多元酸及混合酸滴定规律的讨论——可编程序计算器的应用

多元酸和混合酸的滴定,近年来国内外教材和专著均有所介绍。但一般都沿用一元酸的滴定规律来判断多元酸及混合酸分级或分别滴定的可能性,于是出现了一些与实验事实相矛盾的现象。现从酸碱平衡质子条件出     

多元酸碱分步滴定的可行性研究

分析化学教科书中,对多元酸能否分步滴定都给出了判据。以二元酸的分步滴定为例,当△pK_a≥5,c_aK_(a_1)≥10~8,△pH=±0.3时,滴定误差|TE|≤0.5%。基于A.Ringbom误差公式导出的这一判据被广泛的采用。在我们的教学中,曾有人对此提出了疑向:(1)在c_aK_a≥10~(-8)的前提下,分步滴定的准确度是否仅决定于△pK_a,而与被滴酸的浓度大小无关?(2)c_aK_(a_1)≥10~(-8),是一元酸被准确滴定的条件,对一元酸准确滴定的误差要求是0.1%,而多元酸分步滴定的误差要求是0.5%。所以分步滴定中仍要求c_aK_(a_1)≥10~(-8)是否合理?本文拟从滴定过程的质子条件出发,导出计算分步滴定误差的精确算式,借助计算机进行计算,得到分步滴定的确切条件,同时引用浓度对数图对此条件作出直观形象的说明。     

无需标准溶液的酸碱滴定计算分析研究

无需标准溶液的滴定计算分析能同时求出滴定剂与被测物质浓度.本文用非线性规划问题的单纯形加速法对无需标准溶液的酸碱滴定进行了研究.单元酸、多元酸及混合酸的测定得到了比较满意的结果.     

智能求解未知多元酸各级离解常数的研究

本文介绍了一种新的测定未知多元酸各级离解常数的通用方法。该方法实验上采用苛性碱电势滴定多元酸,计算上采用Gordon数学模型和单纯形最优化方法。并为此编制了一名为"GORDANACID"的计算机程序。     

混合酸、多元酸滴定的教学探讨

为解决混合酸(碱)、多元酸(碱)滴定教学中出现的问题,提出一些思路:(1)应在搞清滴定反应及其优先次序前提下,充分利用滴定曲线这一有力工具解决各种问题。(2)教学中,应遵循由易到难、步步深入的原则。在充分讲授单种一元酸滴定的基础上,可按强碱滴混合一元酸、强碱滴多元酸、强碱滴复杂混合酸的顺序安排教学内容。由于规律相似,所以在学生学完强碱滴定酸之后,只需对强酸滴定碱略作介绍即可。另外,提出一种无需复杂计算,仅利用单种一元酸(碱)滴定曲线拼合出复杂酸(碱)体系的近似滴定曲线的新方法,获得的曲线虽不十分精确,但足以给滴定分析可能性判断以及指示剂选择等问题提供有力的支持。     

滴定磷酸问题的讨论

滴定磷酸是多元酸滴定的典型例子。目前国内流行的分析化学教材中均未讨论滴定曲线的计算问题,只介绍了用最简式计算第一、二等当点的方法,该法不够严谨误差较大;J.G.Dick 介绍了用近似公式计算 H_3PO_4     

关于盐酸滴定碳酸钠和硼砂的中和曲线及其计算

作者认为,盐酸与碳酸钠和硼砂的中和滴定,在分析工作中实为重要。其滴定曲线若按一般教科书所介绍的方法计算,却出现反常现象,若用柯尔蜀夫的专著中所介绍的关于多元酸中和曲线的计算方法,不但手续繁琐而且准确性也有一定的限制。最近,在     

强酸与弱酸分步滴定的误差公式及可行性判断

一般分析化学教科书［１～３］在论述多元酸或混合酸分步滴定的可能性时,以Ｋａ（ＨＡ）／Ｋａ（ＨＢ）＞１０５（ｃ（ＨＡ）＝ｃ（ＨＢ））作为判断能否分步滴定的判别式,然而这一判别式却不能适用于强酸和弱酸混合物的情况。例如ＨＣｌ＋ＨＡｃ混合酸是不能分步准确滴定的,虽然它们的Ｋａ值之比Ｋａ（ＨＣｌ）／Ｋａ（ＨＡｃ）远大于１０５。Ａｃ－也是不可能藉加入过量的ＨＣｌ再用ＮａＯＨ溶液进行返滴定的。　　对于这一问题,可从讨论终点误差入手。返滴定至终点时,溶液的质子平衡式为［Ｈ＋］终＋ｃ（ＮａＯＨ）＝ｃ（ＨＣｌ）＋…     

混合酸的滴定判据及终点误差

关于混合酸的滴定，在分析化学教材和参考书中，详细论述的不多。有的教材根本没有讲授混合酸的滴定，有的只简单的谈到关于混合酸的滴定，情况跟多元酸相似，有的则直接给出第一化学计量点时溶液中的H^ 浓度的计算公式。笔者在多年的分析化学教学中发现，学生对此有较多的疑问，不知道计算公式从何而来等。本文就混合酸的滴定作一较为详细的讨论。     

在强酸与多元酸混合酸中影响各组分酸含量测定的因素及条件

在前文中曾提出，第一终点ＰＨ＞３．７的情况下，以多元酸标准溶液的半中和点为第一点，测定各组分酸含量的方法。在此基础上，本文在理论上明确了影响各组分酸含量测定的因素，从而提出第一终点ＰＨ不同的情况下，Ｋａ１／Ｋａ２倍数不同时可准确滴定的Ｖｅ２／Ｖ＾Ｔｅ值的计算方法。实验结果表明，在此条件下结果是可靠的。     

利用手持技术改进测定乙醇分子结构实验

利用压强传感器代替排水集气法,改进测定乙醇分子结构实验的仪器装置,并探索最佳反应条件。另外,设计两个空白实验,结合压强变化曲线对实验误差进行相关讨论。     

光谱仪测试范围的扩展

由于石化行业的生产需要，其材质的使用具有多样性和广泛性，经常会出现顾客委托的测试样品的一个或几个元素跨越光谱仪现有测试程序测量范围的情况。本法通过对光谱仪测试原理的认识，根据光谱仪的测试能力及标样的采集，实现了一个或几个元素测量范围的扩展，并对其测量的影响因素进行了研究。     

Influence of viscosity of medium on processes of oxygen quenching of excited states of mesoporphyrin

The oxygen quenching rate constants for singlet and triplet excited states of the dimethyl ester of mesoporphyrin IX increase with decreasing viscosity of the medium and reach a maximum at a viscosity of approximately 0.4 mPa·sec, after which the rate constants begin to decrease. The drop in rate constant with increasing fluidity of the medium may be related to a nonequilibrium character of the elementary act in the interaction of the reactants in the solvent cage. In viscous media such as isopropyl alcohol, isobutyl alcohol, and isoamyl alcohol, the reaction radius is greater than the sum of the radii of the reacting particles. The long-range character of these processes is due to the relatively weak dependence of the quenching probability on distance.Translated from Teoreticheskaya i Éksperimental'naya Khimiya, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 161–167, March–April, 1989.     

Dichroism of absorption and polarization of phosphorescence of molecules of the closed form of nitrobenzospirothiopyran

The spectral-polarization characteristics of absorption and phosphorescence of molecules of the initial form of nitro-substituted indolinospirobenzothiopyran were studied in oriented polyethylene films and in solutions with different polarity. An oscillator model of the electron transitions responsible for the formation of absorption and luminescence spectra was suggested. It was established that the principal differences in the spectral and photophysical properties of the compound studied and its oxygen-containing analog are associated with the fact that the electronegativity of the S atom is lower than that of the O atom. Translated fromIzvestiya Akademii Nauk. Seriya Khimicheskaya, No. 6, pp. 1143–1146, June, 1997.     

Neutral diterpenoids of oleoresins of five species of conifers of Transcarpathia

The compositions of the neutral diterpenoids of the oleoresins of five species of conifers growing in the Transcarpathia have been studied. It has been found that the oleoresins ofAbies alba M.,Larix decidua M., andPicea excelsa L. contain more than 50% of neutral diterpenoids. The group and qualitative compositions of the oxygen-containing diterpenoids have been determined. In the oleoresins ofAbies alba,Picea excelsa, andPicea abies tertiary alcohols — cis-abienol and isocembrol — predominate, while inLarix decidua the main component is the hydroxy ester larixyl acetate. Primary alcohols related to the resin acids have been found in all the oleoresins investigated. Features of the distribution of diterpenoids according to the species of conifers have been revealed. The results obtained are necessary for the chemotaxonomy of conifers of the family Pinceae.Novosibirsk Institute of Organic Chemistry, Siberian Branch, Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Translated from Khimiya Prirodynkh Soedinenii, No. 6, pp. 812–816, November–December, 1988.     

Determination of heats of detonation and influence of components of composite explosives on heats of detonation of high explosives

The heats of detonation of 20 simple high explosives and explosive mixtures were determined by means of an adiabatic detonation calorimeter designed by the authors. The results indicated that the performance of the instrument was reliable and the experimental data were very accurate. For explosive mixtures, there was a linear accumulative relationship between the heats of detonation of the explosive mixture and its components. Accordingly, the heats of detonation of explosive mixtures could be calculated directly from the heats of detonation of simple explosives and the characteristic heats of other components. The experiments showed that the gold or brass shell of the cylindrical charge could be substituted by a thick-walled porcelain shell, which had the advantage of cheapness.

     

物质分配系数的测定实验改进

实验教学目的是从解决实际问题出发,以实验技术训练和实验设计思想培养为目标。介绍了将单一的物质分配系数测定实验改进为综合实验,提高了实验效果及实验资源利用率。     

Calculation of enthalpies of hydrogenation of hydrocarbons

Sets of hydrogen molecule equivalents have been developed which permit the calculation of hydrogenation of different types of carbon-carbon bonds from ab initio total energies (3-21G and 6-31G* basis sets, and, to a more limited extent, for MP2/6-31G* data) of reactants and products. The calculated enthalpies of hydrogenation are in good agreement with experiment for unstrained molecules, with average errors on the order of 2 kcal/mol. The 6-31G* equivalents allow the enthalpies for strained molecules to be calculated accurately, but the 3-21G equivalents do not. The equivalents for both basis sets have been tested by calculating the enthalpies of hydrogenation of carbon-carbon bonds in nitrogen- and oxygen-containing organic molecules, free radicals, and classical carbocations. The results are in good agreement with experiment in most cases.     

非那雄胺合成工艺改进

非那雄胺能抑制5α-还原酶的活性,明显降低二氢睾酮水平,是一种治疗良性前列腺增生的有效药品。该合成工艺以甾烯酮酸为原料,将其与氯化亚砜反应,无须分离即与叔丁胺反应得17β-酰胺化合物,再氧化开环,环合,氢化,脱氢合成了非那雄胺。经元素分析、IR、1HNMR、13CNMR、MS分析表征了其结构。该法无须使用昂贵的2,2-二吡啶二硫化物和剧毒药品苯亚硒酸酐,且以乙酸铵代替氨气,降低了对设备的要求和腐蚀,更适用于工业生产。