β-HMX晶体结构及其性质的高水平计算研究

对β-HMX晶体进行DFT-B3LYP/6-31G计算研究，求得其能带结构和电子结构，探讨了结构-性能关系。从带隙约为5.7eV推知HMX晶体为绝缘体，计算所得晶格间相互作用能为149.29kJ.mol^-^1；计算的升华热(154.08kJ.mol^-^1)与实验值相符。晶体中相邻分子的硝基氧之间点电荷静电势要高，表明该处晶格易于断裂、并可能成为冲击引爆中心。从原子间距和原子间重叠布居分析，发现β-HMX分子之间存在微弱的氢键；环外以硝胺键较强，环内以N-C键较弱，预示该二部位易于引发分解和起爆。     

TATB固体与表面吸附水的相互作用研究

TATB（1，3，5-三氨基-2，4，6-三硝基苯）是最著名的耐热钝感炸药；水在 TATB表面的吸附作用研究具有理论和实用双重意义。在B3LYP/6-31G~（**）水平上 ，在对TATB晶体（001）表面作周期性计算的基础上经基组叠加误差（BSSE）校正 ，求得TATB的表面能为-19.90 kJ·mol~(-1)，与实验值良好相符；首次求得水在 TATB（001）面的吸附能为-10.25kJ·mol~(-1)；重点讨论了吸附前后能带和电子 结构的变化。     

电荷转移复合物1-氮-甲基-苯并哒嗪TCNQ和2-氮-甲基-苯并哒嗪TCNQ的能带结构与电性质的研究

本文采用以EHMO为基础的紧束缚近似方法计算了同分异构复合物1-N-Mci TCNQ_2和2-N-Mci TCNQ_2的能带结构。通过计算谐振稳定能估算复合物中TCNQ的电荷。计算结果表明, 复合物晶体中的给体N-Mci对一维能带的前沿轨道无影响。1-N-Mci和2-N-Mci的几何形状不同, 在晶体堆积能量上影响TCNQ的排列, 使两个复合物的TCNQ堆积方式不同, 能带结构也就不一样了。1-N-Mci TCNQ_2复合物的TCNQ之间π-π轨道迭合较好, 能隙小。LU带色散大, LU轨道上的电子为末充满状态(δ≈1.77), 具有较好的导电性能。2-N-Mci TCNQ_2复合物中TCNQ二聚体之间π-π轨道重叠不好, 能隙大, LU带宽很窄, LU轨道上电子为半充满状态(δ≈1.0), 易于形成磁绝缘体, 其导电性比1-N-Mci TCNQ_2差, 这与实验结果是一致的。     

NbX(X=C,N,O)的能带结构研究

本文采用EHT近似下的紧束缚能带方法,计算了NbX(X=C,N,O)的能带结构。结果表明,它们的能带结构相近,Nb—X间存在较强的成键作用,传导电子主要具有Nb的4d特征,Nb—Nb键与超导电性相关,从C到N,Nb—Nb键共价性削弱,Tc提高。尽管计算所得NbO中Nb—Nb键强度介于NbC和NbN之间,但其实际Tc却比NbC和NbN的都低,这是NbO的空位效应所致,这一结果可从我们对有序缺陷的Nb_(0.75)O_(0.75)晶体能带结构的计算得到验证。     

ET类分子导体3d轨道对晶体能带及导电性的影响

采用扩展休克尔 -紧束缚方法 (EHTB)研究了ET类分子导体 [ET =bis (ethylenedithio) tetrathiafulvalene]的能带 .讨论了硫原子 3d轨道对能带结构的影响 ,添加 3d轨道导致ET分子柱间的横向作用大为增强 ,并与纵向作用处于同一数量级 ,这一结论解释了晶体二维导电性的实验结果 .计算得到 (ET) 2 C3 H5SO3 ·H2 O ,(ET) 2 HgCl3 ·TCE两个晶体的带隙分别为0 5 79,0 .5 72eV ,与实验得到的导电激活能 0 .3 19,0 .3 0 8eV符合较好 .     

碱金属和重金属叠氮化物的感度和导电性研究

分别用EHCO和DV－X_α方法，计算研究了α－NaN_3、β-NaN_3和AgN_3的能带结构和原子簇电子结构. AgN_3与NaN_3相比：带隙(△Eg)较小、带宽(BW)较大，因而电导率较大. 比较前沿晶体轨道(CO)和前沿分子轨道(MO)的能级、组成及电子在其间的跃迁；预示AgN_3比NaN_3更敏感、更易分解和起爆．还从电子微观层次揭示了金属叠氮化物的导电性和爆炸性之间的联系．     

晶态Ca3C60与Ca5C60的能带结构研究

用三维EHMO晶体轨道程序分别对Ca3C60，Ca5C60进行了能带结构的计算．计算结果表明，Ca3C60没有导电性，能隙约为0．9eV；而在Ca5C60的能带结构中，费米面刚好穿过半满带，表明Ca5C60是导体；同时在费米面附近有较大的态密度值，表明Ca5C60与K3C60等类似，具有较高的超导转变温度．电荷分析表明，在这两种情况下，钙原子的4s电子基本上全转移到C60上，C60分子可形成一个稳定的带6到10个电子的负离子．     

Armchair型石墨纳米带的电子结构和输运性质

利用第一性原理的电子结构和输运性质计算方法, 研究了扶手椅(armchair)型单层石墨纳米带(具有锯齿边缘)的电子结构和输运性质及其边缘空位缺陷效应. 研究发现, 完整边缘的扶手椅型石墨纳米带是典型的金属性纳米带, 边缘空位缺陷的存在对扶手椅型纳米带能带结构有一定的影响,但并不彻底改变其金属性特征.     

TATB及其衍生物的撞击感度与C-NO2键级的关系

对TATB及其系列衍生物进行了半经验分子轨道PM3和AM1计算，求得全优化几何构型和电子结构．结果发现各化合物分子中C-NO2键的Wiberg键级(WCN)均小于其他C—N或C—C键的键级．实验撞击感度h50%与WCN计算结果之间分别呈三阶成二阶多项式关系，相关系数r≥0．92．当WCN＜0．90时，该值对撞击感度影响甚微，表明属高感度炸药；而当WCN＞0．90时，撞击感度与分子中最小的G—NO2键级WCN呈显的线性关系，WCN增大，撞击感度线性递减，符合判别感度相对大小的“最小键级原理”．     

十字交叉型π共轭分子3,6-二苯-1,2,4,5-(2',2"-二苯基)-苯并二噁唑的电子结构和电荷传输性质的理论研究

采用密度泛函理论的B3LYP方法, 在6-31G(d)基组水平下研究了以三联苯和二苯基苯并噁唑构成的十字交叉型共轭分子3,6-二苯基-1,2,4,5-(2',2"-二苯基)-苯并二噁唑的电子结构和电荷传输性质. 通过对分子的重组能和晶体中分子间电荷传输积分的计算得到该分子的空穴迁移率为0.31 cm2·V -1·s -1 , 电子迁移率为0.11 cm2/(V·s). 计算结果表明, 空穴的传输主要是通过三联苯方向上两端苯环的"边对面"的相互作用以及分子中心π体系的错位重叠相互作用来实现的. 而电子的传输路径主要是通过苯并噁唑方向的π-π重叠相互作用来实现. 通过分析分子正负离子态的Mulliken电荷发现, 正电荷较多分布在三联苯方向上, 而负电荷较多分布在苯并噁唑方向上. 计算结果表明, 电子和空穴的传输分别在分子相互交叉的不同方向上, 有利于电子和空穴的平衡传输.     

TATB与二氟甲烷以及与聚偏二氟乙烯的分子间相互作用

动用密度泛函理论(SFT)B3LYP方法,取3－21G*基组,求得TATB(1,3,5-三氨基-2,4,6-三硝基苯)与CH~2F~2混合体系的三种优化构型以Boys-Bernardi方案校正基组叠加误差求得结合能。在B3LYP/6----311G*//B3LYP/3---21G*水TATB与CH~2F~2间的最大结合能为4.62kJ·mol^-1,还用MO－PM3方法计算TATB与---（CF~2CH~2}－(N=1,2,3,4,5,)的混合体系,由色散校正电子相关近似地求得其结合能力。当n＝5时,求得TATB与－（CF~2CH~2）--~n的最大结合能约为52.97kJ·MOL^-1。此外,自然键轨道分析用于讨论TATB与CH~2F~2之间的电荷转移。     

高能体系分子间相互作用研究: 含NNO~2和NH~2混合物

以abinitioHF/6-31G^*计算求得NH~3+NH~2NO~2的两种优化构型,经MP4电子相关能校正和Boys-Bernardi方案校正基组叠加误差求得精确的分子间相互作用能。还用PM3方法计算研究TATB(均三氨基三硝基苯)分别与HMX(奥克托金)和RDX(黑索金)的混合体系,经色散能校正电子相关近似地求得分子间相互作用能。结果表明,NH~3与NH~2NO~2之间的最大结合能为-38.32kJ/mol;分子间相互作用增强了N-NO~2键强度;TATB与HMX,RDX的结合能远大于石墨与HMX或RDX的结合能,表明TATB对HMX和RDX的润湿和钝感作用较石墨更强。     

Chiral palisade side-chain liquid crystal copolymers: effect of comonomer end group on the nature of the liquid crystalline

Three series of copolymers were prepared from 4-[2-(S)-methyl-3-acryloxy)-4′-methoxy phenyl] benzoate, as the common chiral monomer, and three nonchiral 4-alkyloxy phenyl-4′-(6-acryloxy hexyloxy) benzoates with alkyloxy tail groups containing seven to nine atoms. All of the copolymers exhibited liquid crystalline (LC) behavior over the entire composition ranges studied. It was demonstrated that by changing the length of the alkyloxy unit, significant differences could be induced in the LC phases observed. When the alkyloxy unit was seven atoms long only chiral nematic (N*) phases were detected, whereas lengthening the alkyloxy unit to eight and nine atoms led to the formation of smectic A (S_A) and chiral smectic C (S*_C ) phases in addition to the N* phase. Films of these materials exhibited selective reflection in the visible region as one would expect from the presence of N* and S*_C phases. © 1998 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

DFT Study of the Group Interactions in 1,3,5‐Triamino‐2,4,6‐Trinitrobenzene and 1,3,5‐Triamino‐2,4,6‐Tridifluoroaminobenzene

Density functional calculations on isodesmic disproportionation reactions of 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐trinitrobenzene (TATB) and 1,3,5‐triamino‐2,4,6‐tridifluoroaminobenzene (TATDB) indicate that the interaction between nitro groups on meta carbons of TATB, which brings about unstability to the molecule, is surprisingly larger than that between difluroamino groups in TATDB. The electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating groups generate large positive and very small negative values of E_{disproportion}, respectively. When both electron‐withdrawing and electron‐donating groups are attached to the benzene skeleton at the same time, large negative disproportionation energy is produced, which stabilizes the derivatives. The values of E_{disproportion} for TATB and TATDB are predicted to be ‐48.03 kJ/mol and ‐63.54 kJ/mol, respectively, indicating that the total interaction among groups with stabilization effects in TATDB is larger than that in TATB. The large difference of the E_{disproportion} values between TATB and TATDB is derived from the large difference between the interactions of the meta‐nitro group and those of meta‐difluoroamino groups. The energy barriers for the C‐N internal rotation of NO₂ group and NF₂ groups are 74.7 kJ/mol and 185.8 kJ/mol for TATB and TATDB, respectively. The large energy barrier for the rotation of the NF₂ group is caused by its stabilization interaction with neighbor amino groups, instead of steric effects. When the number of pairs of amino‐nitro or amino‐difluoroamino groups increases, there are more negative charges on the NO₂/NF₂ groups and on the O/F atoms.     

Raman spectroscopy of aminated and ultrafine 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene and PBX 9502 as a function of pressing pressure

The Raman spectra of emulsion aminated, wet aminated, dry aminated, and ultrafine 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) and PBX 9502 explosive powders are measured in a pellet die at pressures from ambient to 180 MPa with a 632.8 nm helium-neon laser. Raman peak frequencies and line widths are calculated from accurately calibrated spectra. The spectral region below 400 cm(-1), where the pressure shifts of the Raman peaks are larger, is emphasized. The most salient effect of pressing is an approximate permanent doubling of the line width of the ambient 56.9 cm(-1) peak for all TATB types. This peak is also much wider in the ultrafine TATB powder than in the other TATB powders, which indicates that the process of creating the ultrafine powder also creates changes in the TATB crystals. The peaks in the spectra of the aminated TATBs and PBX 9502 are very similar, but differences in the fluorescence backgrounds correlate with the expected crystalline purity differences from the different amination processes. The peak frequencies versus pressure for several of the more intense low-frequency peaks can be fit well to linear functions between 40 and 180 MPa. The pressure slopes of the emulsion aminated peaks are consistently larger than the slopes of the other powders. Grüneisen parameters calculated from peaks below 100 cm(-1) are scattered, which is probably caused by the anisotropy of TATB crystals and different types of intermolecular bonds.     

Effect of molecular and lattice structure on hydrogen transfer in molecular crystals of diamino-dinitroethylene and triamino-trinitrobenzene

We have studied the intra- and intermolecular hydrogen transfer in a crystalline 1,1-diamino-2,2-dinitroethylene (DADNE) and 1,3,5-triamino-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene (TATB) by means of an embedded cluster method and density functional theory (DFT). We found that, even though both of these materials have similar amino- and nitro- functional groups and layered crystalline structures, there are important differences in the mechanisms of hydrogen transfer. In particular, our calculations suggest that the proton migration from an amino-group to a nitro-group of the same molecule is a feasible process in TATB but not in DADNE. At the same time, we have found that no intermolecular hydrogen transfer occurs in either molecular crystal. These results imply that the activation of the decomposition reactions proceeds via different paths in these two materials.     

The structures of higher boron halides B8X12(X = F, Cl, Br and I) by gas-phase electron diffraction and ab initio calculations

The structure of B8F12 has been shown by gas electron diffraction and computational methods (up to MP2/6-31+G*) to have the same highly asymmetric form observed in crystalline phases. The structure can be regarded as derived from a central B2 group, bridged by two BF2 groups to give a central B4 core that is folded, not planar, and with a very short bond [164.3 pm calculated, 164.2(19) pm experimental] along the fold line. There are also four terminal BF2 groups. One of the other four bonds in the core is consistently 20-30 pm longer than the others. This asymmetry has been attributed to many intra-molecular B...F interactions, particularly those between core boron atoms and fluorines of the terminal BF2 groups. Calculations for the chloro analogue lead to a structure similar to that for B8F12, but with the long core bond extended so that one of the bridging BCl2 groups may now be regarded as terminal. With bromine as the halogen the structure changes again, with one bromine atom taking up a bridging position. With iodine, this process continues further, and there are three bridging iodine atoms. However, in this case this is not the lowest energy structure, and instead a loosely associated dimer of B4I6 is preferred. In all these cases, and particularly with the heavier halogens, there are huge differences between the results obtained with different computational methods.     

金属硼烷arachmo—P4M2B8和closo—MB10X2分子结构的键合研究

利用ＤＶ－Ｘα法计算了ａｒａｃｈｎｏ－（ＰＨ３）４Ｍ２Ｂ８Ｈ８（ｕ－Ｈ）２（Ｍ：Ｎｉ,Ｐｄ,Ｐｔ）和ｃｌｏｓｏ－（ＰＨ３）２ＭＢ１０Ｈ８Ｘ２（Ｍ：Ｆｅ,Ｒｕ,Ｏｓ;Ｘ：Ｃｌ,Ｂｒ,Ｉ,ＯＨ,Ｌｉ）系列分子的电子结构。结果表明在２类ａｒａｃｈｎｏ－Ｐ４Ｍ２Ｂ８和ｃｌｏｓｏ－ＭＢ１０Ｘ２主干结构中均有类似的２种Ｍ－－Ｂ键合：一是金属原子ｄ轨道相对配体原子轨道形成了全对称匹配分子轨道（ＭＯｓ）;二是部分     

细菌光合反应中心突变体原初电子转移机理的理 论研究

利用量子化学DFT从头计算方法,计算经过突变的细菌光合反应中心HM202L原始电子给体和其他色素分子的电子结构,然后对其原初电子转移机理进行探讨。结果表明：1)超分子D-2A的HOMO主要是由定域在其组成单元BChl~L分子上的原子轨道组成,而它的LUMO主要是由定域在其组成单元MBPheo~M分子上的原子轨道组成。这表明它在基态的激发态时分别存在超分子内的电荷分离态[BChl~L^--MBPheo~M^+]和[BChl~L^+-MBPheo~M^-]。同时也说明了D-2A阳离子态的正电荷完全分布在组成单元细菌叶绿素分子BChl~L上,与实验事实相符。2)HM202L细菌光合反应中心原初电子转移反应存在由ABCha~L^h^*驱动的电子转移反应。