Characteristics of a vacuum spark triggered by the transient hollowcathode discharge electron beam

The discharge characteristics of a vacuum spark triggered by the transient hollow cathode discharge (THCD) electron beam is investigated over a wide variety of discharge conditions. Two systems of the vacuum spark device have been considered-the first system powered by eight 2700-pF doorknob capacitors charged to a voltage of 40 kV (input energy of 17.6 J); while the second system employs a single 1.85-μF Maxwell capacitor discharged at a voltage of 20 kV (input energy of 370 J). The operating pressure of these systems has been varied over the range of 10 ^-2 to 10^-5 mbar in order to examine the effect of the operating pressure on the plasma formation of the vacuum spark discharge. The effectiveness of plasma heating has been found to be significantly enhanced in the two vacuum spark systems studied here. In particular, the plasma of the 17.6 J system has been observed to be heated to a condition hot enough to emit in the X-ray region when the operating pressure is reduced from 10^-2 to 10^-5 mbar. Similarly, in the case of the 370 J system, hot spot formation is also observed to occur only at a low operating pressure of 10^-4 mbar     

锐钛矿金红石的高温原位X射线衍射研究

对TiO₂粉末进行了空气和真空条件下从室温到1200℃的加热原位X射线衍射实验, 得到了空气和真空条件下微米级锐钛矿颗粒转变为金红石的起始温度分别为850℃ 和855℃; 分别修正了空气条件下锐钛矿在(27–850℃)范围和金红石在(900–1200℃) 范围内的晶胞参数和真空条件下锐钛矿在(27–850℃)范围和金红石在(950–1200℃) 范围的晶胞参数, 从而得到了晶胞参数随温度变化的关系, 得到了锐钛矿和金红石在空气中和真空中的热膨胀系数, 并总结了热膨胀系数随温度变化的规律. 室温下锐钛矿在空气条件下的热膨胀系数为 α_a=4.55063×10^-6/℃, α_c=7.7543×10^-6/℃, β=16.85836×10^-6/℃; 真空下为 α_a=4.69429×10^-6/℃, α_c=9.02850×10^-6/℃, β=18.69688×10^-6/℃. 室温下, 金红石在空气条件下的热膨胀系数为 α_a=6.81243×10^-6/℃, α_c=8.71644×10^-6/℃, β=22.22178×10^-6/℃; 真空条件下为 α_a=6.05834×10^-6/℃, α_c= 8.39280×10^-6/℃, β=20.52362×10^-6/℃. 关键词： 2')" href="#">TiO₂ 原位X射线衍射 相转变 热膨胀     

高能电子辐射下聚四氟乙烯深层充电特性

介质深层充放电现象是诱发航天器异常故障的重要因素之一.分析了高能电子辐射下介质内部电荷沉积、能量沉积特性和电导特性,考虑了真空与介质界面电荷对电场分布的影响,建立了介质二维深层充电的物理模型,并基于有限元方法实现了数值计算.计算了高能电子辐射下聚四氟乙烯的深层充电特性.结果表明:真空环境下,介质的表面存在较弱的反向电场,随着介质深度增大,电场减小至零,随后逐渐增大,最大值出现在靠近接地附近,但在接地点,电场存在小幅降低.分析了不同辐射时间下(1 h,1 d,10 d和30 d),介质内部最大电位和最大电场的时空演变特性.随着辐射时间的增加,最大电位由-128V增加至-7.9×104V,最大电场由2.83×105V·m-1增加至1.76×108V·m-1.讨论了入射电子束流密度对最大电场的影响,典型空间电子环境(1×10-10A·m-2)下,电子辐照10 d时,介质内部最大电场为2.95×106V·m-1.而恶劣空间电子环境(2×10-8A·m-2)下,电子辐射42 h,介质内部最大电场即达到108V·m-1,超过材料击穿阈值(约为108V·m-1),极易发生放电现象.该物理模型和数值方法可以作为航天器复杂部件多维电场仿真的研究基础.     

放射性次级束流分离器真空系统的压力分布

放射性次级束流分离器是强流重离子加速器装置中,连接增强器和高精度环形谱仪的束流输运线,用于传输重离子束流以及放射性次级束流。为了满足束流传输的要求,并维持相连增强器和高精度环形谱仪的极高真空,放射性次级束流分离器真空系统的平均压强应低于5×10-7 Pa。因此,需要验证真空系统设计方案的可行性,以及设计方案能否满足要求的压强范围。通过现有的同步储存环CSRm中的真空计监测数据以及软件BOLIDE的模拟结果对比,对真空压力计算软件VAKTRAK的使用方法和计算结果进行验证;采用VAKTRAK模拟计算不同真空参数下（流导、出气率以及泵速）放射性次级束流分离器真空系统的压力分布。根据计算结果,放射性次级束流分离器真空系统的平均压强可以达到1.79×10-7 Pa （H₂）,满足物理实验和工程设计的要求。通过模拟计算结果,放射性次级束流分离器真空系统的设计方案的可行性得到验证,系统设计的真空度满足要求。HIAF Fragment Separator(HFRS) is connected with Booster Ring(BRing) and Spectrometer Ring (SRing) in the HIAF and used to transfer the ion beams and radioactive secondary beams. To satisfy the requirements of beam transmission and maintain the extremely high vacuum of BRing and SRing, the average pressure of HFRS vacuum system should be lower than 5×10-7 Pa. Therefore, the feasibility of the design scheme and whether the design scheme would fulfill the required vacuum range or not should be verified. Based on the measured data on the current sychrontron CSRm and the simulation results of BOLIDE, the calculation results of VAKTRAK are verified and then VAKTRAK is used to calculate the pressure profiles of different parameters(such as the conductance, out-gassing and pumping speed) for HFRS. According to the calculation results, the average pressure of HFRS vacuum system could be 1.79×10-7(H₂) which achieves the required pressure for physics experiments and engineering design. According the calculation results of this paper, the feasibility of the designed HFRS vacuum system has been verified and the design of system satisfies the vacuum requirements.     

Quantitative cleaning characterization of a lithium-fluoride iondiode

An ion source cleaning testbed was created to test plasma-cleaning techniques, and to provide quantitative data on plasma-cleaning protocols prior to implementation on the SABRE accelerator. The testbed was designed to resolve issues regarding the quantity of contaminants absorbed by the anode source (LiF), and the best cleaning methodology. A test chamber was devised containing a duplicate of the SABRE diode. Radio-frequency (RF) power was fed to the anode, which was isolated from ground and thus served as the plasma discharge electrode. RF plasma discharges in 1-3 mtorr of Ar with 10% O₂ were found to provide the best cleaning of the LiF surface. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) showed that the LiF could accrue dozens of monolayers of carbon just by sitting in a 2×10^-5 vacuum for 24 h. Tests of various discharge cleaning protocols indicated that 15 min of an Ar/O₂ discharge was sufficient to reduce this initial 13-45 monolayers of carbon impurities to 2-4 monolayers. Rapid recontamination of the LiF was also observed. Up to ten monolayers of carbon returned in 2 min after termination of the plasma discharge and subsequent pumping back to the 10^-5 torr range. Heating of the LiF also was found to provide anode cleaning. Application of heating combined with plasma cleaning provided the highest cleaning rates     

Experimental observations of steady anodic vacuum arcs withthermionic cathodes

Stationary plasma discharges have been investigated in a high vacuum ambient (background gas pressure <10^-2 Pa), with an externally heated cathode and a consumable hot evaporating anode. With various anode materials like chromium or copper, and electrode separations between 0.5 and 3 mm, the nonself-sustained discharge operates with DC arc currents in the range of 220 A. The waveform of the arc voltage is strongly influenced by the magnetic field of the cathode heating current, and arc voltages between a minimum of 3 V and a maximum exceeding 100 V have been observed. The voltage-current characteristics (V_CC) and the influence of the electrode separation have been measured separately for the minimum and the maximum of the arc voltages and show a different behavior. The metal plasma expands into the ambient vacuum toward the walls of the vacuum vessel and offers a macroparticle free deposition source of thin films. The arc voltage can be varied by external manipulations of the arc discharge, and the mean ion energy of the expanding metal plasma shows a linear dependence of the mean arc voltage     

HL-2Aװ�õ��Ӳ�ϵͳ������ܷ���

HL-2A装置的1MW低杂波电流驱动系统在单只速调管的条件下进行了系统的工程调试。建立了低杂波真空系统,天线真空度为2.3Pa,传输系统真空度为4.30×102Pa,天线对装置的漏率为1.675×10-4Pa?m3.s-1。采用低真空条件下充气的方法提高了系统的功率传输能力,有效地降低和避免了打火情况的发生,初步分析了低杂波系统的真空性能以及对HL-2A装置真空的影响。     

PHOTO-ACOUSTIC MEASUREMENTS OF WATER VAPOR ABSORPTION COEFFICIENT IN UV SPECTRAL REGION

Data on the absorption coefficient of H₂O in binary mixture with N₂ in UV region of spectra are presented. With the use of the high sensitivity photoacoustic spectrometer, the following values of the absorption coefficient were found: 2.3×10^-9cm^-1·Pa^-1(λ=255 nm), 0.9×10^-9 cm^-1·Pa^-1(λ=271 nm), and 1.6×10^-9cm^-1 ·Pa^-1(λ=289 nm).     

Demonstration of the Double Q2-Rescaling Model

In this paper we have demonstrated the double Q²-rescaling model (DQ²RM) of parton distribution functions of nucleon bounded in nucleus. For different χ regions in I-A deep inelastic scattering process we take different approaches: in high χ region (0.1 ≤ χ ≤ 0.7)we use the distorted QCD vacuum model which resulted from topologically multi-connected domain vacuum structure of nucleus; in low χ region (10^-4 ≤ χ ≤ 10^-3) we adopt the Glauber (Mueller) multi-scat tering formula for gluon coherently rescat tering in nucleus. From these two approaches we show that the rescaling parton distribution functions in bound nucleon are in good agreement with those we got from DQ²RM, thus the validity for this phenomenological model is demonstrated.     

Experimental and theoretical investigation of oxygen glow dischargestructure at low pressures

An experimental and theoretical investigation of the oxygen glow discharge structure at low pressures has been performed. Radial dependencies of the electron energy distribution function, the ambipolar plasma potential, and the negative ion concentration, as well as the axial electric field and the concentrations of atomic and singlet oxygen were measured. A new approach to the application of laser photodetachment method has been used to measure the negative ion concentration. It allows one to obtain information about fast processes after the photodetachment at low frequencies (~100-200 Hz) by using the simplest modulation technique. A self-consistent model involving the electrodynamics and kinetics of the discharge was developed. The observed variations of the negative ion densities with current density and oxygen pressure were explained in the model frame by a dependence of the detachment rate constant of the O^-+O→e+O₂ process on the effective ion temperature (k=1.9·10^-10-√1100/T_i^eff). It was shown that the feature of oxygen dc discharge at low pressures is a possibility to change the basic type of negative ions from the O^- to the O₂^-. This effect become more pronounced with decreasing current density     

气相沉积法制备均苯四甲酸二酰亚胺纳米材料及传感应用

以均苯四甲酸二酰亚胺（PMD）为原料,采用真空气相沉积法制得PMD纳米自组装材料,由此建立了测定三硝基甲烷的荧光化学传感新方法。采用真空气相沉积法自组装PMD纳米材料,并用扫描电镜、透射电镜、红外光谱、紫外光谱、差热分析及荧光光谱对材料进行了表征。扫描电镜图像显示,PMD纳米材料呈带状网络结构,长度为30~100 μm;TEM图像表明,PMD纳米带宽度为100~300 nm,其中纳米线直径为120~220 nm。在PMD分子自组装过程中,分子间氢键、π-π等弱相互作用是构筑纳米结构的主要驱动力。一些较低沸点有机分子蒸汽对PMD纳米材料的荧光（λ_ex/λ_em=377 nm/495 nm）有猝灭作用,尤其是PMD纳米材料对三硝基甲烷有灵敏的响应。测定三硝基甲烷的线性范围为2.19×10^-5~1.37×10^-4 mol/L,R²=0.995,检出限为1.02×10^-6 mol/L。     

Nonlinear Optical Properties of Semiconductor-Doped Sol-Gel Waveguides

Thin silica-titania films doped with CdS and PbS nanocrystals have been prepared by the sol-gel route. Their nonlinear properties have been studied using the techniques of degenerated four-wave mixing and m-lines with picosecond (ps) and nanosecond laser pulses. Depending on wavelength, doping level, and laser pulse duration, high negative nonlinearity was found for CdS-doped (n₂ = -2 x 10^-8 cm² per kW) and PbS-doped films (-10^-10 to -2 x 10^-7 cm² per kW). The response time of the nonlinearity was below 35 ps. Saturation of the nonlinearity was observed. Straight, monomode channel waveguides have been fabricated on these films. The influence of MIE-scattering due to the nanoparticles is investigated.     

Pressure dependence of plasma parameters in medium-vacuum nitrogenarc discharge with the titanium cathode

The plasma properties of a medium-vacuum nitrogen arc discharge from a titanium cathode were studied. The arc chamber use was 400 mm in diameter and 600 mm in length. The cathode diameter and thickness were 64 and 25 mm, respectively. The experimental conditions are given as follows: pressure range=1×10^-3~2×10^-1 torr; N₂ gas flow rate=6 ml/min; arc current=50 A. Electric probe characteristics are measured as a function of pressure and distance from the cathode surface. The analytical results obtained show that the electron energy distribution takes 1-Mx at pressures above 1×10^-2 torr but 2-Mx at pressures under 4×10^-2 torr and that the electron density has a maximum value at a certain pressure. The Ti⁺, Ti⁺⁺, and N ⁺₂ ion spectral intensities are measured as a function of pressure and distance from the cathode surface. On comparison of these results and the electron density, the Ti⁺ spectral intensity turns out to be proportional to that of the electron density. This suggests that the major ion in the plasma volume is of the Ti⁺ species     

Plasma deposition of thin films utilizing the anodic vacuum arc

Anodic vacuum arcs operating with cold cathodes in the spot mode and hot evaporating anodes are investigated to explore their technical potential as a plasma deposition technique. This discharge provides a unique source of a highly ionized, metal vapor plasma by autogeneration of the working gas to evaporation of the anode. This gas-free and droplet-free metal vapor plasma expands into the ambient vacuum (10^-4 mbar) and produces thin metallic films at the surface of substrates. An analysis of Al and Cu plasmas at the position of a possible substrate for arc currents between 20 and 200 A leads to the following results: electron densities, 10¹⁵-10¹⁸/ m³; degree of ionization, 0.5-25%; directed ion energy, 5 eV; and electron temperatures, 0.2-1 eV. Metallic coatings generated with deposition rates between 0.1 and 100 nm/s show the following properties: purity, 99.9%; polycrystalline structure with grain sizes between a few and a few hundred nm, same mass density as the respective bulk material, electrical conductivity rather close to that of the bulk material, and excellent optical properties. The coatings show good adhesion, which can be enhanced by a plasma-supported pretreatment of the substrate surface and by an acceleration of the ions towards the substrate     

散弹噪声极限稳定度优于1×10-13τ-1/2的铷频标物理系统

近年来,铷原子频标研究取得长足进展,频率稳定度达到10^-13τ^-1/2量级.为进一步改善铷频标稳定度性能,本文设计了一种高信噪比物理系统.物理系统中的腔泡组件采用微波场磁力线与量子化轴方向高度平行的开槽管式微波腔,滤光泡和吸收泡独立控温.抽运光源采用了光学滤光和同位素滤光双重滤光方案.本文实测了背景光电流I₀和鉴频斜率K_d,结果分别为95 μA和7.7 nA/Hz,在此基础上计算物理系统的散弹噪声极限稳定度为7.5×10^-14τ^-1/2.研究结果表明,只要锁频环路的电子学噪声得到有效控制,铷频标的频率稳定度突破1×10^-13τ^-1/2,进入10^-14τ^-1/2量级是完全可能的.     

直流电晕充电下环氧树脂表面电位衰减特性的研究

介质材料表面电荷的积累和衰减行为是制约众多高压直流电力设备研制的关键因素. 薄片状介质试样的表面电荷密度与表面电位近似呈线性关系, 因此常通过表面电位衰减行为研究表面电荷的衰减特性. 基于电晕充电、表面电荷沉积和脱陷、介质体内单极性电荷输运等3个物理过程, 建立表面电位动态响应的物理模型. 通过计算环氧树脂的表面电位衰减行为, 得到栅极电压、相对介电常数和体电导率等对其表面电位衰减特性的影响. 栅极电压越高, 表面电位的衰减速度越快; 环氧树脂材料参数典型值(相对介电常数3.93, 体电导率10^-14 S· m^-1)下, 归一化表面电位的衰减速率随时间变化的曲线可拟合为分段幂函数, 其中, 分段幂函数的特征时间、指数系数与栅极电压分别呈幂函数和线性变化关系. 相对介电常数越大, 表面电位的衰减速度越慢; 环氧树脂相对介电常数典型范围(3–4)内, 表面电位衰减时间常数由1720 s增大到2540 s, 两者呈线性关系. 体电导率越大, 表面电位的衰减速度越快; 环氧树脂体电导率典型范围(10^-15–10^-13 S· m^-1)内, 表面电位衰减时间常数由24760 s 减小到260 s, 两者呈幂函数变化关系.     

Laser-particulate interactions in a dusty RF plasma

The interaction of particulates formed in an argon RF discharge containing 1-5% CCl₂F₂ admixture with a pulsed infrared laser (Nd:YAG, intensity ~10⁹ W m^-2, pulse duration ~10^-4 s) has been studied in situ. The white light emitted during this process has been monitored as a function of time and wavelength using a fast photo diode and an optical multichannel analyser. The spectra have been fitted with blackbody curves with a standard deviation of 5%. A spectral temperature of about 3500 K has been obtained for various plasma conditions and attributed to the decomposition temperature of the particulate material. A model based on laser heating, internal heat conduction and chemical decomposition is compared with the experimental results. This model predicts the time constants for heating and decomposition of the particulates and explains the dependence of the measured emission intensity on the laser intensity     

Active species in microwave postdischarge for steel-surfacenitriding

Production of nitrogen atoms has been studied in a 2.45-GHz flowing postdischarge in N₂ and N₂-H₂ gas mixtures with Ar as a buffer gas in the high-pressure regime (5×10³ to 6.5×10⁴ Pa). N atom densities have been measured by NO titration in the 10¹⁴-10 ¹⁵ cm³ range and monitored by the first positive emission resulting from the N atom recombination. The rate coefficient of the N+N+N₂ recombination has been found to be _k=6×10^-33 cm⁶ atom^-2 s ^-1 at T₀=300 K, which agrees with previously published data. The N atom production (or degree of N/N₂ dissociation) in front of an Fe-0.1%C substrate correlates well with the thickness of a γ' Fe₄N layer produced by the postdischarge treatment. The H₂ gas was first introduced in the initial phase of treatment to remove surface oxidizing and then was cut off to keep high densities of N atoms. It is deduced that N atoms are more active nitriding species than NH-type radicals     

ZBLAN玻璃中Pr3+掺杂离子3P0和1D2能级的发光特性和寿命

对ZBLAN氟锆酸盐玻璃中Pr³⁺掺杂离子³P₀和¹D₂能级的寿命和发光特性进行了较详细的光谱学研究。首先测量了两种掺杂浓度(质量分数分别为1×10^-3,5×10^-3)的Pr³⁺:ZBLAN玻璃的吸收光谱,然后运用时间分辨激光光谱技术测量了³P₀和¹D₂能级在激光单光子共振激发下的荧光发射谱和能级寿命。将不同荧光发射谱带的强度和文献报道的Judd Ofelt理论计算辐射跃迁几率数值做了比较分析,证明了文献中理论计算结果的可靠性。由于浓度猝灭效应,在相同的激发条件下,掺杂浓度为1×10^-3样品的荧光发射强度明显大于5×10^-3样品的荧光发射强度。但是从我们的测量结果看,掺杂浓度对³P₀和¹D₂ 的能级寿命值无显著影响。掺杂浓度为1×10^-3时,Pr³⁺离子³P₀和¹D₂能级的寿命值分别为46,322μ_s。     

用高压显微光谱系统测量流体静压力对非晶态As2S3光学吸收边的影响

用金刚石对顶砧高压显微光谱系统在0—66kbar的流体静压力范围内测量了a-As₂S₃的光学吸收达随压力的移动特性。发现a-As₂S₃的光学吸收边随压力的增加而迅速红移。在计算机上用最小二乘法对实验点进行了拟合,结果得出吸收边和压力之间的关系为:E_g(P)=E_g(0)-1.31×10^-3P-3.91×10^-4P²+4.04×10^-6P³值得注意的是|dE_g/dP|和压力之间的关系经历了一个先是增大,然后再减小以至于趋于饱和的过程。这和Weinstein等人先前的实验结果是有所不同的。 关键词：