导电流体中气泡径向振动行为的磁场控制

液态金属中气泡行为是磁流体力学的重要方面。为对磁场条件下导电流体中气泡动力学行为作全面理解,基于磁流体动力学方法建立了磁场条件下导电流体中气泡径向振动的无量纲化动力学方程,数值研究了磁场对导电流体中气泡径向非线性振动稳定性、泡内温度、泡内气压及液体空化阈值的影响。结果显示:磁场增强了气泡非线性振动的稳定性,随着磁场增强且当作用在泡上的电磁力与惯性力数量级可比时,气泡运动为稳定的周期性振动;同时,磁场引起泡内温度、泡内压力及液体空化阈值变化。研究表明,可用磁场调节和控制液态金属中气泡的运动使其满足工程应用需求。     

含气量对黏性液体中空泡脉动特性的影响

采用自行研制的高灵敏度光偏转测试系统,研究黏性液体中激光空泡脉动特性.判定了空泡两次脉动对应的最大和最小泡半径,进而计算了激光空泡在前两次脉动过程中泡内的含气量.研究表明：泡内含气量对泡脉动特性有较大影响.随着脉动次数的增加,空泡泡内含气量增大.空泡最大泡半径随含气量的增加而增大.此外,受液体黏性影响,空泡膨胀和收缩过程明显变缓. 关键词： 含气量 黏性 激光空泡 脉动特性     

Collapsing dynamics of a laser-induced cavitation bubble near the edge of a rigid wall

In the present paper, the collapsing dynamics of a laser-induced cavitation bubble near the edge of a rigid wall is experimentally investigated with a high-speed photography system. For a symmetrical setup, the two primary control parameters of the bubble collapsing behavior include the equivalent maximum bubble radius and the distance between the bubble and the edge of the rigid wall. Based on the bubble interface deformation during the collapsing process, three typical cases are identified for the categorization of the phenomenon with the influences of the parameters revealed. Through a quantitative analysis of the obtained high-speed photos, the motions of the bubble interface in different directions are given together with the calculations of the bubble centroid. The primary findings of the present paper could be summarized in terms of the bubble-edge distance as follows. When the bubble is close to the edge, the movement of the bubble interface near the edge will be restricted with a clear neck formation in the middle part of the bubble. For this case, the edge could delay the bubble collapsing time up to 22% of the Rayleigh collapsing time. When the bubble is of the medium distance to the edge, the differences of the expansion or shrinkage of the bubble interface among different directions will be reduced with an olive-shaped bubble formed during the collapsing process. For this range of parameters, the bubble moves rapidly toward the edge especially during the final collapsing stage. When the bubble is far away from the edge, the bubble will be a nearly spherical one.     

Interaction of a bubble and a bubble cluster in an ultrasonic field

Using an appropriate approximation, we have formulated the interacting equation of multi-bubble motion for a system of a single bubble and a spherical bubble cluster. The behavior of the bubbles is observed in coupled and uncoupled states. The oscillation of bubbles inside the cluster is in a coupled state. The numerical simulation demonstrates that the secondary Bjerknes force can be influenced by the number density, initial radius, distance, driving frequency, and amplitude of ultrasound. However, if a bubble approaches a bubble cluster of the same initial radii, coupled oscillation would be induced and a repulsive force is evoked, which may be the reason why the bubble cluster can exist steadily. With the increment of the number density of the bubble cluster, a secondary Bjerknes force acting on the bubbles inside the cluster decreases due to the strong suppression of the coupled bubbles. It is shown that there may be an optimal number density for a bubble cluster which can generate an optimal cavitation effect in liquid for a stable driving ultrasound.     

球状泡群内气泡的耦合振动

振动气泡形成辐射场影响其他气泡的运动, 故多气泡体系中气泡处于耦合振动状态. 本文在气泡群振动模型的基础上, 考虑气泡间耦合振动的影响, 得到了均匀球状泡群内振动气泡的动力学方程, 以此为基础分析了气泡的非线性声响应特征. 气泡间的耦合振动增加了系统对每个气泡的约束, 降低了气泡的自然共振频率, 增强了气泡的非线性声响应. 随着气泡数密度的增加, 振动气泡受到的抑制增强; 增加液体静压力同样可抑制泡群内气泡的振动, 且存在静压力敏感区(1–2 atm, 1 atm=1.01325×10⁵ Pa); 驱动声波对气泡振动影响很大, 随着声波频率的增加, 能够形成空化影响的气泡尺度范围变窄. 在同样的声条件、泡群尺寸以及气泡内外环境下, 初始半径小于5 μm 的气泡具有较强的声响应. 气泡耦合振动会削弱单个气泡的空化影响, 但可延长多气泡系统空化泡崩溃发生的时间间隔和增大作用范围, 整体空化效应增强.     

原子-场强度相关耦合时原子质心平移运动与内态布居的关系

基于原子与腔场共振相互作用及原子-场缀饰态,讨论了驻波腔场中两能级原子与场耦合强度相关时的原子质心的量子化平移运动对原子内态布居间的相互影响。结果表明原子平移运动敏感地依赖于原子的内态布居。特别地,当原子处于两内态等权重同位相迭加态时,平移运动呈现出很稳定的特征。     

Experimental studies of bubble dynamics inside a corner

The dynamics of a bubble near a corner formed by two flat rigid boundaries (walls), is studied experimentally using a spark-generated bubble. The expansion, collapse, rebound, re-collapse and migration of the bubble, along with jetting and protrusion, are captured using a high-speed camera. Our experimental observations reveal the behaviour of the bubble in terms of the corner angle and the dimensionless standoff distances to the near and far walls in terms of the maximum bubble radius. The bubble remains approximately spherical during expansion except for its surface becoming flattened when in close proximity to a wall. When a bubble is initiated at the bisector of the two walls, the bubble becomes oblate along the bisector during the late stages of collapse. A jet forms towards the end of collapse, pointing to the corner. The closer the bubble to the two walls, the more oblate along the bisector the bubble becomes, and the wider the jet. A bubble initiated near one of the two walls is mainly influenced by the nearer wall. The jet formed is pointing to the near wall but inclined towards the corner. After the jet penetrates through the bubble surface, the bubble becomes a bubble ring, and a bubble protrusion forms following the jet. The bubble ring collapses and subsequently disappears, while the protrusion firstly expands, and then collapses and migrates to the corner.     

超声珩磨区实际气体的单空泡动力学分析

为进一步揭示功率超声振动的珩磨机理,以珩磨液为工作介质,研究了功率超声珩磨环境中实际气体的单空泡动力学特性。基于Rayleigh-Plesset方程,应用实际气体绝热方程和范德瓦尔斯方程对其进行了修正,建立了功率超声珩磨环境中实际气体的单空泡动力学方程以及实际气体单空泡共振频率方程。并运用4~5阶RungeKutta法模拟了不同超声条件(声压幅值、空泡初始半径、振动频率)对泡壁的运动以及运动速度的影响。结果表明:较高的声压幅值,空泡理论共振半径R'0与初始半径R0的比值为102数量级以及较低的超声频率有利于超声珩磨磨削区空化效应的发生。     

Modeling of surface cleaning by cavitation bubble dynamics and collapse

Surface cleaning using cavitation bubble dynamics is investigated numerically through modeling of bubble dynamics, dirt particle motion, and fluid material interaction. Three fluid dynamics models; a potential flow model, a viscous model, and a compressible model, are used to describe the flow field generated by the bubble all showing the strong effects bubble explosive growth and collapse have on a dirt particle and on a layer of material to remove. Bubble deformation and reentrant jet formation are seen to be responsible for generating concentrated pressures, shear, and lift forces on the dirt particle and high impulsive loads on a layer of material to remove. Bubble explosive growth is also an important mechanism for removal of dirt particles, since strong suction forces in addition to shear are generated around the explosively growing bubble and can exert strong forces lifting the particles from the surface to clean and sucking them toward the bubble. To model material failure and removal, a finite element structure code is used and enables simulation of full fluid–structure interaction and investigation of the effects of various parameters. High impulsive pressures are generated during bubble collapse due to the impact of the bubble reentrant jet on the material surface and the subsequent collapse of the resulting toroidal bubble. Pits and material removal develop on the material surface when the impulsive pressure is large enough to result in high equivalent stresses exceeding the material yield stress or its ultimate strain. Cleaning depends on parameters such as the relative size between the bubble at its maximum volume and the particle size, the bubble standoff distance from the particle and from the material wall, and the excitation pressure field driving the bubble dynamics. These effects are discussed in this contribution.     

Spatial-temporal dynamics of cavitation bubble clouds in 1.2 MHz focused ultrasound field

Cavitation bubbles have been recognized as being essential to many applications of ultrasound. Temporal evolution and spatial distribution of cavitation bubble clouds induced by a focused ultrasound transducer of 1.2 MHz center frequency are investigated by high-speed photography. It is revealed that at a total acoustic power of 72 W the cavitation bubble cloud first emerges in the focal region where cavitation bubbles are observed to generate, grow, merge and collapse during the initial 600 μs. The bubble cloud then grows upward to the post-focal region, and finally becomes visible in the pre-focal region. The structure of the final bubble cloud is characterized by regional distribution of cavitation bubbles in the ultrasound field. The cavitation bubble cloud structure remains stable when the acoustic power is increased from 25 W to 107 W, but it changes to a more violent form when the acoustic power is further increased to 175 W.     

Shape stability of a gas bubble in a soft solid

Predicting the onset of non-spherical oscillations of bubbles in soft matter is a fundamental cavitation problem with implications to sonoprocessing, polymeric materials synthesis, and biomedical ultrasound applications. The shape stability of a bubble in a Kelvin-Voigt viscoelastic medium with nonlinear elasticity, the simplest constitutive model for soft solids, is analytically investigated and compared to experiments. Using perturbation methods, we develop a model reducing the equations of motion to two sets of evolution equations: a Rayleigh-Plesset-type equation for the mean (volume-equivalent) bubble radius and an equation for the non-spherical mode amplitudes. Parametric instability is predicted by examining the natural frequency and the Mathieu equation for the non-spherical modes, which are obtained from our model. Our theoretical results show good agreement with published experiments of the shape oscillations of a bubble in a gelatin gel. We further examine the impact of viscoelasticity on the time evolution of non-spherical mode amplitudes. In particular, we find that viscosity increases the damping rate, thus suppressing the shape instability, while shear modulus increases the natural frequency, which changes the unstable mode. We also explain the contributions of rotational and irrotational fields to the viscoelastic stresses in the surroundings and at the bubble surface, as these contributions affect the damping rate and the unstable mode. Our analysis on the role of viscoelasticity is potentially useful to measure viscoelastic properties of soft materials by experimentally observing the shape oscillations of a bubble.     

Experimental investigation of conical bubble structure and acoustic flow structure in ultrasonic field

The objective of this paper is to investigate the transient conical bubble structure (CBS) and acoustic flow structure in ultrasonic field. In the experiment, the high-speed video and particle image velocimetry (PIV) techniques are used to measure the acoustic cavitation patterns, as well as the flow velocity and vorticity fields. Results are presented for a high power ultrasound with a frequency of 18 kHz, and the range of the input power is from 50 W to 250 W. The results of the experiment show the input power significantly affects the structures of CBS, with the increase of input power, the cavity region of CBS and the velocity of bubbles increase evidently. For the transient motion of bubbles on radiating surface, two different types could be classified, namely the formation, aggregation and coalescence of cavitation bubbles, and the aggregation, shrink, expansion and collapse of bubble cluster. Furthermore, the thickness of turbulent boundary layer near the sonotrode region is found to be much thicker, and the turbulent intensities are much higher for relatively higher input power. The vorticity distribution is prominently affected by the spatial position and input power.     

Effect of surface tension on a liquid-jet produced by the collapse of a laser-induced bubble against a rigid boundary

The effect of surface tension on the behavior of a liquid-jet is investigated experimentally by means of a fiber-coupled optical beam deflection (OBD) technique. It is found that a target under water is impacted in turn by a laser-plasma ablation force and by a high-speed liquid-jet impulse induced by bubble collapse in the vicinity of a rigid boundary. The liquid-jet impact is found to be the main damage mechanism in cavitation erosion. Furthermore, the liquid-jet increases monotonously with surface tension, so cavitation erosion rises sharply with increasing surface tension. Surface tension also reduces bubble collapse duration. From the experimental results and the modified Rayleigh theory, the maximum bubble radius is obtained and it is found to reduce with increasing surface tension.     

Circular motion of submillimeter-sized acoustic bubbles attached to a boundary by high-speed image analysis

The circular motion of submillimeter-sized bubbles attached to a boundary in an 18.5 kHz ultrasonic field are investigated experimentally by high-speed photography and image analysis. It is found that the vibration of gas bubbles with diameters of 0.2–0.4 mm is between spherical radial vibration and regular surface fluctuation. Different from the circular motion of suspended bubbles in water, the circular motion of gas bubbles attached to a boundary presents some new characteristics. These bubbles attached to a boundary (wandering bubbles) will rotate around a fixed bubble array (holding bubbles). Both the wondering bubbles and holding bubbles are “degas” bubbles. The primary Bjerknes force acting on wandering bubbles in the acoustic wave field and the secondary Bjerknes force between the wandering bubbles and the holding bubbles strongly affects the circular motion. The circling and residence behavior of gas bubbles is described and analyzed in detail, which is helpful to understand and improve industrial applications such as ultrasonic cleaning, sonochemical treatment, aeration and cavitation reduction.     

On the interaction between ultrasound waves and bubble clouds in mono- and dual-frequency sonoreactors

Since the last decades, extensive work have been done on the numerical modeling of mono-frequency sonoreactors, we here consider the modeling of dual-frequency sonoreactors. We first present the basic features of the CAMUS code (CAvitating Medium under UltraSound), for mono-frequency excitation. Computation at low, medium and high frequency are presented. Extension of the numerical tool CAMUS is also presented: Caflisch equations are modified to take into account the dual-frequency excitation of the sound. We consider 28–56, 28–100 and 28–200 kHz sonoreactors. Fields of cavitation bubble emergence are quite different from the ones under mono-frequency. Study of spatio-temporal dynamics of cavitation bubbles in a 28–56 kHz sonoreactor is also considered. Taking into account the pressure field induced by the dual-frequency wave propagation, we compute the Bjerknes force applied on the cavitation bubble that is responsible for the bubble migration. A two phase flow approach allows to compute the bubble migration.     

气泡室中"胚胎"气泡成长为可见气泡的模型建立及初步的理论计算

建立了气泡室中“胚胎”气泡成长为可见气泡模型.初步计算表明,“胚胎”气泡在成长为可见气泡的过程中,它不仅要从其周围吸收热量,而且还有分子进入到它的里面.理论上可以合理解释能量相同的中子和质子入射到气泡室所产生的径迹上的气泡半径是不同的,中子在气泡室中产生的径迹细长,而质子在气泡室中产生的径迹粗短;可以合理解释在同一径迹上某个区域内可以有半径大小相差不多的气泡存在;也可以合理解释电荷数较多的入射粒子较能量相同但电荷数不同的入射粒子,其在气泡室中径迹上气泡的半径要大;理论上预测入射粒子刚进入气泡室时,其径迹上有大气泡破裂现象发生.通过选择合适的工作物质可以提高气泡室的灵敏度和探测效率.     

Numerical simulation of cavitation bubble dynamics induced by ultrasound waves in a high frequency reactor

The use of high frequency ultrasound in chemical systems is of major interest to optimize chemical procedures. Characterization of an open air 477 kHz ultrasound reactor shows that, because of the collapse of transient cavitation bubbles and pulsation of stable cavitation bubbles, chemical reactions are enhanced. Numerical modelling is undertaken to determine the spatio-temporal evolution of cavitation bubbles. The calculus of the emergence of cavitation bubbles due to the acoustic driving (by taking into account interactions between the sound field and bubbles' distribution) gives a cartography of bubbles' emergence within the reactor. Computation of their motion induced by the pressure gradients occurring in the reactor show that they migrate to the pressure nodes. Computed bubbles levitation sites gives a cartography of the chemical activity of ultrasound. Modelling of stable cavitation bubbles' motion induced by the motion of the liquid gives some insight on degassing phenomena.     

A simple model of ultrasound propagation in a cavitating liquid. Part II: Primary Bjerknes force and bubble structures

In a companion paper, a reduced model for propagation of acoustic waves in a cloud of inertial cavitation bubbles was proposed. The wave attenuation was calculated directly from the energy dissipated by a single bubble, the latter being estimated directly from the fully nonlinear radial dynamics. The use of this model in a mono-dimensional configuration has shown that the attenuation near the vibrating emitter was much higher than predictions obtained from linear theory, and that this strong attenuation creates a large traveling wave contribution, even for closed domain where standing waves are normally expected. In this paper, we show that, owing to the appearance of traveling waves, the primary Bjerknes force near the emitter becomes very large and tends to expel the bubbles up to a stagnation point. Two-dimensional axi-symmetric computations of the acoustic field created by a large area immersed sonotrode are also performed, and the paths of the bubbles in the resulting Bjerknes force field are sketched. Cone bubble structures are recovered and compare reasonably well to reported experimental results. The underlying mechanisms yielding such structures is examined, and it is found that the conical structure is generic and results from the appearance a sound velocity gradient along the transducer area. Finally, a more complex system, similar to an ultrasonic bath, in which the sound field results from the flexural vibrations of a thin plate, is also simulated. The calculated bubble paths reveal the appearance of other commonly observed structures in such configurations, such as streamers and flare structures.     

Mechanical effects of laser-induced cavitation bubble on different geometrical confinements for laser propulsion in water

Laser propulsions of six kinds of propelled objects in water and air are studied in this paper. The kinetic energy and momentum coupling coefficients gained by the objects after implementation of single laser pulses are investigated experimentally. It is shown that the propulsion effects are better in water than in air. Both in water and in air, the propulsion effects are better if there is a cavity on the laser irradiated surface of the object, and a hemispherical cavity works better than a 90°-conical cavity. A concept of equivalent reference pressure is proposed in this paper. It means that the asymmetry in the liquid induced by a rigid boundary near a spherical or nonspherical oscillating bubble can be approximated as the perturbation induced by a compressive stress wave passing through a bubble in the infinite static liquid. Thus, the collapse time and the pressure surrounding the nonspherical collapsing bubble can be estimated based on the maximum velocity of the liquid jet tip. Experiments also show that cavitation with oscillations and collapse can be induced at the object-water interface on the outside surface of the object head by the penetrating intensive stress wave and the elastic deformation of the object head. The bulging velocity of the object surface is calculated based on the propagation theory of stress waves at medium interfaces.