基于氧化偶联聚合制备的共轭多孔聚咔唑及相关性能研究进展

共轭多孔聚咔唑具有相对刚性的骨架结构和氮富电子共轭体系。其刚性主链有利于形成具有良好热、化学稳定性和持久性孔隙度的多孔材料。相关研究主要集中在结构设计、合成方法学以及相关性能应用的探索。氧化偶联聚合是制备共轭多孔聚咔唑的代表性的方法,包括化学聚合与电化学聚合两种方式。不同的构建单元会影响材料的结构和性能,不同的聚合方式能够促进相关性质功能的研究。本文主要介绍氧化偶联聚合在制备共轭多孔聚咔唑中的应用,同时简要总结了与此类材料相关的吸附分离、催化、传感以及有机电子器件方面的性能与应用。     

多孔碳材料的研究进展

多孔碳材料具有高的比表面积、可调控的物理化学性质、价廉易得等优点,在能源存储和转换、催化、吸附分离等领域展现出了巨大的应用前景.多孔碳材料的制备方法和前驱体的选择直接决定了其性能及使用范围.聚合物结构丰富,通过碳化不同结构的聚合物制备多孔碳材料是目前多孔碳材料的研究热点之一.本文详细综述了目前多孔碳材料的主要制备方法以及聚合物作为碳前驱体,其结构与多孔碳材料结构与性能之间的构效关系.最后,对多孔碳材料的未来发展方向做了进一步的展望.     

一步碳化多孔有机材料制备多孔碳及其性能的研究

开发并利用清洁的、可再生的能源是解决环境污染问题和能源短缺的有效方法.碳化含碳量较高的多孔有机材料制备的多孔碳,具有较高的比表面积,良好的物化稳定性,优良的机械性能等优点,在清洁能源的存储、分离、能量的存储与转化领域有广泛的应用.常见的由多孔有机材料制备多孔碳的方法主要是非活化碳化法和活化碳化法.不同的制备方法得到的多孔碳形貌,孔结构各不形同.多孔碳材料自身的结构性质可以影响其应用.合理的设计并调控多孔碳的“孔”,发挥孔尺寸的“筛分效应”可以有效地对气体进行存储和分离.在锂电等能量转化领域,“限域效应”是影响锂电性能的重要因素.多孔碳材料中较小的孔可以限域活性成分,而较大的孔可以快速传输,两种孔的协同效应可以使锂电性能大大提升.本综述系统地归纳了一步碳化多孔有机材料制备多孔碳的方法及其优势,详细地介绍了其在气体吸附、存储、分离以及电化学等领域的应用.最后,结合多孔碳材料的研究现状,提出由多孔有机材料制备多孔碳材料所面临的挑战,同时也展望了多孔碳材料的应用前景.     

掺杂多孔碳材料催化醇选择性氧化研究进展

羰基化合物是重要的有机中间体,醇类化合物的选择性氧化是合成羰基化合物的一类重要反应.在这类反应中,掺杂多孔碳材料因其独特的性能可直接作为催化剂或者催化剂载体.我们综述了单一掺杂多孔碳材料、共掺杂多孔碳材料和负载型掺杂多孔碳材料的制备方法,可能存在的活性位点和催化机理.最后,讨论了掺杂多孔碳材料目前需要解决的问题,指出设计绿色高效的负载非贵金属的掺杂多孔碳材料是未来的一个重要发展方向.     

基于溶剂原位傅克偶联反应合成杯芳烃有机多孔网络(CalixPOF)及其染料吸附特性

利用1,2-二氯乙烷(DCE)同时作为溶剂和偶联剂,通过溶剂原位傅克偶联反应合成杯芳烃有机多孔网络(CalixPOF)。采用红外光谱(FT-IR)和固体核磁碳谱(13 C-NMR)对CalixPOF的组成和分子结构进行了表征,验证了溶剂原位Friedel-Crafts偶联反应机理。采用氮气吸附、扫描电镜(SEM)、热重(TG)和紫外可见光谱(UV-vis)研究了CalixPOF的比表面积、微观结构、热稳定性和染料吸附效率等性能。结果表明:利用简单的溶剂原位傅克偶联反应可得到热稳定性良好、比表面积较大、可选择性吸附亚甲基蓝染料的CalixPOF,为自具主客体微腔的新型多孔聚合物网络的合成提供了新方法。     

荧光性多孔芳香骨架材料的简便制备 及在硝基爆炸物检测中的应用

报道了一种简便的制备高荧光性多孔有机聚合物材料的方法, 即以1,3,6,8-四溴芘(TBrPy)与硼酸类单体为构筑基元, 通过Suzuki偶联反应制备多孔芳香骨架材料LNUs. 利用傅里叶变换红外光谱、 热重分析、 氮气吸附、 固体紫外光谱和荧光光谱等分析方法对其结构与性能进行了系统表征. 分析结果表明, 该类多孔芳香骨架材料具有良好的热化学稳定性和较大的比表面积, 所得材料优异的荧光性能使其非常适合用于硝基爆炸物的选择性检测. 多孔芳香骨架材料LNUs在苯、 溴苯、 苯胺、 甲苯、 氯苯和苯酚等分子存在下, 荧光强度基本不变, 而在加入硝基苯、 对硝基苯酚和对硝基氯苯后, 荧光几乎完全猝灭, 说明该类材料对硝基苯、 对硝基苯酚和对硝基氯苯显示出专一的检测性能. 根据这一特性, 利用LNUs材料制备了一种新型便携式纸传感器, 其可以简便快速实时检测硝基爆炸物, 并在痕量检测方面展现出良好的应用前景.     

糖蜜基多孔碳球电极材料的制备及应用

以工业制糖的副产物糖蜜为新型碳源,替代传统多孔碳生产原料,制备出性能优异的多孔碳球超级电容器电极材料;探索了制备方法,优化了反应条件.利用全功能表面吸附仪、扫描电子显微镜及电化学方法对材料的结构、形貌和电化学性能进行了表征.结果表明,制得的多孔碳球比表面积高达2547 m~2/g,且展现出优异的双电层电容性(170.5 F/g).本研究可解决制糖企业对糖蜜无法大规模利用的问题,并为多孔碳的制备寻求新方法.     

碳纳米多孔宏观体在水体净化中的应用

碳纳米多孔宏观体是指由碳纳米材料自组装形成的宏观多孔材料。该材料保持了碳纳米材料大的比表面积及化学、热稳定性,对水体中的污染物,如油污、染料分子及重金属离子等具有良好的吸附性能。此外,该类材料具有宏观结构及稳定的机械性能,方便操作,且易实现所吸附物的回收及吸附材料的再生。因此,碳纳米多孔宏观体成为碳纳米材料研究和应用的热点。本文梳理了碳纳米多孔宏观体的制备及其在水处理中的应用,包括碳纳米多孔宏观体的制备、污染物吸附及材料再生等。首先对碳纳米多孔宏观体用于水体净化的背景进行了介绍,之后,按照组成单元不同,将碳纳米多孔宏观体按照碳纳米管多孔宏观体,石墨烯多孔宏观体,碳纳米纤维多孔宏观体及碳纳米粒子多孔宏观体进行了分类。第三部分,详细介绍了制备碳纳米多孔宏观体的三种常见方法并分别讨论了各种方法的优缺点及所制备产物的性质。第四部分,按照不同污染物种类讲述了碳纳米多孔宏观体在水体净化中的应用。最后,针对碳纳米多孔宏观体在水体吸附应用中存在的问题进行了分析及展望。     

Suzuki-Miyaura偶联反应机理研究进展

钯催化的Suzuki-Miyaura偶联反应是目前应用最广泛的合成方法之一.它以卤化物和有机硼化物作为原料,可以高效地构建碳碳键.有机硼化物不仅具有转金属活性,而且与其它主族金属有机试剂相比具有化学性质稳定、安全低毒及合成方法多样的特点. Suzuki-Miyaura偶联反应具有反应条件温和、转化高效和底物普适性广等突出优势,是合成化学研究者构建C—C键的优先选择,而且它已在工业合成领域中被广泛应用.Suzuki-Miyaura偶联反应的快速发展与广泛应用离不开机理研究的进步.近三十年里,诸多研究者设计并开展了细致的机理研究,揭示了Suzuki-Miyaura偶联反应中更多的反应规律. Suzuki-Miyaura偶联反应的催化循环由氧化加成、转金属与还原消除三个过程组成,依次综述了各过程相关机理的研究进展,并在最后简单介绍了无过渡金属参与和无碱参与的Suzuki-Miyaura偶联反应.     

四苯基乙烯基共轭微孔聚合物的制备及其气体吸附

共轭微孔聚合物由于其在气体吸附与分离、非均相催化和光电子等领域的巨大应用前景而广受关注. 本文以四苯基乙烯为基本构筑单元, 通过Sonogashira-Hagihara偶联反应制备了3种共轭微孔聚合物新材料, 研究了结构组成和构建模块对制备聚合物孔性能和气体吸附性能的影响. 氮气吸附测试结果表明, 由1,1,2,2-四炔四苯基乙烯自聚合制备的TPE-CMP1具有较大的比表面积, 为1096 m²·g^-1. 在1.13 bar/273 K条件下, TPE-CMP1的CO₂吸附能力为2.36 mmol·g^-1; 在1.13 bar/77.3 K条件下, TPE-CMP1对H₂的吸附能力为1.35 wt%. 另外, 制备的共轭微孔聚合物展示出较高的CO₂/N₂选择性吸附值. 由于这类多孔聚合物材料具有合成方法简单、优良的物理化学及热稳定性、高的比表面积和CO₂吸附性能, 因此将在气体吸附与分离方面具有潜在的应用前景.     

二氧化碳和丙烯直接合成甲基丙烯酸的NiPMo/TiO2催化剂的研究

用溶胶-凝胶法以磷钼酸(MPA)的镍盐溶液水解钛酸四丁酯制备了NiPMo/TiO2催化剂.使用ICP、 XRD、 TG-DTA、 IR、 TPD-MS和微反应技术研究了催化剂的化学组成、热稳定性、化学吸附性质和催化反应性能.杂多钼酸盐与TiO2通过O2-在TiO2表面发生了键合.在623 K下,杂多阴离子仍保持原有的Keggin结构.CO2在Lewis酸位Ni(Ⅱ)和Lewis碱位Ni-O-Mo的桥氧协同作用下生成CO2卧式吸附态Ni(Ⅱ)←O-(CO)←(O--Ni).丙烯有多种吸附态在催化剂上吸附.在563 K、 1 MPa和空速1500 h-1的反应条件下,丙烯的摩尔转化率为3.2%,产物MAA选择性为95%.     

Synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives

Different approaches for the synthesis of 1-benzyloxypyrazin-2(1H)-one derivatives from simple amino acids have been investigated. A library of 33 precursors for the preparation of N-hydroxy pyrazinones was obtained in moderate to good yields.     

α-Amino acid derived enaminones and their application in the synthesis of N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates and other heterocycles

A new and simple synthesis of novel N-protected methyl 5-substituted-4-hydroxypyrrole-3-carboxylates, which exist in equilibrium with their 4-oxo tautomers, has been developed in two steps starting from N-protected α-amino acids. The key intermediates are enaminones, which can also be isolated, characterized, and used for the construction of other functionalized heterocycles, before they spontaneously decompose to pyrrole products. 4-Hydroxypyrroles are prone to partial aerial oxidation but can be efficiently alkylated or reduced to stable polysubstituted pyrrolidine derivatives.     

Specific intramolecular aromatic CH insertion of diazosulfonamides

The chemoselectivity in the intramolecular CH insertion of various diazosulfonamides has been experimentally studied. The results reveal that the aliphatic 1,4-, 1,5-, or 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions of diazosulfonamides are not accessible, while the aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion can be realized specifically by adjusting the diazo-adjacent group. In addition, the general chemoselectivities in the intramolecular CH insertions of diazosulfonyl compounds are summarized. Generally, diazosulfones undergo both aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H and aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions, while diazosulfonates undergo aliphatic 1,5- and 1,6-C(sp³)?H insertions. However, diazosulfonamides only undergo aromatic 1,5-C(sp²)?H insertion.     

A general and convenient synthesis of 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones and their use in amidoalkylation of hydrogen,heteroatom, and carbon nucleophiles

A general synthesis of previously unknown semicarbazone-based α-amidoalkylating reagents, 4-(tosylmethyl)semicarbazones, has been developed. The synthesis involved three-component condensation of semicarbazones of aliphatic or aromatic aldehydes with the same or other aldehydes and p-toluenesulfinic acid. The scope and limitations of this reaction were investigated. The compounds obtained were demonstrated to be an efficient α-(4-semicarbazono)alkylating agents. They were reacted with H- (sodium borohydride), O- (sodium methylate), S- (sodium phenylthiolate), N- (pyrrolidine, sodium succinimide), P- (trialkyl phosphites), and C-nucleophiles (sodium diethyl malonate) to give the corresponding products of the tosyl group substitution, 4-substituted semicarbazones, including analogues of nitrofurazone. Among the prepared compounds tested in vitro for antibacterial and antifungal activity, three nitrofuryl-containing semicarbazones exhibited high biological activities with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values of 8–32 μg/mL.     

Toward new camptothecins. Part 6: Synthesis of crucial ketones and their use in Friedländer reaction

In the context of the preparation of camptothecin and luotonin A analogs, the synthesis of some key keto-precursors and their use in Friedländer condensation are described. This paper also focuses on the stability of these keto intermediates and emphasizes the major differences between indolizinones and pyrroloquinazolinones series. Noteworthy is also the report of some original structures isolated as by-products of some experiments.     

Synthesis of novel chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-N-heterocyclic carbene ligands and their application in palladium-catalyzed Mizoroki–Heck couplings and asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde

A small library of new chiral bidentate hydroxyalkyl-imidazolium salts 1 is conveniently synthesized on multi-gram scale from inexpensive and commercially available chiral pool amino acids. The corresponding carbenes, generated by deprotonation of imidazolium salts 1, in combination with palladium(II) chloride were tested in the Mizoroki–Heck coupling reaction. The most significant results in terms of yields and reactivities were achieved with low catalyst loading. The catalytic activities of these imidazolium salts were also investigated in the asymmetric addition of diethylzinc to benzaldehyde. The use of MgO nanoparticles as an additive in conjunction with these ligands played a crucial role in increasing the efficiency of these reactions.     

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes: synthesis,characterization and their applications in the C-N coupling and α-arylation of ketones using aryl chlorides

N-Heterocyclic carbene-palladacyclic complexes 3 were successfully achieved in a one-pot procedure under mild conditions. The structure of 3a was unambiguously confirmed by X-ray single crystal diffraction and it was an active catalyst in the Buchwald-Hartwig amination and α-arylation of ketones even at very low catalyst loadings (0.01?mol%).     

Iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction using terminal alkyne as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines and fused-nitrogen heterocycles

An efficient iodine-mediated oxidative Pictet-Spengler reaction in dimethyl sulphoxide (DMSO) using terminal alkynes as the 2-oxoaldehyde surrogate for the synthesis of aryl (9H-pyrido[3,4-b]indol-1-yl)methanones is described. The scope of the protocol includes the total synthesis of Fascaplysin, Eudistomins Y₁ and Y₂. The methodology is extended for preparing pyrrolo[1,2-a]-quinoxaline and indolo[1,5-a]quinoxaline derivatives. The utility of 1-aroyl-β-carbolines was demonstrated by performing palladium-catalyzed β-carboline directed ortho-C(sp2)-H functionalization of the phenyl ring with thiomethyl (SMe) group using DMSO as source and for accessing 4-aryl-canthin-6-ones.     

Facile synthesis of bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones

In this Letter, we described a facile method for constructing fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-one ring system. We employed various methylene-containing carboxylic acids as the substrates and proved that the pyrazolone ring closure requires activated methylene group in intermediate II. Accordingly, a series of structurally diversified, fused bicyclic 1-arylpyrazol-5-ones was prepared in moderate to high yields using the requisite substrates.