波堤工程设计与消浪机理研究提供理论支撑.     

Numerical simulations of wave interactions with vertical wave barriers using the SPH method

This paper focuses on the fluid boundary separation problem of the conventional dynamic solid boundary treatment (DSBT) and proposes a modified DSBT (MDSBT). Classic 2D free dam break flows and 3D dam break flows against a rectangular box are used to assess the performance of this MDSBT in free surface flow and violent fluid–structure interaction, respectively. Another test, water column oscillations in a U‐tube, is specially designed to reveal the applicability of dealing with two types of particular boundaries: the wet–dry solid boundary and the large‐curvature solid boundary. A comparison between the numerical results and the experimental data shows that the MDSBT is capable of eliminating the fluid boundary separation, improving the accuracy of the solid boundary pressure calculations and preventing the unphysical penetration of fluid particles. Using a 2D SPH numerical wave tank with MDSBT, the interactions between regular waves and a simplified vertical wave barrier are simulated. The numerical results reveal that the maximum horizontal force occurs at the endpoint of the vertical board, and with the enlargement of the relative submerged board length, the maximum moment grows linearly; furthermore, the relative average mass transportation under the breakwater initially increases to 11.14 per wave strike but is later reduced. The numerical simulation of a full‐scale 3D wave barrier with two vertical boards shows that the wave and structure interactions in the practical project are far more complicated than in the simplified 2D models. The SPH model using the MDSBT is capable of providing a reference for engineering designs. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Diffraction of waves by semi-infinite breakwater using finite and infinite elements

A finite and infinite element model is derived to predict wave patterns around a semi-infinite breakwater in water of constant depth. Both circular and square meshes of elements are used. The wave theory used is that of Berkhoff. The appropriate boundary conditions for finite and infinite boundaries are described. The singularity in the velocity at the breakwater tip is modelled effectively using the technique of Henshell and Shaw originally developed in elasticity. The results agree well with the analytical solution. In addition the problem of waves incident upon a semi-infinite breakwater and parabolic shoal, where both diffraction and refraction are present, is solved. There is no analytical solution for this case. The combination of finite and infinite elements is found to be an effective and accurate technique for such problems.     

基于卷积神经网络的涵洞式直立堤波浪透射预测

涵洞式直立堤是一种具有特殊用途的海岸工程结构物,对其透浪特性的研究具有重要工程意义.然而,目前众多学者对于涵洞式直立堤波浪透射问题的研究主要以理论分析、实验模拟及数值计算为主.随着机器学习技术的发展,传统水动力学问题迎来了新的求解理念.机器学习算法可根据训练数据集自主学习相应的规律,以数据映射的方式建立水动力学特征预测...     

Buckle propagation in pipe-in-pipe systems.: Part I. Experiments

Pipe-in-pipe systems are extensively used in offshore pipeline applications in which thermal insulation of the pipeline is necessary. Typically, the space between the two pipes is either empty or contains insulation material which provide minimal mechanical support to the system. In deepwater applications, the carrier pipe must be designed to resist collapse due to the ambient external pressure while the design of the inner pipe is usually governed by the pressure of the hydrocarbons it carries. The integrity of the two-pipe system in the event of accidental collapse of the carrier pipe is an issue of concern.In Part I of this two-part report, the results of an extensive experimental study of the problem are presented. The experiments were carried out on two-inch diameter carrier tubes with D/t values of 24.1, 21.1 and 16.7 and inner tubes of several diameters and wall thicknesses. In most cases local collapse of the outer tube led to simultaneous collapse of the inner one. Subsequently, the collapse propagated simultaneously collapsing both pipes. The propagation pressure of the two-pipe system (P_P2) has been quantified parametrically. An interesting second mode of collapse propagation was also discovered in which the carrier pipe collapses leaving the inner one intact. Propagation of collapse affecting both pipes is still possible but usually at a higher pressure level. The pressure at which this switch takes place has been found to closely correspond to the propagation pressure of a carrier pipe with a solid rod insert (P_PS) of the same diameter as the inner pipe. The parametric dependence of P_PS has also been established experimentally. Part I finishes with a discussion of how these new critical pressures of pipe-in-pipe systems should influence the design of such pipelines.