水母代谢过程中释放的溶解有机质的光谱特征

研究了实验室培养的小型水母弗洲指突水母(Blackfordia virginica)代谢过程中所释放的溶解有机物(DOM)及其吸收和荧光光谱特征的变化。与对照组海水相比,充分摄食后的水母在24h的代谢过程中向水体释放大量的溶解有机碳和总溶解态氮,有色溶解有机物的吸收系数a280也有显著增加。光谱斜率比值(SR)的增大和腐殖化指数(HIX)的降低,表明水母代谢产生的主要是腐殖化程度较弱的低分子量DOM。利用平行因子分析(PARAFAC)模型对三维荧光光谱进行解谱,识别出3个类腐殖质(C1-C3)和1个类蛋白质(C4)组分。发射波长在400nm以下的"海源"类腐殖质组分C2(<250,295/386nm)及类蛋白质组分C4(275/334nm)在代谢过程中有明显增加,表明它们是水母代谢释放的主要荧光物质;而发射波长在400nm以上的组分则变化不大。据此可将发射波长小于400nm与大于400nm的荧光组分强度和之间的比值,构建为DOM的浮游动物来源指标(ZIX),用于识别和示踪水环境中浮游动物代谢活动释放和产生的DOM。     

Sonochemical and photochemical oxidation of organic matter

Recent developments in sonochemistry have led us to study its use to treat water and wastewater. The effects of ultrasound wave in hydrophilic chemical oxidations are mainly due to hydroxyl radical production during the cavitation-induced water decomposition. Currently, the sonochemical destruction of aromatic compounds in water solution is obtained with low rates. The aim of this work is to evaluate the efficiency of the sonochemical effect in conjunction with a photochemical irradiation. Taking phenol as an example, the combined action of sonochemistry and photochemistry has been considered in a ‘sonuv’ reactor. An important enhancement of the degradation rate of phenol has been observed. It may be the result of three different oxidative processes: direct photochemical action, high frequency sonochemistry and reaction with ozone (produced by UV irradiation of air). The process has been successfully tested to lower the chemical oxygen demand of a municipal wastewater.     

獐子岛附近海域溶解有机物的荧光特征

利用平行因子分析(PARAFAC)模型对三维荧光光谱(EEMs)进行解析,研究了獐子岛附近海域不同季节荧光溶解有机物(DOM)荧光的组成特点及分布变化。调查水域在不同季节的DOM荧光组成基本一致,包含类腐殖质荧光组分C1(265/440nm),C2(410～450/520～550nm)和类蛋白荧光组分C3(230,280/330nm),且三者有很好的相关性,表明它们有着相同的来源或彼此间存在某种关系。各组分在不同季节不同水层的分布有在獐子岛周围海域荧光强度相对较大的共同点。通过对各组分与叶绿素a和盐度变化的关系研究发现,调查海区OM受现场浮游植物和人类生产活动的共同作用。分析结果有效的证明了EEMs与PARAFAC相结合对DOM荧光进行分析鉴别的可行性。     

水库型河流溶解有机物三维荧光光谱的平行因子分析

利用三维荧光光谱(EEMs)并结合平行因子分析(PARAFAC)模型,研究了2008年6月水库型河流闽江中溶解有机物(DOM)的荧光组分特征及其分布变化,以探讨河流DOM的来源、动力学过程及主要控制因素。闽江DOM包括类腐殖质组分C1(<250,325/424nm)、C2(270,395/482nm)与类蛋白质组分C3(<250,280/358nm)等三种荧光组分,其中类腐殖质组分占绝对优势。利用荧光组分可对上游三条支流之间的混合进行灵敏的指纹示踪。闽江干流DOM荧光组分的含量基本一致,反映了大型水库修建对闽江有机碳循环尚未产生显著影响。利用相关和主成分分析揭示出闽江类腐殖质组分主要来源于流域土壤的冲刷,它与吸收系数a(355)之间的关系密切;而类蛋白质组分主要在水环境中产生,可用于示踪水体中总溶解氮(TDN)的变化。利用荧光组分的多元线性回归可有效地对溶解有机碳(DOC)的含量进行示踪,表明EEMs-PARAFAC是研究河流DOM动力学过程的重要手段。     

The removal characteristics of natural organic matter in the recycling of drinking water treatment sludge: Role of solubilized organics

To clarify the role of solubilized organics derived from drinking water treatment sludge (DWTS) in the elimination of natural organic matter (NOM) in the DWTS recycling process, a probe sonoreactor at a frequency of 25 kHz was used to solubilize the organics at varied specific energies. The coagulation behavior related to NOM removal in recycling the sonicated DWTS with and without solubilized organics was evaluated, and the effect on organic fractionations in coagulated water was determined. The study results could provide useful implications in designing DWTS recycling processes that avoid the enrichment of organic matter. Our results indicate that DWTS was disrupted through a low release of soluble chemical oxygen demand (SCOD) and proteins, which could deteriorate the coagulated water quality under the specific energy of 37.87–1212.1 kW h/kg TS. The optimal coagulation behavior for NOM removal was achieved by recycling the sonicated DWTS without solubilized organics at 151.5 kW h/kg TS specific energy. Recycling the sonicated DWTS could increase the enrichment potential of weakly hydrophobic acid, hydrophilic matter, and <3 kDa fractions; the enrichment risks could be reduced by discharging the solubilized organics. Fluorescent characteristic analysis indicated that when recycling the sonicated DWTS without solubilized organics, the removal of humic-like substances was limited, whereas removal of protein-like substances was enhanced, lowering the enrichment potential of protein-like substances.     

Fabrication of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous Ta2O5 films through aqueous organic gel process

Ta₂O₅ thin films have been prepared in the forms of three-dimensionally ordered macroporous (3-DOM) materials through aqueous organic gel process guided by polystyrene (PS) colloidal templates. The structure of the films was strongly affected by the infiltration process. This suggests that the infiltration process which aims at introducing desired materials into the interstitial spaces between the PS templates is of critical importance. Dip-drawing method was adopted for infiltration in this article. However, excess precursor worked as a capping agent for films prepared from the precursor of high concentration. Spin-coating method can efficiently remove the excess precursor by high speed rotating, which makes it a promising process for the infiltration of Ta-citric precursor with concentration higher than 0.5 mol/L. X-ray diffraction (XRD) pattern showed that the products can crystallize at 600 °C and had a pure orthorhombic phase. The chemical composition of the product was also studied by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS).     

Impact of non-uniform heat sink/source and convective condition in radiative heat transfer to Oldroyd-B nanofluid: A revised proposed relation

Nanofluids are embryonic as auspicious thermo liquids for application of heat transfer which have been scrutinized precisely, in current eons. Thermo-physical properties of these liquids have noteworthy stimulus on their heat transfer features. The manifestation of dense nanoparticles in the base liquid ominously intensifies the effective liquid thermal conductivity and therefore heightens the features of heat transfer. The highest attention of this exertion is to investigate the features of nanoparticles mass flux conditions and non-uniform heat sink/source on magnetite Oldroyd-B nanofluid. Additionally, heat convective and thermal radiation mechanisms are considered. Homotopic approach has been established for the solution of non-linear structures. The upshots elucidate that the Brownian and thermophrosis nanoparticles exaggerate the temperature field, however analogous tendency is being noted for thermal radiation and non-uniform heat sink/source parameters. This exertion also investigated that the concentration of Oldroyd-B nanofluid decline for curvature parameter and augment for thermophrosis parameter. In addition, for the endorsement of up-to-date derived clarifications a comparison table of skin friction coefficient is organized in limiting circumstances.