全附体潜艇粘性流场的RANS模拟及场量和涡量的校验分析

采用相同拓扑结构和相近网格质量的4套网格和5种湍流模型,对全附体Suboff潜艇粘性流场进行RANS模拟,分析了网格密度、节点空间分布规律和湍流模型对计算精度的影响,详细校验了其力积分量、速度场量和涡量特征。结果表明:网格密度最大的G4网格(140万)计算精度最高,总阻力较实验值误差为0.723%,其采用SST湍流模型时最优。计算得到的压力系数和剪切应力系数分布均与实验值吻合很好;桨盘面速度等值线分布计算精度与文献相当,轴向相对速度0.9以上的计算半径稍大于实验值,其余半径与实验吻合较好;桨盘面上0.25倍半径处速度分量沿周向分布计算精度较文献高,轴向分量与实验值吻合较好,径向分量峰值稍小于实验值,但峰值所处周向位置与实验值一致。成功捕捉到了附体端面绕流诱导对旋涡、附体叶根截面下游处项链形涡对、尾翼端面尾缘上方附着涡蹄、附体马蹄涡系、尾翼截面通道流体挤压作用诱导涡以及桨盘面涡量汇集的潜艇涡量场特征,且围壳端面绕流诱导对旋涡沿流动方向持续稳定,不影响桨盘面涡量场,均与文献中由大涡模拟模拟得到的定性结论一致。研究表明,在网格密度较大、节点分布合理、网格质量较高、湍流模型选取适当和壁面函数使用有效的条件下,RANS模拟潜艇粘性流场的场量和涡量特征同样具有很高的计算精度,能够在工程应用中有力支撑新型艇型设计与性能分析。     

COMPUTATION OF SUPERSONIC TURBULENT FLOWFIELD WITH TRANSVERSE INJECTION

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Computation of three‐dimensional flow around square and circular piers

The aim of the present study is to investigate, by numerical simulation, the three‐dimensional turbulent flow field around square and circular piers. The numerical model employs a finite volume method based on MacCormack's explicit predictor–corrector scheme to solve weakly compressible hydrodynamic equations for turbulent flow. Computed results are compared with Dargahi's experimental measurements to assess the validity of the proposed model. Very good agreements are obtained. The results of flow simulation indicate that near the upstream face of the pier there exists a downflow, which joins the separated flow to form the horseshoe vortex stretched around the pier. This horseshoe vortex interacts with the wake vortex to create the upflow behind the pier. These phenomena appear to be very important to the mechanism of scouring around the pier. In general, the flow patterns for the square and circular piers are similar. However, the strengths of the downflow and horseshoe vortex are greater in the case of the square pier. The position of the horseshoe vortex around the circular pier is closer to the front face than that around the square pier. In the meantime, the domain of the wake flow in the case of the square pier is greater than that in the case of the circular one. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Effects of an upstream inclined rod on the circular cylinder–flat plate junction flow

An inclined rod is installed upstream of a circular cylinder mounted on a flat plate to mitigate the horseshoe vortices in the junction flow. Smoke-wire visualization, hot-wire velocity measurement and surface pressure measurement are employed to study the effects of the inclined rod on the laminar and turbulent junction flows. The results show a properly placed inclined rod can significantly weaken the horseshoe vortices in front of the cylinder, depress the unsteady oscillation of the vortex system, change the separation position on the flat plate and narrow the wake of the cylinder. The inclined rod method provides a promising way to suppress the horseshoe vortices in the junction flow because of its effectiveness and its easiness to implement and adjust to fit different flow conditions.     

Turbulent flow around a wall-mounted cube: A direct numerical simulation

An immersed-boundary method was employed to perform a direct numerical simulation (DNS) of flow around a wall-mounted cube in a fully developed turbulent channel for a Reynolds number Re = 5610, based on the bulk velocity and the channel height. Instantaneous results of the DNS of a plain channel flow were used as a fully developed inflow condition for the main channel. The results confirm the unsteadiness of the considered flow caused by the unstable interaction of a horseshoe vortex formed in front of the cube and on both its sides with an arch-type vortex behind the cube. The time-averaged data of the turbulence mean-square intensities, Reynolds shear stresses, kinetic energy and dissipation rate are presented. The negative turbulence production is predicted in the region in front of the cube where the main horseshoe vortex originates.     

Flow regimes in a single dimple on the channel surface

The boundaries of the domains of existence of flow regimes past single dimples made as spherical segments on a flat plate are determined with the use of available experimental results. Regimes of a diffuser-confuser flow, a horseshoe vortex, and a tornado-like vortex in the dimple are considered. Neither a horseshoe vortex nor a tornado-like vortex is observed in dimples with the relative depth smaller than 0.1. Transformations from the diffuser–confuser flow regime to the horseshoe vortex regime and from the horseshoe vortex flow to the tornado-like vortex flow are found to depend not only on the Reynolds number, but also on the relative depth of the spherical segment. Dependences for determining the boundaries of the regime existence domains are proposed, and parameters at which the experimental results can be generalized are given.     

Dynamic Mode Decomposition of a Wing-Body Junction Flow

Junction flows are subject to an intense adverse pressure gradient and three-dimensional separation when encountering a wall-mounted obstacle. A dynamically rich horseshoe vortex system is formed in this region. In this study the junction flow at the interaction of a wing and a flat plate is investigated. The numerical modelling is carried out using the three-dimensional large eddy simulation (LES) approach at the Reynolds number Re = 1.15×10⁵ based on the wing’s maximum thickness T and the free stream velocity U_ref. The comparison with the experimental results shows that the numerical simulations fairly accurately reproduce the phenomenon under study. The dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) of the resolved flow field is employed to obtain the coherent dynamics of the flow. To clearly demonstrate the oscillation characteristics and the horseshoe vortex structures of junction flow the velocity field in the plane of symmetry is decomposed with eduction of two dominant DMDmodes. These two DMDmodes are reconstituted and developed, together with the mean flow mode to explain the latent dynamics. Mode 1 reveals the merging of the horseshoe vortices and mode 2 is responsible for the process of fission and stretching.     

Some features of a turbulent wing–body junction vortical flow

Laser-Doppler velocimeter measurements of a wing/body junction flow field made within a plane to the side of the wing/wall junction and perpendicular both to a 3:2 elliptical nose—NACA 0020 tail wing, and a flat wall are presented. Reynolds number of the approach boundary layer was, Re_θ = 5940, and free-stream air velocity was, U_ref = 27.5 m/s. A large vortical structure residing in the outer region redirects the low-turbulence free-stream flow to the vicinity of the wing/wall junction, resulting in thin boundary layers with velocity magnitudes higher than free-stream flow. Lateral pressure gradients result in a three-dimensional separation on the uplifting side of the vortex. Additionally, a high vorticity vortical structure with opposite sense to the outer-layer vortex forms beneath the outer-layer vortex. Normal and shear stresses increase to attain values an order of magnitude larger compared to values measured in a three-dimensional boundary layer just outside the junction vortex. Bimodal histograms of the w fluctuating velocity occur under the outer-layer vortex near the wall due to the time-dependent nature of the horseshoe vortex. In such a flow the shear-stress angle (SSA) highly lags the flow-gradient angle (FGA), and the turbulence diffusion is highly altered due to presence of vortical structures.     

Prediction of vortex shedding from bluff bodies in the presence of a sound field

The separated flow around a rectangular cylinder, in the presence of a transverse duct resonant acoustic mode, is modelled using a vortex method. The instantaneous transfer of power between the mean flow and the acoustic field is predicted using Howe's theory of aerodynamic sound. Whether the net acoustic energy per cycle generated is positive or negative depends on the phase of the acoustic cycle at which vortex clouds arrive at the trailing edge of the cylinder.     

应用小干扰柱体控制角区马蹄涡结构的实验研究

本文提出一种简单的抑制和控制角区马蹄涡的被动控制方法.即在角区平板上游放置一个远小于主柱体的小干扰柱体,用其产生的弱马蹄涡来抑制和控制角区的马蹄涡结构.目的是使角区原来的马蹄涡结构由强变为弱、由大变为小、由多变为少、由非定常变为定常,以获得减小冲刷、抑制湍流、降低噪声、避免振动的工程效果.作者在风洞中采用烟线法和激光片光流动显示的方法开展研究,实验表明,在平板上游适当位置放置小干扰柱体的确可以有效抑制和控制角区马蹄涡结构.实验发现,当小干扰柱体放置在原角区马蹄涡生成区时,其抑制和控制效果最佳;当小干扰柱体放置在上游区或下游区时,控制效果不好.本文讨论了小干扰柱体控制角区马蹄涡的机理.此外,实验还研究了小干扰柱体相对尺度和截面形状对角区马蹄涡结构抑制和控制的影响.     

Investigation of Advanced Turbulence Models for the Flow in a Generic Wing-Body Junction

The predictive performance of several turbulence models, among them formulations based on non-linear stress-strain relationships and on stress-transport equations, is examined in a collaborative university-industry study directed towards a generic wing-body junction. The geometry consists of a variation of the symmetric NACA 0020 aerofoil mounted on a flat plate, with the oncoming stream aligned with the aerofoil's symmetry plane. The dominant feature of this flow is a pronounced horseshoe vortex evolving in the junction region following separation ahead of the aerofoil's leading edge. This case is one of 6 forming a broad programme of turbulence-model validation by UMIST, Loughborough University, BAE Systems, Aircraft Research Association, Rolls-Royce plc and DERA. Key aspects of this collaboration were a high level of interaction between the partners, the use of common grids and boundary conditions, and numerical verifications aimed at maximizing confidence in the validity of the computational solutions. In total, 12 turbulence models were studied by four partners. Model performance is judged by comparing solutions with experimental data for pressure fields on the plane wall and around the aerofoil; for velocity, turbulence energy, shear stress and streamwise normal stress in the upstream symmetry plane; and for velocity, turbulence energy and shear stress in cross-flow planes downstream of the aerofoil leading edge. The emphasis of the study is on the structure of the horseshoe vortex and its effects on the forward flow. The main finding of the study is that, for this particular 3D flow, second-moment closure offers predictive advantages over the other models examined, especially in terms of the far-field structure of the horse-shoe vortex, although no model achieves close agreement with the experimental data in respect of both mean flow and turbulence quantities. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Junction contraction for a T-shaped micro-channel to enhance mixing

A design concept of a junction contraction is proposed for a T-shaped microchannel to enhance mixing. The proposed design entails contracting the flow passage at the junction of two fluids in a T-shaped microchannel. It is validated numerically by application to a well known T-shaped microchannel. The proposed junction contraction results in a noticeable improvement in mixing. The improvement of mixing is found to be caused by a vortex flow around the junction contraction. A downward flow is shown to form just before the contraction and is followed by an upward flow. The dependence on the position and the size of contraction is also studied. The best degree of mixing is obtained when the contraction is placed in the range of 50–125 μm downstream the junction of the two fluids being mixed. The mixing enhancement is found to increase quadratically with the contraction ratio. However, more contracted junction requires a larger pressure drop.     

Investigation on Secondary Flow Characteristics in a Curved Annular Duct with Struts

Under the influence of duct curvature, cross-sectional area variation and internal struts, the internal flow field within a curved annular duct becomes rather complicated and contains strong secondary flow. In this paper, the secondary flow characteristics in an annular duct with struts are experimentally and numerically investigated. The results show that large pressure gradients exist on the bends of hub and shroud. Meanwhile, two counter-rotating vortex pairs appear both along the hub-side and shroud-side surfaces. The hub-side vortex pair of which the vortex cores travel downstream parallelly evolves from the horseshoe vortex which is induced by the leading edge of the upstream strut, whereas the shroud-side vortex pair originates from the strut trailing edge and the corresponding vortex cores develop in a divergent way. Additionally, the effects of the duct exit Mach number on the secondary flow characteristics are also studied. As the exit Mach number increases, the streamwise pressure gradients increase and lead to more intense vortices, higher total pressure loss and larger flow distortion.     

Electromagnetic control of seawater flow around circular cylinders

We investigate numerically the electromagnetic control of seawater flows over an infinitely long circular cylinder. Stripes of electrodes and magnets, wrapped around the cylinder surface, produce a tangential body force (Lorentz force) that stabilizes the flow. This mechanism delays flow separation, reduces drag and lift, and finally suppresses the von Kármán vortex street. Results from two-dimensional simulations of the Navier–Stokes equations in a range 10<Re<300 and Lorentz force calculations are presented. Emphasis is placed on the disclosure of physical phenomena as well as a quantitative detection of the flow field and forces. It is shown that the drag strongly depends on the geometry of the electromagnetic actuator and on its location at the cylinder surface. The effect of flow control increases with larger Reynolds numbers, since the boundary layer thickness and the penetration depth of the Lorentz force are closely connected.     

Surface flow visualization using the thermal wakes of small heated spots

 This note describes a surface flow visualization technique which uses the thermal wakes of an array of small heated spots to infer the local flow direction. The thermal wake is made visible using wide band thermochromic liquid crystals. The technique is illustrated using the endwall flow under a horseshoe vortex at the base of a right circular cylinder in a turbulent boundary layer. Comparisons to results generated using the oil of wintergreen technique were in good agreement. In addition to surface flow direction, the technique has the potential to be used to measure the heat transfer coefficient at each spot. Data are presented in terms of photographs of the actual visualization surface. The techniques is suitable for low speed flows. Received: 11 November 1996 / Accepted: 12 December 1997     

Topology of vortex creation in the cylinder wake

We analyze the topology of the two-dimensional flow around a circular cylinder at moderate Reynolds numbers in the regime where the vortex wake is created. A normal form for the stream function close to the cylinder is presented and used to predict the streamline pattern both in the steady and the periodic regime, where two different vortex shedding scenarios are identified. The theoretical predictions are verified numerically. For the vorticity, a very different topology occurs with infinite nested sequences of iso-curves moving downstream. General equations of motion for critical points are derived.     

飞机翼身干扰流动分离机理研究

采用CFD(计算流体力学)方法,结合风洞试验结果,对飞机翼身干扰流动分离机理进行了研究。分析了机翼根部马蹄涡、边角涡的内部结构和形成过程;研究了机身和机翼的压力分布及附面层,进而总结给出了飞机翼根流动分离机理;同时也验证了CFD方法对翼身干扰计算的准确性。研究结果表明:机翼前缘对气流的阻挡作用形成较高的逆压梯度,使气流产生回流形成马蹄涡,马蹄涡影响翼根表面附面层,使机翼机身附面层掺混失稳,向下游流动发展形成边角涡。     

The role of shape and relative submergence on the structure of wakes of low-aspect-ratio wall-mounted bodies

The effects of shape and relative submergence (the ratio of flow depth to obstacle height, d/H) are investigated on the wakes around four different low-aspect-ratio wall-mounted obstacles at Re _H  = 17,800: semi-ellipsoids with the major axes of the base ellipses aligned in the streamwise and transverse directions, and two cylinders with aspect ratios matching the ellipsoids (H/D = 0.89 and 0.67, where D is the maximum transverse dimension). Particle Image Velocimetry was used to interrogate the flow. Streamwise features observed in the mean wake include counter-rotating distributions of vorticity inducing downwash (tip structures), upwash (base structures), and horseshoe vortices. In particular, the relatively subtle change in geometry produced by the rotation of the ellipsoid from the streamwise to the transverse orientation results in a striking modification of the mean streamwise vorticity distribution in the wake. Tip structures are dominant in the former case, while base structures are dominant in the latter. A vortex skeleton model of the wake is proposed in which arch vortex structures, shed from the obstacle, are deformed by the competing mechanisms of Biot-Savart self-induction and the external shear flow. The selection of tip or base structures in the ellipsoid wakes is caused by tilting of the arch structures either upstream or downstream, respectively, which is governed by ellipsoid curvature. An inverse relationship was observed between the relative submergence and the strength of the base structures for the ellipsoids, with a dominant base structure observed for d/H = 1 in both cases. These results demonstrate a means by which to achieve significant modifications to flow structure and thereby also to transport mechanisms in the flow. Therefore, this work provides insight into the modeling and control of flow over wall-mounted bodies.     

Numerical study of self-sustained oscillatory flows and heat transfer in channels with a tandem of transverse vortex generators

A numerical investigation was conducted into channel flows with a tandem of transverse vortex generators in the form of rectangular cylinders. The oscillatory behavior of the flow is studied. Data for heat transfer and flow losses are presented for 100≤Re≤400 and cylinder separation distances 1≤S/H≤4. The results are obtained by numerical solution of the full Navier-Stokes equations and the energy equation. Self-sustained flow oscillations are found for Re>100. Alternate and dynamic shedding of large vortex structures from the cylinders is observed by visualization of the numerically determined flow field. A heat transfer enhancement up to a factor 1.78 compared to plane channel flow is observed. Received on 16 July 1997     

PIV measurements of flow past a confined cylinder

This study investigates the flow past a confined circular cylinder built into a narrow rectangular duct with a Reynolds number range of 1,500 ≤ Re _d ≤ 6,150, by employing the particle image velocimetry technique. In order to better explain the 3-D flow behaviour in the juncture regions of the lower and upper plates and the cylinder, respectively, as well as the dynamics of the horseshoe vortex system, both time-averaged and instantaneous flow data are presented for regions upstream and downstream of the cylinder. The size, intensity and interaction of the vortex systems vary substantially with the Reynolds number. Although the narrow rectangular duct with a single built-in cylinder is a geometrically symmetrical arrrangement, instantaneous flow data have revealed that the flow structures in both the lower and upper plate–cylinder junction regions are not symmetrical with respect to the centreline of the flow passage. The vortical flow structures obtained in side-view planes become dominant sometimes in the lower juncture region and sometimes in the upper juncture region in unsteady mode.