The 0+ → 0+ positron double- β decay with emission of two neutrinos in the nuclei 96Ru, 102Pd, 106Cd and 108Cd

Theoretical results for two neutrinos in the nuclei ⁹⁶Ru, ¹⁰²Pd, ¹⁰⁶Cd and ¹⁰⁸Cd are presented. The study employs the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov model to obtain the wave functions of the parent and daughter nuclei, in conjunction with the summation method to estimate the double-beta decay nuclear matrix elements. The reliability of the intrinsic wave functions of ^{96, 102}Ru, ⁹⁶Mo, ^{102, 106, 108}Pd and ^{106, 108}Cd nuclei is tested by comparing the theoretically calculated spectroscopic properties with the available experimental data. The calculated half-lives T_1/2^2ν of ⁹⁶Ru, ¹⁰²Pd, ¹⁰⁶Cd and ¹⁰⁸Cd nuclei for 2ν β⁺β⁺, 2ν β⁺EC and 2ν ECEC modes are presented. The effect of deformation on the nuclear transition matrix element M_2ν is also studied.     

Low-lying excited states of106Ag studied with the103Rh (α,nγ)106Ag and104Pd (α,pnγ)106Ag Reactions

The level scheme of¹⁰⁶Ag has been studied using the¹⁰³Rh(α,nγ)¹⁰⁶Ag and¹⁰⁴Pd(α,pnγ)¹⁰⁶Ag Reactions. The experimental information is taken fromγ-ray coincidence data using Ge(Li)-Ge(Li) and HPGe-planar Ge(Li) configurations andγ-ray angular distributions. With these measurements 126 γ rays have been assigned to¹⁰⁶Ag with 116 deexciting 78 states below 2.26 MeV in excitation. The location of the 8.4-day 6⁺ isomer is established at 89.63±0.09 keV. Many of the low-lying states are interpreted in terms of a slightly deformed rotor model.     

Conversion coefficients of transitions in111Cd by a new precision method

An electron-electron coincidence method for precise measurements of internal conversion probabilities is described. By usingK-Auger electrons the atom itself provides a unity standard in the same nuclear decay. The method is applied to the decay of¹¹¹In in which theK-conversion probability of the 245 keV transition is determined to be 0.0494±0.0011. Relative internal conversion intensities and transition energies are determined using a double focussing spectrometer. These data make it possible to calculate conversion coefficients for all electron shells.     

Levels of104Pd from the104m,g Ag decay

The decay of^{104m, g} Ag was studied using a pair spectrometer. 46 new lines requiring 26 new levels in¹⁰⁴Pd have been found. Spins and parities are assigned where possible. Some discrepancies of previous investigations are removed.     

E0 transitions in 114,116,118Sn

Low-lying 0⁺ states have been excited in the (p, p′) reaction via the$\text{s}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}$ isobaric analog resonance in ^114,116Sn and in radioactive decay in ¹¹⁸Sn. From conversion electron measurements, values of $\text{X =}\text{B(}\text{EO}\text{;0}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{→ 0}{}_1{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)}\text{B(}\text{E}\text{2; 0}{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{→2}{}_1{}^{\mathrm{+}}\text{)}$ are obtained from the 1953 keV state in ¹¹⁴Sn, 1757 and 2027 keV states in ¹¹⁶Sn and 1758 and 2056 keV states in ¹¹⁸Sn.     

“Forking” of ground state bands in 102Pd and 100Pd

A new phenomenon is observed in the level schemes of ¹⁰²Pd and ¹⁰⁰Pd, populated by heavy ion induced reactions: the ground state bands of these nuclei reach J = 14, but “fork” into two branches, at the 8+ state in ¹⁰²Pd and at the 6+ state in ¹⁰⁰Pd. A ground state band in the near-magic nucleus ⁹⁸Pd, whose level energies were previously unknown, was populated to J = 8.     

Band terminations in valence-space and core-excited configurations in102Pd

The level structure of¹⁰²Pd has been investigated using the Eurogam Phase2 array. Termination of rotational bands has been observed atI=28^? andI=32⁺, and tentatively atI=38⁺ andI=42⁺. Three other bands evolving towards termination have also been identified. These terminating bands are explained in terms of valence-space and core-excited configurations.     

Magnetic moments of the 2 1 + states in102, 104Mo

Theg factors of the first excited 2⁺ levels in the neutron-rich nuclei¹⁰²Mo and¹⁰⁴Mo have been studied through the measurement of the perturbed angular correlations for theγ-γ cascades between the 0 ₂ ⁺ -2 ₁ ⁺ -0 ₁ ⁺ level sequences. The results of g=0.42±0.07 for¹⁰²Mo and ofg= _?0.11 ^+0.12 for¹⁰⁴Mo agree with the prediction of the vibrational-rotational model. In terms of IBA, with the assumption ofN _π=3 for the Mo isotopes which takes into consideration a two particle, two-hole excitation across the Z=40 subshell, the proton-bosong factor is deduced to beg _π=1.00±0.23. It is shown that this value provides evidence for subshell effects in¹⁰⁰Zr.     

Two-quasiparticle excitations and collectivity in the weakly-deformed transitional isotopes 104, 106, 108Cd

Using the generalized centroid-shift method on the Rutgers tandem, the following half-lives of ¹⁰⁶Cd excited states were measured in the reaction ⁹³Nb(¹⁶O, p2n): $\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{(3679.0}\text{keV}\text{) = 0.7}{}^{\mathrm{+0.1}}{}_{\mathrm{?0.3}}\text{ns}\text{, T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{(3507.8}\text{keV}\text{) = 1.2 ± 0.4}\text{ns}\text{, T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{(3044.2}\text{keV}\text{) = 0.4 ± 0.1}\text{ns, and}\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{(2330.7}\text{keV}\text{) = 0.6 ± 0.2}\text{ns}$. With the same method applied on the Rossendorf cyclotron, the following half-lives were measured in the reactions ${}^{\mathrm{102,\; 106}}\text{Pd}\text{(α, 2}\text{n}\text{): T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{(2902.0}\text{keV}\text{) = 0.8}{}^{\mathrm{+0.2}}{}_{\mathrm{?0.1}}\text{ns}\text{(}{}^{104}\text{Cd}\text{)}$ as well as $\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{(3737.3}\text{keV}\text{) = 0.2 ± 0.1}\text{ns}$, $\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{(3223.7}\text{keV}\text{) = 0.2 ± 0.1}\text{ns}$, $\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{(3057.4}\text{keV}\text{) = 0.10 ± 0.05}\text{ns}$, $\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{(2975.3}\text{keV}\text{) = 0.15 ± 0.10}\text{ns}$, $\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{(3110.5}\text{keV}\text{) = 0.3 ± 0.1}\text{ns}$, and $\text{T}{}_{\mathrm{<mtext>1</mtext><mtext>2</mtext>}}\text{(2565.2}\text{keV}\text{) = 0.2 ± 0.1}\text{ns}\text{(}{}^{108}\text{Cd}\text{)}$. The results reveal the non-collective (two-quasiparticle) character of several states above 2.9 MeV in ^{104, 106, 108}Cd, in qualitative accordance with predictions of the slightly-deformed-rotor model. They concern completely aligned [h_{$\text{11}\text{2}$}g_{$\text{7}\text{2}$}] (9^??11^?-13^?, etc.) as well as semi-decoupled [h_{$\text{11}\text{2}$}d_{$\text{5}\text{2}$}] (6^?-8^?-10^?, etc.) two-quasineutron band structures. Further, the possible character of 8⁺ (two-quasiproton) excitations, 5⁺ (two-quasineutron) states and of other intrinsic excitations is discussed. The experimental findings present a challenge to current theories of transitional nuclei for a quantitative treatment of absolute γ-ray transition strengths.     

The deformation of the neutron-rich isotopes102Mo and104Mo

The half-lives of low-lying levels of the neutron-rich isotopes¹⁰²Mo and¹⁰⁴Mo have been measured at the fission product separator Josef with the ß-- triple coincidence technique. Values of t_1/2= 126(4)ps and 0.72(4)ns have been obtained for the 2₁ ⁺ levels at 296 keV and 192 keV in¹⁰²Mo and¹⁰⁴Mo, respectively. Deformation parameters of ß_q=0.28(1) and 0.31(1), respectively, are deduced, which are smaller than those of the isotones of Sr and Zr. The interacting boson model accounts well for the trend of 2⁺ energies in the Mo isotopes but slightly overpredicts the B(E2) values at saturation. A smooth dependence of 2₁ ⁺ vs. E 2₁ ⁺ is found for the A 100 region in agreement with the hydrodynamical model.Dedicated to Prof. Dr. P. Kienle on the occasion of his 60th birthday     

Beta decay of the proton-rich nuclei 102Sn and 104Sn

The β decays of ¹⁰²Sn and ¹⁰⁴Sn were studied by using high-resolution germanium detectors as well as a Total Absorption Spectrometer (TAS). For ¹⁰⁴Sn, with three new β-delayed γ-rays identified, the total Gamow-Teller strength (B_GT) value of 2.7(3) was obtained. For ¹⁰²Sn, the γ-γ coincidence data were collected for the first time, allowing us to considerably extend the decay scheme. This scheme was used to unfold the TAS data and to deduce a B_GT value of 4.2(8) for this decay. This result is compared to shell model predictions, yielding a hindrance factor of 3.6(7) in agreement with those obtained previously for ⁹⁸Cd and ¹⁰⁰In. Together with the latter two, ¹⁰²Sn completes the triplet of Z ⩽ 50, N ≥ 50 nuclei with two proton holes, one proton hole and one neutron particle, and two neutron particles with respect to the doubly magic ¹⁰⁰Sn core.     

InternalK-conversion coefficients of transitions in182W

TheK-conversion coefficients of seven low energy transitions (～100–400 keV) in¹⁸²W following the decay of¹⁸²Ta have been determined by the NPG method using the newly reported γ-ray intensities measured by Ge(Li) detectors. The results are compared with theoretical values deduced from the tabulations of Rose, Sliv and Band, and Pauli. The weak peak corresponding to theK-conversion line of the 351.3 keV transition could be observed in accordance with the previous investigations, however the existance of the previously reported 146.3 keV transition could not be confirmed. Also theK-conversion line of the recently reported 110.4 transition could not be observed.     

Conversion electron cascades in 254(102)No

The spectrum of prompt conversion electrons emitted by excited 254No nuclei has been measured, revealing discrete lines arising from transitions within the ground state band. A striking feature is a broad distribution that peaks near 100 keV and comprises high multiplicity electron cascades, probably originating from M1 transitions within rotational bands built on high K states.     

K conversion coefficients of transitions in87Sr

TheK conversion coefficients of the 388 and 483 keV transitions in⁸⁷Sr populated in the decay of⁸⁷Y have been measured with Ge(Li) and Si(Li) detectors by the NPG method. We find α _K values of 0.162 ± 0.010 and 0.00260 ± 0.00013 for the 388 and 483 keV transitions, respectively.