Solar UV Irradiances Modulate Effects of Ocean Acidification on the Coccolithophorid Emiliania huxleyi

Emiliania huxleyi, the most abundant coccolithophorid in the oceans, is naturally exposed to solar UV radiation (UVR, 280–400 nm) in addition to photosynthetically active radiation (PAR). We investigated the physiological responses of E. huxleyi to the present day and elevated CO₂ (390 vs 1000 μatm; with pH_NBS 8.20 vs 7.86) under indoor constant PAR and fluctuating solar radiation with or without UVR. Enrichment of CO₂ stimulated the production rate of particulate organic carbon (POC) under constant PAR, but led to unchanged POC production under incident fluctuating solar radiation. The production rates of particulate inorganic carbon (PIC) as well as PIC/POC ratios were reduced under the elevated CO₂, ocean acidification (OA) condition, regardless of PAR levels, and the presence of UVR. However, moderate levels of UVR increased PIC production rates and PIC/POC ratios. OA treatment interacted with UVR to influence the alga's physiological performance, leading to reduced specific growth rate in the presence of UVA (315–400 nm) and decreased quantum yield, along with enhanced nonphotochemical quenching, with addition of UVB (280–315 nm). The results clearly indicate that UV radiation needs to be invoked as a key stressor when considering the impacts of ocean acidification on E. huxleyi.     

在紫外和可见光下具有高催化活性的珊瑚状金红石型二氧化钛的制备

采用溶剂热法在二乙二醇溶液中制备了珊瑚状的金红石二氧化钛(Rut-dg)。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)表明样品呈均匀分散的球形颗粒,直径约为1μm,表面具有珊瑚状的突起结构,半径约10 nm。氮气吸附-脱附结果表明样品比表面达到228 m2·g-1,是商品金红石的7倍多。由于其特殊的形貌,Rut-dg在紫外光下的催化产氢量达到25 000μmol·g-1·h-1,比P25高出50%,是商品金红石活性的13倍。在可见光下的产氢量为270μmol·g-1·h-1,而P25和商品金红石则没有明显活性。进一步实验表明,Rut-dg样品表面检测不到可能引起活性增加的有机杂质存在,因此,珊瑚状的形貌是影响活性的重要因素。样品在300℃焙烧后,珊瑚状表面结构明显烧结,比表面下降了50%,导致产氢量下降了15%～25%,这也说明珊瑚状结构大大促进了光催化产氢活性的提高。     

不同染料共敏化TiO2可见光分解水产氢性能研究

以光催化还原水制氢为指标反应系统地考察了若干种染料对TiO2的共敏化作用,研究表明曙红Y(EosinY,EY)和玫瑰红(Rose Bengal,RB)对TiO2的共敏化效果最为显著,而钌染料(Ru(bipy)3Cl2,Ru)分别与EY和RB的共敏化效果则不显著或没有共敏化效应.UV-Vis吸收光谱和荧光光谱技术对染料共敏化体系的表征结果表明,在EY/RB体系中显著的共敏化效应不仅与染料对可见光的吸收增加有关,而且还与染料分子之间的荧光共振能量转移(FRET)有关,这种荧光共振能量转移可有效降低染料激发态由于荧光猝灭导致的能量损失,提高光催化产氢效率.瞬态光电流实验和单色光产氢实验结果也进一步确证了这种作用.我们的研究结果还表明,在Ru/EY和Ru/RB体系中,必须加入甲基紫精作为电子中继试剂才能使催化剂具有光催化活性.在优化的反应条件下(λ≥420 nm),EY/RB共敏化体系的产氢量子效率分别比EY和RB单一染料敏化体系提高了36.3%和215.4%.     

可见光响应光触媒的测试研究

在液-固相光催化反应体系,采用自旋捕捉-电子自旋共振（ESR）技术,进行可见光响应光触媒的测试研究。在光催化反应体系中加入自由基捕捉剂5-二乙氧基磷酰基-5-甲基-1-吡咯啉-氮氧化物（DEPMP0）,测试不同的光辐射条件下溶液的ESR波谱,测试跟踪光催化反应过程中自由基的动态。本法简便、准确、快捷,可用于光触媒性能的测试以及光催化反应机理的研究。     

Cobalt Ion-Doped TiO(2) Photocatalyst Response to Visible Light

Photocatalytic activity under visible light irradiation was generated by doping a small amount of Co(2+) ions into TiO(2) particles. Nanometer-sized particles with the composition xCoO-(100-x) TiO(2) (xCo/TiO(2); 0300 nm) light irradiation but also induced the visible light (lambda>400 nm) response. The highest photocatalytic activities were obtained at x=0.03 for both irradiations. Copyright 2000 Academic Press.     

Photocatalytic Activity of Fe and Ce Co‐doped Mesoporous TiO2 Catalyst under UV and Visible Light

The catalysts of un‐doped, single‐doped and co‐doped mesoporous titanium dioxide (MTiO₂) were prepared by a template method with tetrabutyltitanate (Ti(OC₄H₉)₄) as a Ti source material and Pluronic P123 as a template. The photo‐absorbance of the obtained catalysts was measured by UV‐vis absorption spectroscopy, and the photocatalytic activities of the prepared samples under UV and visible light were estimated by measuring the degradation rate of methyl orange (MO) (50 mg/L) in an aqueous solution. It was shown that the co‐doped MTiO₂ could be activated by visible light and could thus be used as an effective catalyst in photo‐oxidation reactions. The effect of Fe and Ce co‐dopants on the material properties was investigated by X‐ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and N₂ adsorption‐desorption isotherm measurement. The characterizations indicated that the photocatalysts possessed a homogeneous pore diameter of ca. 10 nm with high surface area of ca. 150 m²/g. The photocatalytic activity of MTiO₂ co‐doped with Fe and Ce was markedly improved due to the synergistic actions of the two dopants.     

不同形态铈改性的TiO2纳米管阵列的制备及其可见光光电响应性质

采用电化学阴极还原和阳极氧化法,制备了还原态铈和氧化态铈改性的TiO2纳米管阵列,通过扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)表征样品形貌和晶相,得出还原态铈以单质铈纳米纤维形式存在于TiO2纳米管内及表面,单质铈改性的TiO2纳米管经阳极氧化后,以CeO2和单质Ce形式共存.测定样品的光电流响应并计算样品的能带宽度.结果表明:单质铈改性的TiO2纳米管阵列在可见光区光电流响应较TiO2纳米管增强,单质铈添加存在最佳值,在10 mmol·L-1溶液中制备的单质铈改性的TiO2纳米管阵列光电流响应最强,能带宽度E9减少到2.88 eV,并且随着单质铈含量的增加,载流子浓度增大,且平带电位向负向移动.单质铈改性的样品经阳极氧化后,样品在紫外光区和可见光区光电流响应都增强,但其在可见光区的响应强度要小于单质铈改性的TiO2纳米管在可见光区的响应强度.     

可见光响应Gd-N-TiO2纳米光催化剂的溶胶-水热制备及表征

利用溶胶-水热法制备了未掺杂、N掺杂、Gd掺杂和Gd-N共掺杂TiO2纳米光催化剂,以甲基橙(MO)溶液在紫外光和可见光照射下的光催化脱色评价其光活性;采用XRD、XPS、BET、UV-Vis和PL分析技术表征样品的物理化学性能,探讨Gd-N共掺杂对TiO2光活性的影响机制。结果表明,Gd掺杂能有效抑制光生e-/h+的复合,提高光量子效率;抑制TiO2晶粒生长,改善样品表面织构特性,明显提高紫外光活性。N掺杂窄化TiO2带隙,拓宽光吸收范围至可见光区,从而提高了可见光活性。Gd-N共掺杂进一步窄化带隙增加可见光吸收,减小晶粒尺寸,改善样品的表面织构特性,增强织构的热稳定性。与单掺杂样品相比,Gd-N-TiO2在可见光照射下对MO的光催化脱色活性进一步提高,这归因于Gd-N共掺杂的协同效应。     

可见光下高催化活性不同结构Sr/TiO2催化剂的制备和表征

采用分步沉积法制备不同Sr/Ti 摩尔比例的Sr/TiO₂催化剂, 以X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、透射电镜(TEM)、傅里叶变换红外(FT-IR) 光谱、紫外-可见漫反射光谱(UV-Vis RDS)等手段对样品进行了表征, 以可见光催化降解亚甲基蓝为模型反应考察样品光催化活性. 结果表明, 催化剂的活性和结构随Sr/Ti 摩尔比(n(Sr)/n(Ti))的变化而变化, 当n(Sr)/n(Ti)≤3/2 时, 催化剂呈由TiO₂和SrTiO₃组成的球状结构; 而当n(Sr)/n(Ti)在3/2 与4/1 之间时, 催化剂呈片状结构, 且随着n(Sr)/n(Ti)增大, 催化剂组成由SrTiO₃ 和Sr₂₄ 变为Sr₂₄和Sr(OH)₂·H₂O; 当n(Sr)/n(Ti)=9/1 时, 催化剂呈以Sr(OH)₂·H₂O为主的针状结构. 其中, n(Sr)/n(Ti)=4/1的样品表现出最高的光催化活性, 一级反应速率为SrTiO₃钙钛矿催化剂的5.0倍, 商用P25的86.7倍.     

Hydrosulfonylation of Alkenes with Sulfonyl Chlorides under Visible Light Activation

Sulfonyl chlorides are inexpensive reactants extensively explored for functionalization, but never considered for radical hydrosulfonylation of alkenes. Herein, we report that tris(trimethylsilyl)silane is an ideal hydrogen atom donor enabling highly effective photoredox‐catalyzed hydrosulfonylation of electron‐deficient alkenes with sulfonyl chlorides. To increase the generality of this transformation, polarity‐reversal catalysis (PRC) was successfully implemented for alkenes bearing alkyl substituents. This late‐stage functionalization method tolerates a remarkably wide range of functional groups, is operationally simple, scalable, and allows access to building blocks which are important for medicinal chemistry and drug discovery.     

TEMPO‐Mediated Oxidation of Primary Alcohols to Aldehydes under Visible Light and Air

A homogeneous visible light photoredox TEMPO‐mediated selective oxidation of primary alcohols to the corresponding carbonyl compounds was developed using molecular oxygen from air as the terminal oxidant. Ru(bpy)₃(PF₆)₂ (bpy: bipyridyl) and Ir(dtb‐bpy)(ppy)₂(PF₆) (dtb‐bpy: 4,4′‐di‐tert‐butyl‐2,2′‐bipyridyl; ppy: 2‐phenylpyridine) were used as the sensitizers.     

Activation of the General Stress Response of Bacillus subtilis by Visible Light

A key challenge for microbiology is to understand how evolution has shaped the wiring of regulatory networks. This is amplified by the paucity of information of power‐spectra of physicochemical stimuli to which microorganisms are exposed. Future studies of genome evolution, driven by altered stimulus regimes, will therefore require a versatile signal transduction system that allows accurate signal dosing. Here, we review the general stress response of Bacillus subtilis, and its upstream signal transduction network, as a candidate system. It can be activated by red and blue light, and by many additional stimuli. Signal integration therefore is an intricate function of this system. The blue‐light response is elicited via the photoreceptor YtvA, which forms an integral part of stressosomes, to activate expression of the stress regulon of B. subtilis. Signal transfer through this network can be assayed with reporter enzymes, while intermediate steps can be studied with live‐cell imaging of fluorescently tagged proteins. Different parts of this system have been studied in vitro, such that its computational modeling has made significant progress. One can directly relate the microscopic characteristics of YtvA with activation of the general stress regulon, making this system a very well‐suited system for network evolution studies.     

Magnetic ZnO Crystal Nanoparticle Growth on Reduced Graphene Oxide for Enhanced Photocatalytic Performance under Visible Light Irradiation

Magnetite zinc oxide (MZ) (Fe₃O₄/ZnO) with different ratios of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) was synthesized using the solid-state method. The structural and optical properties of the nanocomposites were analyzed using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Raman spectroscopy, Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), ultraviolet–visible diffuse reflectance spectroscopy (UV–Vis/DRS), and photoluminescence (PL) spectrophotometry. In particular, the analyses show higher photocatalytic movement for crystalline nanocomposite (MZG) than MZ and ZnO nanoparticles. The photocatalytic degradation of methylene blue (MB) with crystalline ZnO for 1.5 h under visible light was 12%. By contrast, the photocatalytic activity for MZG was more than 98.5%. The superior photocatalytic activity of the crystalline nanocomposite was detected to be due to the synergistic effect between magnetite and zinc oxide in the presence of reduced graphene oxide. Moreover, the fabricated nanocomposite had high electron–hole stability. The crystalline nanocomposite was stable when the material was used several times.     

In situ observation of the internal structure and composition of biomineralized Emiliania huxleyi calcite by solid-state NMR Spectroscopy

Biomineralization, particularly the formation of calcium carbonate structures by organisms under ambient conditions, is of vast fundamental and applied interest. Organisms finely control all aspects of the formation of the biomaterials: composition, polymorph, morphology, and macroscopic properties. While in situ molecular-level characterization of the resulting biominerals is a formidable task, solid-state magic angle spinning NMR is one of the most powerful analytical techniques for this purpose. It is employed in this study to elucidate the structure and composition of biogenic calcite formed by Emiliania huxleyi, a unicellular alga distinguished by its exquisitely sculptured calcite cell coverings known as coccoliths. Strain 371 (CCMP) was grown and harvested from (15)N- and (13)C-enriched growth medium, with biosynthetic labeling to enhance the sensitivity of the NMR measurements. Crystalline and interfacial calcite environments were selectively probed using direct and indirect (cross-polarized) (13)C excitation, respectively. Different crystalline environments, in particular structural defect sites at concentrations of up to 1.4% with P and N moieties incorporated, were identified using (13)C rotational-echo double-resonance (REDOR) NMR. REDOR-derived geometrical constraints show that the P and N atoms at the defect sites are 3.2 and 2.3 (+/-0.2) A apart from a crystalline carbon carbonate. The phosphorus and nitrogen moieties within the biogenic calcite are identified as small, non-protonated moieties, attributed to inorganic ions such as PO4(3-) and NO3(-). The carbonates adjacent to these defects are chemically indistinguishable from bulk crystalline carbonates, yet their immediate environments experience reduced rigidity, as reflected by substantial T1((13)CO3(2-)) shortening. Interfacial carbonates, on the other hand, reside in structurally/chemically perturbed environments, as reflected by heterogeneous line broadening. This study is the first to directly unravel evidence on the incorporation of P/N moieties as structural defects within E. huxleyi biogenic calcite, and on the state of the adjacent crystalline carbonates.     

铕掺杂TiO2的制备及其可见光光催化性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了不同铕(Eu)掺杂量的TiO₂纳米颗粒(Eu-TiO₂),利用透射电镜(TEM),X射线光电子能谱(XPS),X射线衍射(XRD)及紫外可见漫反射(UV-Vis DRS)等方法对Eu-TiO₂进行了物理特性的初步表征.结果表明:与未掺杂纳米TiO₂比较,Eu-TiO₂禁带宽度变窄,具有可见光光催化活性.在可见光下(λ≥420 nm)照射下,以光催化降解染料罗丹明B(Rhodamine B,RhB)为目标反应,探讨了Eu-TiO₂不同制备条件对RhB降解光催化活性的影响,优化得到制备高活性Eu-TiO₂最佳pH为3、掺杂比例(n_Eu/n_Ti)为0.05%、煅烧温度为500 ℃.研究了可见光照射下Eu-TiO₂降解RhB和无色有机小分子水杨酸(SA)光催化反应条件及降解特性,RhB的12 h深度氧化矿化率为60.2%,SA的8 h降解率达到100%.通过跟踪测定可见光下Eu-TiO₂光催化反应过程中氧化物种的变化,研究了可见光激发Eu-TiO₂光催化反应机理,表明其光催化反应主要涉及羟基自由基(·OH)历程.     

可见光响应Bi2WO6薄膜的制备与光电化学性能

采用非晶态配合物-提拉法在ITO导电玻璃基底上制备得到Bi2WO6薄膜. 采用FE-SEM、XRD、Raman、DRS、光电流响应谱、IPCE等手段, 研究了Bi2WO6薄膜的形貌、结构、光电性能以及薄膜结构与光电性能的关系. 结果表明, 450 ℃以上煅烧可以得到Bi2WO6结晶薄膜, 薄膜由沿(131)晶面趋向生长的Bi2WO6纳米颗粒组成, 颗粒的粒度随煅烧温度的升高而增大, 同时颗粒之间的间距也相应增大. ITO/Bi2WO6薄膜电极在可见光(λ>400 nm)照射下可以产生光电流, 光电流强度与光强度线性相关; 光电流强度和光电转换量子效率受Bi2WO6薄膜结构的影响, 通过控制薄膜的煅烧温度等制备条件, 可以提高薄膜光电极的光电转换量子效率.     

白光及紫外光辐照下甲氨碘化铅基钙钛矿太阳能电池降解机制差异

本工作实验对比了可见光以及紫外光辐照下甲氨碘化铅(CH3NH3PbI3即MAPbI3)基钙钛矿太阳能电池器件性能及微结构演变特征差异.结果表明可见光辐照下钙钛矿太阳能电池器件中MAPbI3层发生降解的同时,伴随着Au元素从金属电极一侧向MAPbI3和电子传输层SnO2的界面处迁移现象.但相较于紫外光,可见光辐照下器件中...     

CdS形貌可控制备及其可见光分解水产氢性能

以还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)作为硫源和结构导向剂水热法“一壶”制备系列硫化镉(CdS)光催化材料,采用透射电镜(HRTEM)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、紫外可见漫反射(UV-Vis)、荧光光谱(PL)、比表面分析仪(BET)和光解水产氢反应等对催化材料的微观表面结构、光吸收性能以及光催化性能进行了研究。结果表明:通过调节反应物的nCd/nS比和水热温度等参数可控的制备出分散性好的CdS实心纳米球(s-CdS)、空心纳米球(h-CdS)以及纳米棒(r-CdS)等不同微观形貌的光催化材料。对比研究了不同形貌光催化剂的光解水产氢的宏观性能,发现s-CdS产氢活性最高,h-Cd次之,r-CdS最差。这一结果可归结于构成实心球表面亚微晶的粒径相比其它形貌的小,导致电子-空穴对快速迁移至表面并与溶液反应,抑制体相复合,导致生成的氢气量大大的提高。     

CdS形貌可控制备及其可见光分解水产氢性能

以还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)作为硫源和结构导向剂水热法“一壶”制备系列硫化镉(CdS)光催化材料,采用透射电镜(HRTEM)、场发射扫描电镜(FESEM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、紫外可见漫反射(UV-Vis)、荧光光谱(PL)、比表面分析仪(BET)和光解水产氢反应等对催化材料的微观表面结构、光吸收性能以及光催化性能进行了研究。结果表明：通过调节反应物的nCd/nS比和水热温度等参数可控的制备出分散性好的CdS实心纳米球(s-CdS)、空心纳米球(h-CdS)以及纳米棒(r-CdS)等不同微观形貌的光催化材料。对比研究了不同形貌光催化剂的光解水产氢的宏观性能,发现s-CdS产氢活性最高,h-Cd次之,r-CdS最差。这一结果可归结于构成实心球表面亚微晶的粒径相比其它形貌的小,导致电子-空穴对快速迁移至表面并与溶液反应,抑制体相复合,导致生成的氢气量大大的提高。