Gemini表面活性剂烷烃尾链在吸附和聚集过程中的疏水协同效应(英文)

以表面张力法测定了系列Gemini表面活性剂m-6-m以及对应单体表面活性剂CmTABr的临界胶束浓度(cmc)和降低水表面张力20mN·m-1需要的浓度(pC20).比较这些参数表明m-6-m胶束化和在界面吸附的能力均强于CmTABr,这被归结为Gemini表面活性剂烷烃尾链间的疏水协同效应.与不对称Gemini表面活性剂12-6-m比较,对称的Gemini结构更有利于表面活性剂的聚集和吸附.     

支链化阳离子和甜菜碱表面活性剂对聚四氟乙烯表面润湿性的影响

利用座滴法研究了支链化阳离子表面活性剂十六烷基羟丙基氯化铵(C₁₆GPC)和两性离子表面活性剂十六烷基羧酸甜菜碱(C₁₆GPB)在聚四氟乙烯(PTFE)表面上的吸附机制和润湿性质, 考察了表面活性剂浓度对表面张力、接触角、粘附张力、固液界面张力和粘附功的影响趋势. 研究发现, 低浓度条件下, 表面活性剂疏水支链的多个亚甲基基团与PTFE表面发生相互作用, 分子以平躺的方式吸附到固体界面; 支链化表面活性剂形成胶束的阻碍较大, 浓度大于临界胶束浓度(cmc)时, C₁₆GPC和C₁₆GPB分子在固液界面上继续吸附, 与PTFE作用的亚甲基基团减少, 分子逐渐直立, 固液界面自由能(γ_sl)明显降低. 对于支链化的阳离子和甜菜碱分子, 接触角均在浓度高于cmc后大幅度降低.     

芳基油酸酰胺羟丙基磺基甜菜碱的合成及性能

合成了3种具有不同疏水基团的新型磺基甜菜碱两性表面活性剂,通过红外光谱对它们的结构进行了表征。 用滴体积法测定表面活性剂水溶液在25 ℃下的表面张力,从而确定其临界胶束浓度(cmc)及临界胶束浓度下的表面张力(γcmc);采用罗氏泡沫仪考察了浓度、温度对其泡沫性能的影响;采用分水时间法考察了其乳化性能。 结果表明,随着芳环在烷基链中的体积增大,cmc以及γcmc增大,饱和吸附面积Amin增大,而饱和吸附量Γmax减小。 3种表面活性剂的起泡性随浓度增大而增加,到一定值后趋于稳定;泡沫稳定性随浓度增大逐渐增强;起泡性随着温度的升高而显著增加,泡沫稳定性随温度升高而显著降低。 3种表面活性剂的乳化能力随浓度增大而逐渐增强然后趋于稳定。     

全氟丁基磺酸钠与辛基三乙基溴化铵的相互作用

通过测定辛基三乙基溴化铵(C8H17N(CH2CH3)3Br,C8NE)与全氟丁基磺酸钠(C4F9SO3Na,C4F)组成的不同混合比的碳氢-碳氟正负离子表面活性剂混合体系的表面张力,得到不同摩尔比时C8NEC4F体系的临界胶束浓度(cmc)、cmc处的表面张力(γcmc)、总饱和吸附量、不同表面张力时表面吸附层的组成,利用Gibbs-Duhem方程求得cmc处的胶团组成。 采用规则溶液理论计算了胶团中分子间相互作用参数(βm),并求得cmc以上的胶团组成。 实验表明,C8NEC4F复配体系的cmc远远小于单体系的cmc,这也体现在该体系的βm负值很大,胶团内分子相互作用很强。 但是C4F与C8NE复配后γcmc较C4F单体系的变化幅度不是特别大(γcmc降低2~4 mN/m),这是由于C8NEC4F碳链的不对称性导致部分C8NE的碳链在溶液表面弯曲而覆盖了C4F端基CF3基团。 表面吸附层中氟表面活性剂相对于本体溶液是富集的,即使对于C8NE大大过量的体系,表面吸附层组成也在等摩尔附近;对于C4F过量的体系,C4F在表面吸附层中的比例比溶液中的略高。 随着表面张力的降低,表面吸附层的组成相对更偏向于氟表面活性剂。 cmc处的胶团组成随着体系中C4F含量的增大偏向于形成显著富含C4F的胶团,对于C8NE大大过量的体系,胶团组成接近等摩尔。 cmc之后的胶团组成接近等摩尔,主要归因于此时静电相互作用占主导,这和溶液配制过程中发现复配体系超过cmc一定浓度后就易生成沉淀的现象是相符的。     

不等链长的碳氟、碳氢正负离子表面活性剂混合体系的表面活性

研究了全氟辛酸钠与溴化十四烷基三甲铵混合水溶液的表面活性. 测定了不同比例混合物水溶液的表面张力-浓度曲线, 得出临界胶团浓度(cmc)及监 界胶团浓度时的溶液表面张力(γcmc)值. 应用Gibbs吸附公式及吸附层中两表面活性剂分子相互作用参数法求出表面总吸附量、吸附层组成及两表面活性剂分别吸附量等. 指示此吸附层具有多分子层性质. 这可能是碳氢、碳氟正负离子混合体系的特点.     

临界胶束浓度cmc与饱和吸附Γ′2∞的关系

关于临界胶束浓度cmc(critical micelle concentration)与饱和吸附Г’_(2∞)的关系,一般物理化学教材中描述为:“当表面活性剂(SAA)的浓度足够大时,溶液表面吸附达饱和,表面张力σ不再下降,此时溶液表面层内的表面活性剂分子定向排列而形成单分子膜,若再增     

光敏型阴离子表面活性剂的合成及表面性能

本文制备了一种含有偶氮苯基团的阴离子表面活性剂,其表面活性及对方解石矿物的润湿性能,可以用紫外光照射进行调控。在紫外光照射后,表面活性剂的临界胶束浓度(cmc)、最低表面张力(γcmc)、分子极限占有面积(Amin)增大,饱和吸附量(Гmax)和降低表面张力的效率(pC20)降低,对方解石的润湿能力增强。     

PEO-PPO聚醚嵌段共聚物的表面活性及其在溶液界面的结构

利用和频振动光谱及表面张力测定技术对两亲性聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯(PEO-PPO)表面活性剂的表面活性及溶液界面结构进行了研究。结果表明:疏水PPO链段在溶液界面吸附并紧密排列是溶液表面张力降低的主要原因。增加溶液浓度、增大共聚物链内PPO与PEO聚合度比值可增加高分子链在界面的吸附,并使PPO在界面紧密排列,侧基(甲基)有序取向。另外,PPO在分子链中的位置也对这一行为产生影响,PPO位于分子链两端时的结构更有利于PPO在表面紧密堆积,降低界面高分子链间相互作用,减小溶液表面张力。     

十五烷基芳基磺酸钠溶液表面性质的影响因素研究

测定了自制的四种高纯度十五烷基间二甲苯磺酸钠在纯水溶液和0.0393 mol/L异丙醇溶液中的表面性质,结果表明,随芳基向碳链中间位置的移动,临界胶束浓度cmc增大,分子极限占有面积Amin增大,标准吸附自由能 变得更负,降低表面张力的效率pc20增强,饱和吸附量Γ_max降低,临界胶束浓度时的表面张力γ_cmc降低;且异丙醇的加入使磺酸钠溶液的临界胶束浓度显著降低。从分子结构的特点探讨了分子支化程度对表面性能的影响。     

支链异构十五烷基间二甲苯磺酸钠溶液表面性质及其溶剂行为

合成了4种高纯度十五烷基间二甲苯磺酸钠,测定了在纯水溶液和0.039 3 mol/L异丙醇溶液中的表面性质. 结果表明,随芳基向碳链中间位置的移动,临界胶束浓度(cmc)增大,分子极限占有面积(Amin)增大,标准吸附自由能(ΔG0)变得更负,降低表面张力的效率(pc20)增强,饱和吸附量(Γmax)降低,临界胶束浓度时的表面张力(γcmc)降低,异丙醇使磺酸钠溶液的cmc显著降低. 从分子结构的特点探讨了分子中脂肪链支化程度对其表面性能的影响.     

Physicochemical properties of quaternary ammonium bromide-type trimeric surfactants

Trimeric surfactants of quaternary ammonium bromide (m-2-m-2-m, where m is the hydrocarbon chain length of 8, 10, or 12) with three hydrocarbon chains and three hydrophilic groups connected by two ethylene spacer chains were synthesized by the reaction of N,N,N',N",N"-pentamethyldiethylenetriamine and the corresponding alkyl bromide. Their physicochemical properties were characterized by surface tension, static and dynamic light-scattering, and fluorescence spectrum of pyrene techniques. The critical micelle concentrations (cmc's) of m-2-m-2-m shifted to lower concentrations with increasing hydrocarbon chain length, and their values were smaller by about one to three orders of magnitude than those of the corresponding dimeric (m-2-m) and monomeric surfactants (C(m)TAB) with the same hydrocarbon chain length. Of these surfactants, 10-2-10-2-10 showed the greatest efficiency in lowering the surface tension and provided the smallest occupied area per molecule, indicating that it adsorbs more compactly at the air/water interface. In addition, from the static and dynamic light-scattering measurements, the aggregation numbers of the trimeric surfactants at the cmc were very small, and two hydrodynamic diameters above the cmc were observed.     

疏水链长对聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯界面扩张流变性质的影响

利用悬挂滴方法研究了系列聚氧乙烯失水山梨醇脂肪酸酯(TweenX)在正癸烷-水界面的扩张流变性质. 实验结果表明, 疏水烷基链长较短的Tween20 分子在界面上吸附量较大, 分子排列更紧密, Tween40 和Tween60具有大致相同的“有效截面积”, 导致饱和吸附时界面张力(γ_cmc)比较接近. TweenX浓度大于临界胶束浓度(cmc)时, 由于Tween20 分子排列的更加紧密, 模量和弹性大于Tween40 和Tween60. 当TweenX的疏水烷基链长达到一定长度时, TweenX的界面膜性质受疏水链长的影响减弱, Tween40和Tween60的扩张参数相差不大.     

Mixed micellar properties of cationic trimeric-type quaternary ammonium salts and anionic sodium n-octyl sulfate surfactants

The properties of quaternary ammonium salt-type cationic trimeric surfactants (m-2-m-2-m, m represents the carbon atom number in alkyl chain lengths of 8, 10, and 12) and oppositely charged anionic monomeric surfactant, sodium n-octyl sulfate (SOS), were characterized by employing several techniques such as static surface tension, fluorescence spectroscopy, and dynamic light-scattering measurements. The critical micelle concentrations (cmc) of m-2-m-2-m were much lower than those of the corresponding dimeric and monomeric surfactants, and decreased with increasing chain length. The addition of SOS to m-2-m-2-m solutions resulted in a further decrease of the cmc. The mixed surfactants showed higher efficiencies in lowering the surface tension than the individual surfactants. The fluorescence measurements suggested the formation of mixed micelles with a hydrophobic environment in the solutions even at lower concentrations. The dynamic light-scattering study indicated the presence of two different kinds of aggregates with different hydrodynamic diameters. The larger one was attributed to the mixed micelle of m-2-m-2-m and SOS. These results indicated a decline of the electrostatic repulsion between cationic head groups through the incorporation of anionic surfactant into the mixed surfactants.     

乙醇/水混合溶剂中Gemini表面活性剂的表面性质

通过对Gemini表面活性剂12-s-12 (Et)(s=4, 6, 8, 10, 12)体系在乙醇/水混合溶剂中的表面张力曲线的测定, 对该体系的表面性质进行了研究. 发现随乙醇/水比例变化, Gemini各种表面化学性质, 如临界胶束浓度(cmc)、表面张力(γcmc)、饱和吸附量(Γmax)和最小分子占有面积(Amin)等的变化规律. 拓展了Gemini表面活性剂在混合溶剂中表面吸附的研究.     

系列磺丁基甜菜碱的表征及表面活性

用FT-IR、1H NMR和元素分析对自制的3种磺丁基甜菜碱(SBm-4)的结构进行了表征,研究了它们的表面性能、泡沫性能和乳化性能。 获得SB12-4的cmc为2.20×10-3 mol/L,γcmc为31.48 mN/m;SB14-4的cmc为2.80×10-4 mol/L,γcmc为29.68 mN/m;SB16-4的cmc为2.30×10-5 mol/L,γcmc为32.06 mN/m。 3种磺丁基甜菜碱的cmc值随着烷基链长增加逐渐减小,γcmc先减小后增加,三者的起泡性随浓度增加而增加,到一定值后保持不变;泡沫稳定性随浓度增加逐渐增强,起泡性随着温度的增加有缓慢增加趋势,泡沫稳定性随温度增加逐渐降低。 3种表面活性剂的乳化能力随浓度增加先增加后降低。     

Synthesis and surface properties of anionic gemini surfactants with amide groups

Novel anionic gemini surfactants, 1,2-bis(N-beta-carboxypropanoyl-N-alkylamino)ethane (2CnenAm; n is hydrocarbon chain length of 6, 8, 10, 12, or 14), with two hydrocarbon chains, two carboxylate groups, and two amide groups, were synthesized by three-step reactions. Their solution properties were characterized by equilibrium and dynamic surface tension, steady-state fluorescence spectroscopy of pyrene, and dynamic light-scattering techniques. The surface tension measurements of 2CnenAm give low critical micelle concentrations (cmc), great efficiency in lowering the surface tension, and strong adsorption at air/water interface. Gemini surfactants behave normally with the logarithm of cmc decrease linearly with the chain length. In addition, adsorption and micellization behavior of 2CnenAm was estimated by parameter of pC20, cmc/C20, and standard free energy (DeltaG(0)mic and DeltaG(0)ads); they are significantly influenced by hydrocarbon chain length, and the adsorption is promoted more than the micellization as chain length becomes longer. The results of dynamic light-scattering and fluorescence quenching indicate that small micelles of 2CnenAm are observed at the concentrations above the cmc, and further large particles are also seen. Further, from the dynamic surface tension measurements, it is found that the shorter hydrocarbon chain length of 2CnenAm, the faster the rate of decrease of surface tension.     

Equilibrium and dynamic surface tension properties of partially fluorinated quaternary ammonium salt gemini surfactants

The equilibrium and dynamic surface tension properties of a partially fluorinated quaternary ammonium salt gemini surfactant 1,2-bis[dimethyl-(3-perfluoroalkyl-2-hydroxypropyl)ammonium]ethane bromide (C(n)(F)C3-2-C3C(n)F, where n represents fluorocarbon chain lengths of 4, 6, and 8) were investigated, and the effects of the fluorocarbon chain length and the number of chains on them were discussed. The plot of the logarithm of the critical micelle concentration (cmc) against the fluorocarbon chain length for C(n)(F)C3-2-C3C(n)F showed a linear decrease with an increase in chain length. On the basis of the slope of this plot, it was found that the variation in cmc with respect to the chain length is large for fluorinated gemini surfactants. The surface tension at the cmc decreased significantly; this surface tension value is lower than that of conventional fluorinated monomeric surfactants. In particular, the lowest value was 13.7 mN m(-1) for n = 8. Furthermore, it was confirmed that the kinetics of adsorption at the interface decrease with an increase in the fluorocarbon chain length and the concentration.     

Zwitterionic heterogemini surfactants containing ammonium and carboxylate headgroups. 1. Adsorption and micellization

Zwitterionic heterogemini surfactants with two hydrocarbon chains and two different hydrophilic groups, N,N-dimethyl-N-[2-(N'-alkyl-N'-beta-carboxypropanoylamino)ethyl]-1-alkylammonium bromides (2C(n)AmCa, where n represents the hydrocarbon chain lengths of 8, 10, 12, and 14), were synthesized by N,N-dimethylethylenediamine with alkyl bromide, followed by reaction with succinic anhydride. One of the hydrophilic groups is a carboxylate anion, and the other is an ammonium cation. Their physicochemical properties were characterized by measuring equilibrium and dynamic surface tension, fluorescence intensity of pyrene, and light-scattering intensity. A relationship between a logarithm of critical micelle concentration (cmc) and hydrocarbon chain length showed a linear decrease upon increasing chain length and then a departure from linearity at n = 14. This is due to the existence of premicellar aggregations at concentrations below the cmc for n = 14. The surface tension of 2C(n)AmCa reached 27-30 mN m(-1) at each cmc, indicating efficiencies typical of hydrocarbon chain surfactants. The adsorbing rate at the air/water interface became slow with an increase of the chain length. From the fluorescence intensity ratios of 373 and 384 nm using pyrene as a probe, for n = 8, 10, and 14, the pyrene was solubilized in surfactant micelles at around the cmc, whereas for n = 12 the pyrene was solubilized from a concentration of 10-fold the cmc. The scattering intensities by dynamic light scattering also increased from around these concentrations for each chain length, showing the formation of aggregates in solution.     

Microcalorimetric study on micellization of nonionic surfactants with a benzene ring or adamantane in their hydrophobic chains

The micellization of a novel family of nonionic surfactants poly(oxyethylene) glycol alkyl ethers has been studied by microcalorimetry. One of the surfactants has adamantane, and the other nonionic surfactants have a benzene ring in their hydrophobic chains, which moves from the terminal of the hydrophobic chain toward the headgroup. Moreover, the alkyl chain of the nonionic surfactants is straight or branched. Both the critical micelle concentration (cmc) and the thermodynamic parameters associated with the micelle formation have been obtained. The cmc decreases and the enthalpy of micelle formation (deltaH(mic)) becomes less positive gradually as the length of hydrophobic chain increases, whereas the values of cmc and deltaH(mic) tend to increase for the surfactants with a longer ethylene oxide chain. However, the deltaH(mic) value of the surfactant with seven carbon atoms in a hydrophobic chain is more positive than that of the surfactant with six carbon atoms in a hydrophobic chain. Comparing with the nonionic surfactant with a methylene hydrophobic chain, the surfactants with benzene rings and adamantane groups have larger cmc values and the cmc values increase with the size of the groups. Furthermore, moving the phenyl group from the terminal of the hydrophobic chain to the neighbor of the hydrophilic headgroup leads to the decreased cmc. Both the variation of hydrophobic interaction from the movement of phenyl group and pi-pi interaction among adjacent phenyl groups affect deltaH(mic) values.