甲基硼酸衍生法测定丁四醇中的碳同位素

对赤藻糖醇和苏阿糖醇进行甲基硼酸衍生化,并对反应物和生成的环状硼酸酯衍生产物进行稳定碳同位素测定.采用元素分析/同位素比质谱(EA/IRMS)对固体赤藻糖醇、苏阿糖醇、甲基硼酸的碳同位素的测定和气相色谱/燃烧/同位素比质谱(GC/C/IRM)对硼酸酯衍生产物的同位素测定的结果表明,当衍生化反应温度为60 ℃,反应时间为60 min,甲基硼酸和四醇化合物的摩尔比为10: 1时,通过反应物的同位素值及质量平衡关系计算而得的硼酸酯的δ13C数值和实际测定的产物的碳同位素之间的差异小于0.5‰,在该衍生化反应过程中不存在同位素分馏.此外,在GC/MS上,对赤藻糖醇、苏阿糖醇、2-甲基赤藻糖醇、2-甲基苏阿糖醇的甲基硼酸酯衍生产物进行确认,为进一步对天然源气溶胶中的2-甲基丁四醇进行稳定碳同位素分析提供实验基础.     

特定化合物碳同位素分析系统中的氧化反应装置的研制

通过对比实验,研制了特定化合物碳同位素在线分析系统中连接气相色谱与同位素比质谱的核心部分——氧化反应装置,包括加热系统、氧化反应系统及接口系统,并以特定化合物的碳同位素分析为例,选用天然气工作标准样品,在600～950℃之间选择8个温度点进行了氧化反应实验,表明其碳同位素测定值(δ13C1,δ13C2,δ13C3)随反应温度升高而逐渐趋于稳定,符合氧化反应过程的一般规律.通过对不同碳数(1≤n≤31)烃类样品(工作标准、国际参考标准、天然气及原油样品)的测试,显示碳同位素值(δ13Calkane)的测试精度优于±(0.2～0.5)‰,满足研究需求,并有效降低了分析成本,具有良好的应用及推广价值.     

大气丙酮碳同位素组成测定方法的研究

利用气相色谱/燃烧/同位素比值质谱(GC/C/IRMS)分析技术,研究了具有不同碳同位素组成的丙酮与衍生剂2,4-二硝基苯肼(DNPH)的液相反应及其相应的气相反应实验过程中的碳同位素效应,探讨了以该方法测定大气丙酮碳同位素组成的可行性。研究结果表明,在衍生化过程中不会产生碳同位素分馏。本实验通过测定衍生剂DNPH与相应的衍生物的碳同位素值,大气中丙酮碳同位素组成通过质量平衡方程计算而求得。采用该方法对大气丙酮碳同位素组成的初步测定结果表明,具有相同排放源的大气丙酮碳同位素比值基本不变。本方法实验重现性好,测定精度高,可以用于分析大气丙酮的排放源研究。     

元素分析仪-稳定同位素比值质谱仪测定胶乳总固形物碳含量及其稳定碳同位素

应用元素分析仪和稳定同位素比值质谱仪(EA-IRMS)联用技术测定了胶乳总固形物碳含量及其碳同位素比值δ~(13)C。将所采集的新鲜胶乳预先制成胶片,称取(0.500±0.100)mg样品,按EA仪器工作条件对其碳含量进行测定。分别用碳元素基准物质(尿素、天门冬氨酸、葡萄糖、蔗糖),在EA工作条件下测其碳元素,以碳质量为横坐标,CO_2峰面积为纵坐标制得标准曲线,结果表明其线性关系良好。对EA-IRMS系统作了稳定性和线性试验,前者达到小于0.1‰的要求,后者则满足同类仪器小于0.06‰·V~(-1)的要求。此外,还对Craig校正所得样品及3种CRMs的初始校正值作进一步校准的3种校准方法作了比较,结果表明:3种方法中回归法准确度最好,适用于不同性质、不同碳同位素组成的样品;而截距法只能用于碳同位素组成与参考气相近的样品的测量数据的校准;原始回归法则不能有效地消除测定过程中~(17)O的影响和样品燃烧过程中可能存在的同位素分馏的影响而不能用于结果校准。测得胶乳样品的总固形物碳质量分数为81.83%,δ~(13)C_(s-PDB)~M(PDB为国际标准拟箭石化石)为-26.70‰(回归法校准值)。     

六六六异构体稳定碳同位素组成分析

采用GC-C-IRMS、EA-IRMS和Dual-inlet IRMS 3种稳定同位素比值质谱仪分别对六六六的α、β和γ3种异构体的稳定碳同位素组成进行了分析。对比3种分析系统测定的碳同位素组成数据表明GC-C-IRMS系统能够准确和精确地测定六六六碳同位素组成。应用GC-C-IRMS技术分析了水样品中α-和γ-六六六的碳同位素组成,结果表明六六六在溶解、稀释、萃取、挥发等过程碳同位素组成没有分馏现象。采用GC-C-IRMS技术分析环境样品中持久性有机氯农药稳定碳同位素组成可能得到广泛应用。     

亚硫酸氢钠和半胱胺衍生法测定大气甲醛中碳同位素的研究

利用单体化合物稳定同位素(CSIA)技术研究了甲醛合次硫酸氢钠(HMSNa)与半胱胺衍生化过程的同位素效应,探讨了半胱胺衍生化法测定大气甲醛碳同位素的可行性。为了评价实验的稳定性与精确度以及衍生化过程的同位素效应,本实验采用不同同位素组成的HMSNa在酸性条件下分解,分解后的甲醛在碱性条件下与不同摩尔比的半胱胺反应,研究了该衍生化过程的反应条件和同位素效应。研究结果表明,HMSNa在pH值为1~2,60℃条件下分解,分解后的甲醛在PH值为8~9的条件下与摩尔比1∶20到1∶30半胱胺反应,该衍生化条件较为理想且该过程不存在同位素分馏;实验重现性好,测定精度高;可以用于大气甲醛同位素组成分析。     

气相色谱-燃烧-同位素比率质谱法测定葡萄酒中5种挥发性组分的碳同位素比值及其在产地溯源中的应用

建立了一种利用气相色谱-燃烧-同位素质谱(Gas chromatography-combustion-Isotope ratio mass spectrometers,GC-C-IRMS)测定葡萄酒中5种挥发性组分(即乙醇、丙三醇、乙酸、乳酸乙酯、2-甲基-丁醇)碳稳定同位素比值新方法。优化了GC-C-IRMS测定条件,进样量小于0.5μL,样品分析时间小于14 min。对以上5种挥发性成分标准品的测定精密度为0.08‰~0.25‰,葡萄酒样品的测定精密度为0.09‰~0.36‰,与元素分析-同位素比率质谱仪(Element analyzer-isotope ratio mass spectrometers,EA-IRMS)比较,其测定偏差低于0.5‰。利用该技术分析了产自法国、澳大利亚、美国和中国共54支葡萄酒中5种挥发性组分的碳稳定同位素值并进行产地溯源分析,判别分析(Discriminant analysis,DA)结果表明,仅利用以上5种挥发性组分的碳同位素比值就能有效区分以上4个产地的葡萄酒,说明葡萄酒挥发性成分稳定碳同位素可应用于葡萄酒的产地溯源。     

水体中痕量挥发性有机物单体碳同位素组成分析

将固相微萃取(SPME)技术与冷阱富集系统相结合,对水体中痕量挥发性有机物进行了单体碳同位素分析,方法检测限较常规SPME提高了一个数量级。在优化的条件下,对20 μg/L的三氯乙烯/四氯乙烯和10 μg/L的苯/甲苯水溶液进行了单体碳同位素分析,相比于纯溶剂(液相)碳同位素值,顶空(气相)同位素分析误差不超过0.5‰,而样本标准偏差为0.3‰。对某受四氯乙烯污染的北京地下水进行了同位素测定,近污染源点(B408)与远污染源点(B230)四氯乙烯的碳同位素值(δ13C)分别为 -37.8‰和-34.45‰     

气相色谱同位素比值质谱法在线测定天然气稳定碳同位素

1 引言 色谱同位素比值质谱（GC-IRMS）技术是一种在线分析天然气中轻质烃类组分的新技术。可以在分子水平上连续测定从GC流出的每个化合物的碳同位素组成。在天然气的研究中，碳同位素是一个敏感指标，可信度和测量准确度高。本实验利用GC／C／IRMS联用仪，采用在线分析技术，并在开放体系中瞬间取样，分析了新疆灰岩和四川泥岩样品热模拟气的单体烃碳同位素值，可望为GC-IRMS技术在气／源对比和油气地质勘探中的应用提供参考，如利用模拟气测试的碳同位素比值可被地质上用来进行气一源岩相关研究，判断天然气的来源及源岩的成熟度等。     

天然丰度氘核磁共振测定一级和二级动力学氘同位素效应(Ⅲ)——对Grignard试剂水解反应的应用

本文报道了用天然丰度~2HNMR测定一级动力学氘同位素效应的方法。这种方法与现有方法不同,它要求在反应时授氢反应物大大过量于受氢底物,在计算时要考虑由~2HNMR测定的反应物和产物的特定部位同位素比率(D/H):或化合物的平均同位素比率(D/H)。我们用这种方法研究了一些Grignard试剂水解的同位素效应。     

双-(叔丁基二甲基硅氧烷基)硅卟啉的合成研究

利用衍生化试剂合成双 (叔丁基二甲基硅氧烷基 )硅卟啉 ,增强卟啉的挥发性 ,使其适合GC ,GC -MS分析是生物地球化学中研究卟啉常用的分析手段 ,然而对其衍生物的合成条件尚未见研究报道。文中对合成路线的各步反应进行了较详细的探讨 ,发现温度、时间对反应有重要影响外 ,反应对光、氧气、水等极为敏感 ,避光、高纯氮保护及溶剂的完全脱水处理非常必要。最终采用的合成条件重复性好、收率高。     

Coupled Si and O isotope measurements of meteoritic material by laser fluorination isotope ratio mass spectrometry

We present a procedure for the determination of the isotopic ratios of silicon and oxygen from the same aliquot of anhydrous silicate material. The sample is placed in a bromine pentafluoride atmosphere as it is heated with a CO₂ laser system releasing silicon tetrafluoride and oxygen gasses. The oxygen gas is then purified to remove other reaction by‐products through several liquid nitrogen traps before being captured onto a molecular sieve and transferred to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. The silicon tetrafluoride gas is then purified using a supplementary line by repeatedly freezing to ?196°C with liquid nitrogen and then thawing with an ethanol slurry at ?110°C through a series of metal and Pyrex traps. The purified gas is then condensed into a Pyrex sample tube before it is transferred to an isotope ratio mass spectrometer for silicon isotope ratio measurements. This system has silicon yields of greater than 90% for pure quartz, olivine, and garnet standards and has a reproducibility of ±0.1‰ (2σ) for pure quartz for both oxygen and silicon isotope measurements. Meteoritic samples were also successfully analyzed to demonstrate this system's ability to measure the isotopic ratio composition of bulk powders with precision. This unique technique allows for the fluorination of planetary material without the need for wet chemistry. Though designed to analyze small aliquots of meteoritic material (1.5 to 3 mg), this approach can also be used to investigate refractory terrestrial samples where traditional fluorination is not suitable.     

Development of routines for simultaneous in situ chemical composition and stable Si isotope ratio analysis by femtosecond laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry

Stable metal (e.g. Li, Mg, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Mo) and metalloid (B, Si, Ge) isotope ratio systems have emerged as geochemical tracers to fingerprint distinct physicochemical reactions. These systems are relevant to many Earth Science questions. The benefit of in situ microscale analysis using laser ablation (LA) over bulk sample analysis is to use the spatial context of different phases in the solid sample to disclose the processes that govern their chemical and isotopic compositions. However, there is a lack of in situ analytical routines to obtain a samples' stable isotope ratio together with its chemical composition. Here, we evaluate two novel analytical routines for the simultaneous determination of the chemical and Si stable isotope composition (δ³⁰Si) on the micrometre scale in geological samples. In both routines, multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (MC-ICP-MS) is combined with femtosecond-LA, where stable isotope ratios are corrected for mass bias using standard-sample-bracketing with matrix-independent calibration. The first method is based on laser ablation split stream (LASS), where the laser aerosol is split and introduced simultaneously into both the MC-ICP-MS and a quadrupole ICP-MS. The second method is based on optical emission spectroscopy using direct observation of the MC-ICP-MS plasma (LA-MC-ICP-MS|OES). Both methods are evaluated using international geological reference materials. Accurate and precise Si isotope ratios were obtained with an uncertainty typically better than 0.23‰, 2SD, δ³⁰Si. With both methods major element concentrations (e.g., Na, Al, Si, Mg, Ca) can be simultaneously determined. However, LASS-ICP-MS is superior over LA-MC-ICP-MS|OES, which is limited by its lower sensitivity. Moreover, LASS-ICP-MS offers trace element analysis down to the μg g⁻¹-range for more than 28 elements due to lower limits of detection, and with typical uncertainties better than 15%. For in situ simultaneous stable isotope measurement and chemical composition analysis LASS-ICP-MS in combination with MC-ICP-MS is the method of choice.     

混合酸制备四氟化硅气体用于硅同位素测量

1引言在自然界中,硅元素有3种稳定同位素28Si,29Si和30Si,丰度分别为92.23%,3.68%和3.09%。准确测量硅的摩尔质量,需准确测量硅的3种同位素的丰度值。目前,测量硅摩尔质量最佳的方法是采用SiF4气体测定硅同位素的丰度值,这     

Determination of oxygen and carbon impurities in polycrystalline silicon by IR spectrometry

The possibility of using infrared spectrometry for the determination of the total oxygen and carbon impurity in polycrystalline silicon of the natural isotope composition and that enriched with the ²⁸Si isotope was studied for samples synthesized by different methods. The results of determining these impurities by the optical method are compared to those obtained by independent methods of analysis. The conditions of IR spectrometric analysis of the silicon synthesized by deposition from the gas phase are determined. It is shown that, for IR spectrometry, the upper boundaries of the analytical range of oxygen and carbon in polycrystalline silicon are 1 × 10¹⁸ and 2 × 10¹⁸ cm^?3; and the limits of their detection are 8 × 10¹⁵ and 5 × 10¹⁵ cm^?3 at a sample thickness of 0.5 and 0.2 cm, respectively.     

Synthesis of porphyrins bearing hydrocarbon tethers and facile covalent attachment to si(100)

The use of redox-active molecules as the active storage elements in memory chips requires the ability to attach the molecules to an electroactive surface in a reliable and robust manner. To explore the use of porphyrins tethered to silicon via carbosilane linkages, 17 porphyrins have been synthesized. Fourteen porphyrins bear a tether at a single meso site, and three porphyrins bear functional groups at two beta sites for possible two-point attachment. Two high-temperature processing methods (400 degrees C under inert atmosphere) have been developed for rapid (minutes), facile covalent attachment to Si platforms. The high-temperature processing conditions afford attachment either by direct deposition of a dilute solution (1 microM-1 mM) of the porphyrin sample onto the Si substrate or sublimation of a neat sample onto the Si substrate. The availability of this diverse collection of porphyrins enables an in-depth examination of the effects of the tether (length, composition, terminal functional group, number of tethers) and steric bulk of nonlinking substituents on the information-storage properties of the porphyrin monolayers obtained upon attachment to silicon. Attachment proceeds readily with a wide variety of hydrocarbon tethers, including 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl, vinyl, allyl, or 3-butenyl directly appended to the porphyrin and iodo, bromomethyl, 2-(trimethylsilyl)ethynyl, ethynyl, vinyl, or allyl appended to the 4-position of a meso-phenyl ring. No attachment occurs with substituents such as phenyl, p-tolyl, mesityl, or ethyl. Collectively, the studies show that the high-temperature attachment procedure (1) has broad scope encompassing diverse functional groups, (2) tolerates a variety of arene substituents, and (3) does not afford indiscriminate attachment. The high-temperature processing conditions are ideally suited for use in fabrication of hybrid molecular/semiconductor circuitry.     

Silicon Isotope Fractionation in Maize and its Biogeochemical Significance

Plants that absorb silicon may induce isotope fractionation that causes relative abundance changes in biogeochemical processes in organisms and environment. Silicon isotopes (²⁸Si, ²⁹Si, and ³⁰Si) were determined with high precision using multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer. In the present study, the silicon isotope composition was determined in maize and corresponding soil was collected from Zhejiang Province, China. The δ³⁰Si values were from ?2.7 to 3.3‰ in the plant tissues. The isotope fractionation between precipitated and dissolved silicon was 0.9976 and the silicon isotope fractionation in the plants was appeared to be Rayleigh-like process. The fractionation factors between the whole plants and the soil–water-soluble fractions were estimated to be 0.9989, indicating the presence of biochemical silicon isotope fractionation. The active uptake of silicon appeared to play an important role through which the heavy silicon isotopes were preferentially absorbed and transferred to the aboveground plant tissues. However, the roles of a passive mechanism for silicon uptake could not be ruled out through which the light silicon isotopes preferentially precipitated in various plant tissues.     

Nano Silicon from Nano Silica Using Natural Resource (Rha) for Solar Cell Fabrication

Abstract

High purity (～99%) nano silica with an average particle size of ～100 nm was extracted at pH 3 at 650°C from a natural resource, rice husk, using alkaline extraction followed by acid precipitation method. Using nano silica as a precursor, silicon (Si) nanoparticles have been synthesized by high-temperature magnesiothermic reduction method. The prepared sample was characterized by X-ray diffraction, particle size analyzer, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy, X-ray fluorescence analyzer, and UV–Vis spectroscopy. The comprehensive characterization studies indicate the pure phase formation of Si and the variation of particle size from 70 nm to 100 nm for samples synthesized at different sintering temperatures. Moreover, the silicon nanoparticles produced at 850°C have pure phase formation, high purity, and good absorption peaks. The efficiency calculated through IV characteristics is found to be increasing in silicon and ruthenium combination (2.67%), which is better than that achieved from the conventional solar cells. The produced silicon nanoparticles could be applied as an anode material for solar cell fabrication.     

ICP-AES detection of silicon carbide impurities volatilized in a graphite furnace with the use of carbon tetrachloride vapour

The analytical capability of high-temperature halogenation with carbon tetrachloride vapour in a graphite furnace was investigated for silicon carbide powder with known chemical composition and particle size. Intensity vs heating time curves were determined for analytical lines of Al, B, Ba, Ca, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ti, V and Si constituents, volatilized with and without the presence of CCl₄ vapour in the furnace atmosphere. Igniting 10 mg SiC at 2100 °C for 60 s in chlorinating atmosphere, the evaporated fraction of most of the constituents was higher than 90% (for Al about 50%). The line intensity vs sample mass (4–26 mg) relationships were linear for all impurities studied, while the intensity of silicon line showed a relatively small change with the sample mass. BEC (background equivalent concentration) values for this solid sampling technique (10 mg loaded sample) were 2–20 fold lower than those calculated for the conventional solution sample introduction method.     

X-ray photoelectron spectroscopic analysis of Si nanoclusters in SiO2 matrix

We investigated silicon nanoclusters Si(nc) in a SiO2 matrix prepared by the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition technique, using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) with external voltage stimuli in both static and pulsed modes. This method enables us to induce an additional charging shift of 0.8 eV between the Si2p peaks of the oxide and the underlying silicon, both in static and time-resolved modes, for a silicon sample containing a 6 nm oxide layer. In the case of the sample containing silicon nanoclusters, both Si2p peaks of Si(nc) and host SiO2 undergo a charging shift that is 1 order of magnitude larger (>15 eV), with no measurable difference between them (i.e., no differential charging between the silicon nanoclusters and the oxide matrix could be detected). By use of a measured Auger parameter, we estimate the relaxation energy of the Si(nc) in the SiO2 matrix as -0.4 eV, which yields a -0.6 eV shift in the binding energy of the Si(nc) with respect to that of bulk Si in the opposite direction of the expected quantum size effect. This must be related to the residual differential charging between the silicon nanoclusters and the oxide host. Therefore, differential charging is still the biggest obstacle for extracting size-dependent binding energy shifts with XPS when one uses the oxide peak as the reference.