氧化铝包裹硅胶核-壳型色谱填料的制备及正相色谱性能研究

采用层层自组装(LBL-SA)技术制备了新型的氧化铝包裹硅胶(Al2O3/Si O2)核-壳型色谱填料。对该填料进行了光电子能谱表征、扫描电镜表征、比表面孔径表征,结果表明Al2O3被成功的组装到了Si O2表面。考察了Al2O3/Si O2填料在正相色谱条件下对碱性、中性和酸性化合物色谱分离行为并与Si O2填料进行了比较性研究。结果表明,由于氧化铝表面的Lewis酸性位点的存在,相比较于Si O2填料而言,Al2O3/Si O2在分离碱性化合物和中性化合物时具有很大的优势,但是也是由于这些Lewis酸性位点,造成酸性化合物在Al2O3/Si O2柱上具有很长的保留时间和严重拖尾的峰形,流动相中少量乙酸的加入可以有效地掩盖Al2O3表面的Lewis酸性位点,减弱其对酸性化合物的吸附。     

一种包覆型聚合物高效液相色谱固定相的制备与评价

当代应用最广的HPLC固定相中,硅胶基质填料化学稳定性较低,并且由于残存硅羟基而表现所谓第二效应,特别使碱性化合物的峰形拖尾;聚合物基质填料虽提高了化学稳定性,没有离子基团,但刚性降低,并且由于溶胀难于进行梯度淋洗;面包覆型聚合物填料则可综合二者的优点,本文对我们制备的这种固定相作初步报道。     

生物碱的高效液相色谱分离分析与纯化制备研究进展

生物碱是天然产物中药用活性较好的一类化合物,在分离科学与技术领域,生物碱的分离一直是一个研究热点和难点问题。近年来,随着高效液相色谱填料和分离方法的发展,生物碱的分离分析和纯化制备有了长足的进步。该文主要针对碱性化合物的峰形拖尾问题,综述了高效液相色谱理论的发展和色谱分离技术的进步,以及近年来新型色谱填料和分离方法在生物碱分离分析和纯化制备中的应用,并对其前景进行了展望。     

锆-铝复合氧化物固定相的制备、表征及其色谱性能考察

利用溶胶-凝胶技术制备了无机杂化材料锆铝复合氧化物,对其物理化学性能进行了研究。平均孔径5-8nm,并且孔径分布较窄;表面呈现酸碱两性;氧化铝的掺杂可以提高填料的经表面积。同时以酸性、碱性和中性化合物为溶质,对锆铝填料的正相色谱性能和烷基膦酸改性的锆铝填料的反相色谱性能进行了系统评价,研究结果表明,锆铝填料适合于碱性化合物分离,并且其分离选择性在一定程度上随流动相性质而变;烷基膦酸改性的锆铝填料则呈现出反相色谱特征。     

有机氟键合相高效液体色谱填料的研究Ⅴ.氟酰胺键合相的性能及其在含氟化合物分析中的应用

我们曾报道过氟酰胺和氟烃键合相填料这些填料对胆甾烯,多羟基的甾族化合物、胆酸及其酯类的分析均取得较满意的结果。最近我们又对氟酰胺键合相做了进一步研究,并总结了如何在制备该填料的过程中控制有机层浓度。我们将此填料用于含氟异构体及含氟药物的分析能选择性分离,分析速度快,且改进峰形拖尾取得满意的结果。     

分子自组装氧化钛包覆硅球色谱柱载体的制备及正相色谱性能研究

采用分子自组装方法在微米硅球表面涂敷多层纳米二氧化钛,得到了比表面积为202.1 m2/g、孔体积0.3628 m3/g、孔径7 nm的复合颗粒。在正相条件下研究了该TiO2/S iO2壳核型复合微粒的色谱性能,并与ZrO2/S iO2复合微粒色谱性能进行了比较。结果表明:氧化钛复合颗粒渗透性好,柱压低,是一种比较理想的高效液相色谱载体,对中性化合物和碱性化合物有较好的分离选择性,峰形对称;但对酚类化合物强烈保留,峰形较差。     

用非极性固定相分离不同极性化合物时色谱峰峰形的EMG参数及计算机拟合

对用非极性固定相分离不同极性的化合物时色谱峰的峰形与保留值的关系进行了研究使用非极性固定相分离不同极性的化合物时,不同极性化合物的色谱峰的EMG参数σ、τ与组分的保留值不存在线性关系：建立了使用非极性固定相分离极性化合物时色谱峰峰形的计算机模拟方法该法作为《开放式气相色谱仿真软件》中的模拟方法之一,效果较好。     

丁基胺丙基硅胶毛细管整体柱的制备及其电色谱性能研究

采用溶胶-凝胶技术制备了丁基胺丙基硅胶毛细管整体柱,此整体固定相表面同时含有能产生阳极的电渗流的仲胺官能团和产生疏水作用的正丁基和丙基官能团。对所制备的整体柱电色谱性能进行了详细的表征和分析。考察了流动相pH值对电渗流的影响;对烷基苯同系物、有机酸酸性化合物和苯胺类碱性化合物保留行为进行了研究,并对其可能的保留机理进行了探讨。实验结果表明,对于中性化合物的保留机理主要基于反相作用;而对于酸性化合物的保留行为则是基于混合模式作用机理,即除了电泳作用外,还包括阴离子交换和疏水作用。碱性化合物在丁基胺丙基硅胶毛细管整体柱上的峰形较好,没有明显的峰拖尾现象。     

交联聚苯乙烯包覆二氧化锆柱填料的制备与评价

交联聚苯乙烯包覆二氧化锆固定相是在溶液体系中通过自由基引发乙基苯乙烯、二乙烯基苯和乙烯基二氧化锆共聚反应获得。IR和SEM表征这种填料的表面特征，考察了这种交联聚合物包覆柱填料的色谱性能和化学稳定性，并用这种填料分离了苯甲酸酯类和碱性化合物。     

碳十八键合锆胶固定相的制备与色谱性能评价

用诱导聚合胶体凝聚法（PICA）制得的二氧化锆微球与碳十八三乙氧基硅烷反应制备了碳十八键合锆胶固定相（ODZ），评价了该柱填料的色谱性能，并用此固定相分离了中性和碱性化合物。     

Sensitive determination of n-hexane and cyclohexane in human body fluids by capillary gas chromatography with cryogenic oven trapping

A sensitive method was developed for determination of n-hexane and cyclohexane in human body fluids by headspace capillary gas chromatography (GC) with cryogenic oven trapping. Whole blood and urine samples containing n-hexane and cyclohexane were heated in a 7.5 mL vial at 70 degrees C for 15 min, and 5 mL of the headspace vapor was drawn into a glass syringe. All vapor was introduced through an injection port of a GC instrument in the splitless mode into an Rtx-Volatiles middle-bore capillary column at an oven temperature of -40 degrees C for trapping volatile compounds. The oven temperature was programmed to 180 degrees C for GC with flame ionization detection. These conditions gave sharp peaks for both n-hexane and cyclohexane, a good separation of each peak, and low background impurities for whole blood and urine. The extraction efficiencies of n-hexane and cyclohexane were 13.2-30.3% for whole blood and 12.7-20.7% for urine. The coefficients of within-day variation in terms of extraction efficiency of both compounds were 5.0-9.5% for whole blood and 3.8-10.8% for urine; those of day-to-day variation for the compounds were not greater than 16.6%. The regression equations for n-hexane and cyclohexane showed good linearity in the range of 5-500 ng/0.5 mL for whole blood and urine. The detection limits (signal-to-noise ratio = 3) for both compounds were 1.2 and 0.5 ng/0.5 mL for whole blood and urine, respectively. The data on n-hexane or cyclohexane in rat blood after inhalation of each compound are also presented.     

Two-dimensional superstructures and softened C-H stretching vibrations of cyclohexane on Rh(111): effects of preadsorbed hydrogen

Adsorption structures and interaction of cyclohexane molecules on the clean and hydrogen-preadsorbed Rh(111) surfaces were investigated using scanning tunneling microscopy, spot-profile-analysis low-energy electron diffraction, temperature-programmed desorption, and infrared reflection absorption spectroscopy (IRAS). Various ordered structures of adsorbed cyclohexane were observed as a function of hydrogen and cyclohexane coverages. When the fractional coverage (θ(H)) of preadsorbed hydrogen was below 0.8, four different commensurate or higher-order commensurate superstructures were found as a function of θ(H); whereas more densely packed incommensurate overlayers became dominant at higher θ(H). IRAS measurements showed sharp softened C-H vibrational peaks at 20 K, which originate from the electronic interaction between adsorbed cyclohexane and the Rh surface. The multiple softened C-H stretching peaks in each phase are due to the variation in the adsorption distance from the substrate. At high hydrogen coverages they became attenuated in intensity and eventually diminished at θ(H) = 1. The gradual disappearance of the soft mode correlates well with the structural phase transition from commensurate structures to incommensurate structures with increasing hydrogen coverage. The superstructure of adsorbed cyclohexane is controlled by the delicate balance between adsorbate-adsorbate and adsorbate-substrate interactions which are affected by preadsorbed hydrogen.     

Time-resolved sum-frequency generation spectroscopy of cyclohexane adsorbed on Ni(111) under ultrashort NIR laser pulse irradiation

The adsorption of cyclohexane on Ni(111) was studied by infrared-visible sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy with and without near-infrared (NIR) pump pulse irradiation. Two adsorption states of cyclohexane were found in the monolayer region, a low-coverage state showing SFG peaks at 2740, 2815, and 2865 cm(-1), and a high-coverage state showing peaks at 2740, 2815, and 2905 cm(-1). Both states coexisted on the saturated Ni(111) surface. The broad peak at 2740 cm(-1) was due to the softened CH stretching mode of the axial CH groups of cyclohexane that point toward the Ni(111) surface. The peaks at 2815 and 2865 (or 2905) cm(-1) were due to the symmetric and asymmetric stretching modes of CH(2) groups, respectively, that were free from the surface. Irradiation with NIR pulses caused a temporary jump in temperature at the Ni(111) surface and enhanced the intensity of the 2905 cm(-1) peak, but weakened the other peaks. This indicates that the temperature jump excited the cyclohexane molecules from the low-coverage state to the high-coverage state. The dynamics of the structural change observed in the adsorbed cyclohexane on NIR irradiation is discussed.     

Mass spectral fragmentation pathways in cyclic difluoramino and nitro compounds

The recently synthesized compounds 4, 4-bis(difluoramino)-1-nitropiperidine (I), 1,4,4-trinitropiperidine (II), 1,1,4,4-tetranitrocyclohexane (III), 1,1,4, 4-tetrakis(difluoramino)cyclohexane (IV) and 3,3,7, 7-tetrakis(difluora-mino)octahydro-1,5-dinitro-1,5-diazocine (HNFX, V) are being considered as potential energetic materials. The mass spectra of these compounds were studied using electron ionization (EI) mass spectrometry. A collision-induced dissociation (CID) study of the major EI peaks was carried out using a Finnigan TSQ 700 tandem mass spectrometer. The mass fragmentation pathways are constructed and discussed. The decomposition of HNFX (V), under EI, appeared to parallel the thermal decomposition of nitramines where N-NO(2) cleavage is often the first step. However, the two nitramines with a six-membered ring structure (I and II) underwent initial loss of a geminal substituent; loss of a nitramine nitro group was the secondary step. The two cyclohexane structures (III and IV) showed similar initial fragmentation pathways, featuring successive losses of nitro or difluoramino groups. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Stereoselective high-performance liquid chromatographic determination of the enantiomers of ketamine and norketamine in plasma.

An enantioselective high-performance liquid chromatographic assay for the quantitation of the enantiomers of ketamine and its major metabolite norketamine in human plasma is described (assay I). The procedure involved extraction of the compounds from alkalized plasma into cyclohexane. Stereoselective separation was achieved with a prepacked alpha 1-acid glycoprotein column without any derivatization procedure. A second assay using a conventional reversed-phase column to determine total (racemic) ketamine and norketamine is also described. Because of interfering plasma peaks (assay II) the cyclohexane solution was reextracted into 1 M hydrochloric acid. The detection wavelength was 215 nm for all substances. The limit of quantification of the method was ca. 40 ng/ml in plasma. The assays were sensitive and reproducible. The method was demonstrated to be sensitive for stereoselective pharmacokinetic studies of ketamine after clinical doses.     

溶剂效应和取代基效应对2-(2-氨基苯基)苯并噻唑光谱性质及激发态分子内质子转移的影响

合成了多种2-(2-氨基苯基)苯并噻唑(APBT)氨基氢原子被供电子及吸电子基团取代的衍生物, 并用紫外光谱﹑荧光光谱等方法和密度泛函理论(DFT)计算研究了溶剂效应和取代基效应对衍生物的光谱性质及激发态分子内质子转移(ESIPT)的影响规律. 结果表明, 相比于非极性溶剂环己烷, 随溶剂极性的增加及APBT-溶剂分子间氢键的形成, APBT的紫外-可见最大吸收峰和荧光最大发射峰均发生了一定程度的红移, 并对APBT的ESIPT产生了影响. 在APBT分子的氨基氮原子上引入不同的吸电子或斥电子取代基, 对氮原子的电荷性质有较大的影响. 在环己烷溶剂中, 甲基取代后的APBT仅有单重荧光发射峰, 体系未发生ESIPT过程; 而COCH₂Cl等吸电子基团能促进APBT的ESIPT, 其荧光发射光谱出现了明显的双重峰, 表明体系发生了激发态分子内质子转移反应. 量子化学的理论计算较好地验证了光谱实验结果.     

电子等排体的噻吩多烯与苯多烯同系递变的比较Ⅱ

为了比较噻吩多烯和苯多烯三岔共轭体系的性能,合成了三个系列带两个拉电子基团的噻吩多烯三岔化合物(TDn,TEn,TFn),测定了它们在环已烷和乙醇中的电子吸收光谱。实验表明,带两个拉电子基团的噻吩多烯三岔共轭化合物的电子吸收光谱频率也都遵守同系线性规律,相关系数Υ>0.99。与相应的苯多烯化合物的电子光谱相比,吸收峰普遍地红移一个插烯双键所引起的红移数值。相应的同系直线相距很近。△λ_(th)/△λ_E值为0.83-1.10。第一个拉电子基团的引入,化合物的电子吸收峰红移30nm左右,但当第二个拉电子基团引入时,电子吸收峰仅红移3—17nm,其作用只相当于一个取代基。     

The cis–trans transformation of cyclohexane formic acid ester compounds

Trans-alkyl cyclohexane formic acid phenol ester compounds are synthesised by reaction of trans-cyclohexane formic acid and phenols. This process also produces many harmful cis-alkyl cyclohexane formic acid phenol ester compounds that are harmful to the environment. Using p-toluenesulphonic acid as the catalyst in this experiment, these cis compounds were transformed to their trans form. The yields of trans-alkyl cyclohexane formic acid phenol ester compounds were more than 70%, which was significantly higher when compared to the yields of 40–60% obtained using the control method. The effects of catalyst, reaction time and reaction temperature on cis–trans transformation were investigated. The possible mechanism of cis–trans transformation has been discussed in this report.     

Associative organotin polymers. I. Symmetric trialkyltin fluorides: Synthesis and properties

Four novel symmetric tri-n-alkyltin fluorides were prepared. In this homologous series, melting point decreases with increase in the carbon chain length while an x-ray diffraction study shows an increase in amorphousness. ¹H-NMR spectra in cyclohexane, a nonpolar solvent in which these compounds form long polymeric chain, show a peak broadening effect due to high solution viscosity at very low solute concentration. Contrary to this, the spectra in CDCl₃, a polar solvent in which these compounds are monomeric, show well resolved and narrow peaks. IR frequencies for Sn? C vibrations have been assigned.     

环戊烷和环己烷在silicalite-1分子筛上的热脱附行为

采用智能质量分析仪(IGA)及TG/DTG法研究了环戊烷和环己烷在硅沸石silicalite-1上的热脱附行为。当环戊烷在silicalite-1上吸附量小于4 m/uc时,TG/DTG曲线表明环戊烷在silicalite-1上存在一个脱附过程。吸附量大于4 m/uc,TG曲线显示热脱附过程明显分为两个阶段,DTG曲线中出现两个明显的脱附峰,彼此分离。环己烷在silicalite-1上只存在一种脱附过程,DTG曲线只出现一个脱附峰。从环戊烷和环己烷的热脱附曲线中也可看出,随着吸附量的增加脱附峰温逐渐向高温方向偏移。