基于氧化锌薄膜声表面波器件的细胞富集方法

针对常见的铌酸锂等压电单晶在高温易碎裂且不能弯曲等问题, 提出了一种区别于传统压电单晶富集细胞的方法。通过磁控溅射技术在硅衬底上制备了厚度为3.83 μm的氧化锌薄膜, 并用扫描电子显微镜与X射线衍射表征了薄膜性能, 在薄膜表面制备了频率为195 MHz的叉指换能器, 插入损耗为−33.8 dB,且仿真分析了该器件的声场。 结果表明,表面波声束集中在换能器声孔径处, 液滴位于声束边缘。实验结果表明, 该器件能够驱动液滴产生3.9 × 10⁻³ m/s流速的涡旋, 并在 20 s内富集了悬浮于液滴中的微球和人体淋巴细胞, 将液滴中细胞的浓度提升55倍。     

Capture of DNA in microfluidic channel using magnetic beads: Increasing capture efficiency with integrated microfluidic mixer

We have studied the hybridization of target DNA in solution with probe DNA on magnetic beads immobilized on the channel sidewalls in a magnetic bead separator. The hybridization is carried out under a liquid flow and is diffusion limited. Two systems are compared: one with a straight microfluidic channel and one with an integrated staggered herringbone mixer. Fluorescence microscopy studies show that the hybridization is much more efficient in the system with the integrated mixer. The results, which are discussed in terms of a simple model, are relevant for any diffusion-limited reaction taking place on the surface in a microfluidic system.     

Acoustic force model for the fluid flow under standing waves

An acoustic Strouhal number is introduced to demonstrate that the viscosity of fluid can be ignored in the process of sound propagation and acoustic streaming is independent on the frequency of the acoustic wave. Furthermore, acoustic force based on the periodic velocity fluctuation caused by standing acoustic wave is introduced into Navier–Stokes equation in order to describe the fluid flow in the acoustic boundary layer. The numerical results show that the predicted results are consistent with the analytic solution. And the effect of the nonlinear terms cannot be ignored so the analytic solution derived by boundary-velocity condition is only an approximation for acoustic streaming.     

Towards a programmable magnetic bead microarray in a microfluidic channel

A new hybrid magnetic bead separator that combines an external magnetic field with 175 μm thick current lines buried in the back side of a silicon wafer is presented. A microfluidic channel was etched into the front side of the wafer. The large cross-section of the current lines makes it possible to use larger currents and obtain forces of longer range than from thin current lines at a given power limit. Guiding of magnetic beads in the hybrid magnetic separator and the construction of a programmable microarray of magnetic beads in the microfluidic channel by hydrodynamic focusing is presented.     

Acoustic source localization

In this article different techniques for localizing acoustic sources are described and the advantages/disadvantages of these techniques are discussed. Some source localization techniques are restricted to isotropic structures while other methods can be applied to anisotropic structures as well. Some techniques require precise knowledge of the direction dependent velocity profiles in the anisotropic body while other techniques do not require that knowledge. Some methods require accurate values of the time of arrival of the acoustic waves at the receivers while other techniques can function without that information. Published papers introducing various techniques emphasize the advantages of the introduced techniques while ignoring and often not mentioning the limitations and weaknesses of the new techniques. What is lacking in the literature is a comprehensive review and comparison of the available techniques; this article attempts to do that. After reviewing various techniques the paper concludes which source localization technique should be most effective for what type of structure and what the current research needs are.     

利用体声波微流阱阵列捕获微米级颗粒

提出了一种利用体声波微流阱在三维流体空间中捕获微米级颗粒的方法,制备了2种体声波微流阱阵列,并采用有限元法进行仿真计算,求解方程得到一阶声场、二阶声场,仿真分析了聚苯乙烯微粒在流场中的运动情况。实验结果显示体声波微流阱能够快速、高效捕获三维流体空间中的微米级颗粒,实验结果与仿真结果吻合良好,圆柱型体声波微流阱与圆孔型体声波微流阱都能在几十秒内捕获三维空间中的微粒,且圆柱型体声波微流阱的捕获效率比圆孔型体声波微流阱高。该方法突破了声表面波微流阱无法操控三维空间中的微粒的局限,提高了捕获微粒的效率。     

用于储罐底板缺陷检测的超声兰姆波模式研究

从超声兰姆波的声场方程出发,得到板材表面离面位移(法向位移)为零的条件,即当超声兰姆波的相速度等于板材介质的纵波声速时,在板材表面的离面位移为零。在给定适当频厚积的条件下,分别数值模拟了仅有切向位移而无离面位移的A1、S1、A2和S2兰姆波模式在有液体负载的单层钢板中的传播情形。结果表明:离面位移为零的S2模式频散较小且对板中缺陷更为敏感。     

Improving accuracy of acoustic source localization in anisotropic plates

The acoustic source localization technique for anisotropic plates proposed by the authors in an earlier publication ([1] Kundu et al., 2012) is improved in this paper by adopting some modifications. The improvements are experimentally verified on anisotropic flat and curved composite plates. Difficulties associated with the original technique were first investigated before making any modification. It was noted that the accuracy of this technique depends strongly on the accuracy of the measured time difference of arrivals (TDOA) at different receiving sensors placed in close proximity in a sensor cluster. The sensor cluster is needed to obtain the direction of the acoustic source without knowing the material properties of the plate. Two modifications are proposed to obtain the accurate TDOA. The first one is to replace the recorded full time histories by only their initial parts – the first dip and peak – for the subsequent signal processing. The second modification is to place the sensors in the sensor cluster as close as possible. It is shown that the predictions are improved significantly with these modifications. These modifications are then applied to another sensor cluster based technique called the beamforming technique, to see if similar improvements are achieved for that technique also with these modifications.     

驻波声场中圆柱形管道周围颗粒的运动特性

针对圆柱形管道外部的流体与颗粒介质运动问题, 提出了结合圆柱周围声辐射力和声流Stokes力的研究方法。从柱体外部声流方程出发, 得到影响涡流结构的无量纲参数Rem ≥ 325.27时, 外涡最大流速大于内涡最大流速。在此基础上, 采用Nyborg的边界滑移速度理论, 获得管道外部声流的极限滑移速度, 推导得出圆柱附近的声辐射力公式。基于此公式, 在理论上推导出颗粒速度为0、声辐射力和声流Stokes力平衡时, 颗粒临界直径的表达式。通过对圆柱位于不同位置时, 圆柱外部的颗粒运动进行仿真模拟, 得到与理论公式相一致的结论: 颗粒的临界直径的大小与声波频率有关, 当颗粒直径小于临界直径时, 声流Stokes力为主导, 颗粒随声流运动, 颗粒直径大于等于临界直径时, 声辐射力为主导, 颗粒在声辐射力作用下逐渐向声辐射力的节点聚集。理论与仿真结果表明该方法可用于分析管道外颗粒的分布状态, 其研究结果有助于解决电站中换热器的管道结垢、热交换率降低等问题。     

Controlling acoustic streaming in an ultrasonic heptagonal tweezers with application to cell manipulation

Acoustic radiation force has been demonstrated as a method for manipulating micron-scale particles, but is frequently affected by unwanted streaming. In this paper the streaming in a multi-transducer quasi-standing wave acoustic particle manipulation device is assessed, and found to be dominated by a form of Eckart streaming. The experimentally observed streaming takes the form of two main vortices that have their highest velocity in the region where the standing wave is established. A finite element model is developed that agrees well with experimental results, and shows that the Reynolds stresses that give rise to the fluid motion are strongest in the high velocity region. A technical solution to reduce the streaming is explored that entails the introduction of a biocompatible agar gel layer at the bottom of the chamber so as to reduce the fluid depth and volume. By this means, we reduce the region of fluid that experiences the Reynolds stresses; the viscous drag per unit volume of fluid is also increased. Particle Image Velocimetry data is used to observe the streaming as a function of agar-modified cavity depth. It was found that, in an optimised structure, Eckart streaming could be reduced to negligible levels so that we could make a sonotweezers device with a large working area of up to 13 mm × 13 mm.     

Acoustic source localization in anisotropic plates

The conventional triangulation technique cannot locate the acoustic source in an anisotropic plate because this technique requires the wave speed to be independent of the propagation direction which is not the case for an anisotropic plate. All methods proposed so far for source localization in anisotropic plates require either the knowledge of the direction dependent velocity profile or a dense array of sensors. In this paper for the first time a technique is proposed to locate the acoustic source in large anisotropic plates with the help of only six sensors without knowing the direction dependent velocity profile in the plate. Experimental results show that the proposed technique works for both isotropic and anisotropic structures. For isotropic plates the required number of sensors can be reduced from 6 to 4.     

Defect detection and location in switch rails by acoustic emission and Lamb wave analysis: A feasibility study

An acoustic emission (AE) based approach is proposed in this study to identify and locate newly initiated defects or the propagation of existing defects in railroad switch rails. Defect-induced AE signals are identified through frequency analysis, as frequencies of these signals are much higher than those induced by structural vibration. Continuous wavelet transform (CWT) is employed to analyze the Lamb wave dispersion of the detected signal, so that two characteristic points can be selected on the CWT contour map to locate the defect. Using this approach, defects in a damaged switch rail can be located using a single sensor.     

声流现象的研究及其应用

本文从声流产生的机理出发,综合了影响声流的诸因素,介绍了声流现象的检测方法及声流效应的应用。     

声波作用下球形颗粒外声流分布的数值模拟

综合考虑声学边界层内的热损失和黏性损失,建立处于平面驻波声压波节位置二维球形颗粒外声流计算模型,利用分离时间尺度的数值方法对颗粒外声流流场特征进行模拟。将模拟结果与相应的解析解和实验结果对比,验证了数值模拟的可靠性。在此基础上,研究了雷诺数Re和斯特劳哈尔数Sr对球形颗粒声学边界层内二阶声流流场结构、涡流强度及范围的影响规律。结果表明,随Sr和Re增大,声学边界层内的涡流结构尺度呈指数形式减小,其涡流尺度与颗粒直径D和激励频率f成反比,与流体介质运动黏度v成正比;且满足低Sr和高Re的声振系统可形成范围较大、更强烈的声流运动。该数值方法可用于对任意物理模型外声流特性的评估。     

超声波强化超滤过程

本文综述了超声波强化超滤的实验方法,超声波对越滤膜结构的影响及超声波强化清洗超滤膜等方面的研究进展,论述了超声波强化超滤的作用机理,声冲流和空化作用在超声波强化超滤中起到主要作用。     

Acoustic streaming in lithotripsy fields: preliminary observation using a particle image velocimetry method

This study considers the acoustic streaming in water produced by a lithotripsy pulse. Particle image velocimetry (PIV) method was employed to visualize the acoustic streaming produced by an electromagnetic shock wave generator using video images of the light scattering particles suspended in water. Visualized streaming features including several local peaks and vortexes around or at the beam focus were easily seen with naked eyes over all settings of the lithotripter from 10 to 18 kV. Magnitudes of the peak streaming velocity measured vary in the range of 10-40 mm s(-1) with charging voltage settings. Since the streaming velocity was estimated on the basis of a series of the video images of particles averaged over 1/60s, the time resolution limited by the video frame rate which is 1-2 orders of magnitude larger than driving acoustic activities, measured velocities are expected to be underestimated and were shown a similar order of magnitude lower than those calculated from a simple theoretical consideration. Despite such an underestimation, it was shown that, as predicted by theory, the magnitude of the streaming velocity measured by the present PIV method was proportional to acoustic intensity. In particular it has almost a linear correlation with peak negative pressures (r=0.98683, p=0.0018).     

Acoustic streaming in micro-scale cylindrical channels

The focus of this work is to extend the theory of boundary layer induced acoustic streaming to include cylindrical geometries and to highlight the effects of boundary layer induced streaming on flow velocities in micro-scale channels. The work presented here includes the development of a model for streaming in a cylindrical channel by a method of successive approximations. The validity of this model is established by comparison with a well-established model for streaming between parallel plates of infinite extent. This is followed by a discussion on the importance of employing a cylindrical solution including boundary layer induced streaming for the analysis of streaming in micro-scale channels.