大型光学天文望远镜风载作用分析

风载对光学天文望远镜结构和镜面的作用将直接影响望远镜的面形精度和跟踪指向控制,从而降低望远镜的像质。特别是未来大型望远镜越来越多地采用主动光学技术,风载的作用将是影响主动光学子镜的主动控制及望远镜整体性能的重要因素。回顾了大型望远镜风载作用的分析方法和随机风载的性质,详细介绍了采用风速功率谱密度方法进行随机风载分析的过程和采用有限元方法分析建模的方法;建立了一个拼接镜面主动光学望远镜的完整计算模型,研究了子镜及望远镜整体在风载作用下的静态和动态响应,并分析了风载对镜面面形和望远镜的跟踪指向精度的影响。     

Geometry and optics calibration of WFCTA prototype telescopes using star light

The Large High Altitude Air Shower Observatory (LHAASO) project is proposed to study high energy gamma ray astronomy (40 GeV-1 PeV) and cosmic ray physics (20 TeV-1 EeV). The wide field of view Cherenkov telescope array, as a component of the LHAASO project, will be used to study the energy spectrum and composition of cosmic rays by measuring the total Cherenkov light generated by air showers and the shower maximum depth. Two prototype telescopes have been in operation since 2008. The pointing accuracy of each telescope is crucial for the direction reconstruction of the primary particles. On the other hand, the primary energy reconstruction relies on the shape of the Cherenkov image on the camera and the unrecorded photons due to the imperfect connections between the photomultiplier tubes. UV bright stars are used as point-like objects to calibrate the pointing and to study the optical properties of the camera, the spot size and the fractions of unrecorded photons in the insensitive areas of the camera.     

X射线天文望远镜的进展

综述了近年来X射线天文望远镜(如准直型望远镜、编码孔径望远镜、正入射周期多层膜望远镜、掠入射单层膜望远镜和掠入射非周期多层膜望远镜以及新型的“龙虾眼”型望远镜)的发展；阐述了各种X射线天文望远镜工作的原理和成像特点，指出各种X射线天文望远镜之间的性能是相互补充的；简要说明了国内近年来在X射线天文望远镜研究方面取得的进展，并展望了下一步工作．     

地基大口径望远镜系统结构技术综述

概述了地基大口径望远镜的发展状况,阐述了口径变大的意义及实现的关键技术途径。概括了当前大口径望远镜的应用价值。介绍了国外5种典型的大口径望远镜系统,它们代表了当前地基大口径望远镜发展的最高技术水平。从跟踪架、主望远镜筒、主镜支撑及次镜支撑调整几个方面论述了大口径望远镜的结构特点及关键技术。最后,总结了大口径望远镜系统的发展趋势,指出其光学系统已从同轴系统向离轴系统发展并极具应用前景。     

Radioastronomy with LOFAR

LOFAR is the first radiotelescope of a new generation, which can be described as “software telescopes”. Observing between 15 and 240 MHz, the main complexity of LOFAR does not lie in the receivers (crossed, active dipoles), but in the hierarchical organisation of a large number of antennae (almost 50 000) and in the analysis of the incoming data in a large computing facility. Rather than mechanically steering the telescope, pointing occurs fully numerically, and all observations are pre-processed on the fly to obtain a reasonable data volume. LOFAR will be 10 to 100 times more sensitive than the current instruments in the same frequency range. It will achieve sub-arcsecond resolution, which is 10 to 100 times better than the resolution of existing low-frequency instruments. It is also one of the most flexible instruments, making it interesting for a large number of scientific fields.     

光学天文望远镜的足迹

文章以较为轻松的笔调概述了光学天文望远镜400年的发展史.全文分7个部分,内容包括望远镜的诞生、像差和消色差透镜、传统的反射望远镜和折射望远镜、施密特望远镜的作用、当代巨型望远镜的出现、空间望远镜,以及对月基望远镜的憧憬.     

Telescope illumination and beam measurements for submillimeter astronomy

Submillimeter receivers which operate in the highest frequency atmospheric windows must still be mounted on large infrared and optical telescopes. Finding the optimum submillimeter wave illumination for these large telescopes is simplified by their effectively perfect optical surfaces and long focal lengths, but is complicated by telescope optics which have been optimized for non-tapered beams. In order to determine the effects of changing illumination edge taper, we calculated idealized aperture and beam efficiencies for telescopes which are used for submillimeter astronomical observations. The optimum illumination edge taper for the large infrared telescopes is near 10 dB, somewhat less than for classical radio telescopes, and is not very critical as long as it is between 10 and 13 dB.We also present an accurate method for measuring the sizes of, and deviations from, Gaussian beam pattern distributions by using astronomical sources which have sizes comparable with the beam.     

Modern millimeter and submillimeter receiver systems for radio astronomy

In this review we consider the composition and placement of receiver complexes on millimeter and submillimeter wave radio telescopes as well as their components and circuitry. Examples of receiver complexes are given for both ground-based and space radio telescopes.     

光电望远镜暗弱目标识别算法及探测能力

通过空间目标的光度测量可判断目标在轨运动特性和进行编目识别。对光电望远镜在卫星姿态判定领域的应用进行了介绍,验证了一种暗弱目标识别算法,即霍夫变换。通过仿真计算分析了影响极限探测星等的因素,并从目标成像后在探测器上获得信噪比的一般计算公式出发,推导计算得出光电望远镜的极限探测星等理论值,并使用星图比对的方法进行了试验验证。结果表明,星图比对法是一种可靠的星等测量方法。     

一种空间超紫外望远镜在轨指向标定方法

介绍了一种不同波段的超紫外望远镜在轨指向的标定方法。此方法利用四个波段(13.0,17.1,19.5,30.4nm)的超紫外望远镜均有较高的光谱响应和能够对较强的太阳辐射光谱成像的特点,根据由不同的望远镜所获得的太阳的四个图像的变化,计算出了四个望远镜间的指向偏差。根据四个不同波段的超紫外望远镜的光学性能和太阳紫外辐射谱线的亮度优化出了具体的太阳辐射谱线,并对所选用的标定谱线的可行性进行了分析。该方法的在轨标定精度为0.1″。     

大气切伦科夫望远镜

两台自动跟踪大气切伦科夫望远镜已经在北京天文台兴隆观测站投入运行,它们用于寻找甚高能γ射线点源和研究点源的发射特性以及探测甚高能γ射线强度的空间分布. 本文介绍望远镜的结构和牲能以及在观测条件下的测试结果.     

Adaptive optics in astronomy

Since Galileo’s first observations in 1609, telescopes have grown dramatically in size. Larger telescopes collect more light, allowing astronomers to detect fainter sources and to look further back in time towards the birth of the universe. The angular resolution of these telescopes, however, has been limited by turbulence in the earth’s atmosphere. This limitation can be dramatically reduced with the use of adaptive optics (AO) to measure and correct the blurring introduced by atmospheric turbulence. AO is now routinely used for science observations on the world’s largest telescopes and is providing a much more detailed view of our universe.     

Multilayer Semiconductor Charged-Particle Spectrometers for Accelerator Experiments

The current state of studies in the field of development of multilayer semiconductor systems (semiconductor detector (SCD) telescopes), which allow the energy to be precisely measured within a large dynamic range (from a few to a few hundred MeV) and the particles to be identified in a wide mass range (from pions to multiply charged nuclear fragments), is presented. The techniques for manufacturing the SCD telescopes from silicon and high-purity germanium are described. The issues of measuring characteristics of the constructed detectors and their impact on the energy resolution of the SCD telescopes and on the quality of the experimental data are considered. Much attention is given to the use of the constructed semiconductor devices in experimental studies at accelerators of PNPI (Gatchina), LANL (Los Alamos) and CELSIUS (Uppsala).     

产生钠导引星星群的钠信标激光合/分束技术

研究了脉冲光束的偏振和时序非相干合成技术,通过偏振合束器将两路50 W级500 Hz的589 nm钠信标激光在空间上合为一束光线,成功突破了100 W级μs脉冲全固态钠信标激光输出;利用脉冲激光同步延时器控制两路激光脉冲的时序,使其按先后顺序合成一束脉冲激光,重复频率提升到1 kHz。合束后的激光光束质量M²约为1.41,与单光束的光束质量基本保持一致,光斑抖动性约为40μrad,可满足激光钠导引星自适应光学系统的应用需求。与传统的相干合成方法相比,该偏振和时序非相干合成方案具有结构简单、稳定、效率高的优点,且整个系统无需复杂的相位控制机制,为脉冲激光功率扩展提供了新途径。基于上述技术基础,结合自主提出的精密偏振分光专利技术,在丽江天文台通过一台发射望远镜将四束25 W/束的μs脉冲黄激光发射到钠层,成功产生了四颗钠导引星,这一结果将有助于推动大型地基光学望远镜中多层共轭自适应光学技术的发展。     

New prospects for astronomy

Astronomers in Britain have until very recently found it hard to obtain observing time on large optical telescopes. The success of observational X-ray and radio astronomy has revealed an urgent need for first-class telescopes on excellent sites. That need is now being met in Australia and at the new observatory on the island of La Palma, where the Royal Greenwich Observatory is providing three telescopes for the Science Research Council. The largest of these, 4.2m in diameter, is to be named the William Herschel Telescope in commemoration of the great telescope builder and observer.     

Massively parallel

The present surge in the building of telescopes of more than 6 m aperture far surpasses even the efforts of the 1970s when several 3·5-4 m telescopes were built. Early in the next century, astronomers world-wide will have gained about 750 m² of light-collecting area. New efficient detectors will make better use of the light collected by old and new telescopes alike. New optical designs promise further improvements.     

Astronomical gamma ray telescopes in the pair production regime

Most of the gamma ray telescopes used up to now for energies above about 50 MeV have been very similar in design. Anticipated requirements for future telescopes will probably necessitate the use of a considerable amount of new technology.     

高精度OTF标准望远镜的研制

为了建立光学计量标准的需要，研制了光学传递函数标准望远镜。研制中采用了一系列高精度的光学设计、制造和检测技术，本文总结设计原则和设计方法、光学结构参数测量、ＭＴＦ准确计算、ＭＴＦ测量以及ＭＴＦ的不确定度评定等一些关键技术问题。最后，介绍标准望远镜的主要技术性能。实测结果表明，其ＭＴＦ扩展不确定度达到轴上００３，轴外００６，是迄今国际报道的最好结果。     

Recording of ultrahigh-energy astrophysical neutrinos

This review is devoted to the problems of recording ultrahigh-energy neutrinos produced in distant astrophysical sources and during the decay of supermassive particles. Prospects for the detection of neutrino fluxes are considered based on peculiarities of the propagation and interaction of ultrahigh-energy neutrinos. The operating and planned facilities designed to investigate neutrinos from various sources are described: neutrino telescopes recording neutrino interactions in natural water and ice volumes; ground-based arrays of detectors and optical telescopes onboard orbital space stations capable of detecting neutrino-triggered horizontal air showers. Instruments based on new principles of recording neutrinos with extremely high energies are considered: radio telescopes designed to observe Cherenkov radio emission from neutrino cascades originating in such radio-transparent natural environments as the atmosphere, salt domes, ice packs, and lunar regolith; underwater acoustic detectors. It is shown that putting new facilities into operation will allow neutrinos from most of the known astrophysical sources with energies differing by more than ten orders of magnitude, from 10¹² to 10²²–10²⁴ eV, to be recorded.     

Reduction of laser spot elongation in adaptive optics

Adaptive optics systems measure the wave front to be corrected by use of a reference source, a star, or a laser beacon. Such laser guide stars are a few kilometers long, and when observed near the edges of large telescopes they appear elongated. This limits their utility significantly. However, with more sophisticated launch optics their shape and length can be controlled. We propose to string around the rim of a telescope a number of small telescopes that will add laser beams in the scattering medium to create a compact spot. The method could also be adapted for ocular adaptive optics.