微液滴在PDMS软基体表面的动态摩擦行为研究

通过固液界面摩擦力测试装置研究了微液滴在PDMS软基体表面运动时的动态摩擦学行为,并对微液滴体积、滑动速度及软基体力学性能对固液界面动态摩擦行为的影响进行了分析. 结果表明:微液滴在软基体表面运动时表现出最大静摩擦力和动态摩擦力. 最大静摩擦力与微液滴黏度和速度梯度呈正比,动态摩擦力与微液滴体积、滑动速度和基体力学性能有关. 随着微液滴体积的增加,三相接触线长度增加,动态摩擦力增加;随着相对滑动速度增加,三相接触线长度及接触角滞后增加,动态摩擦力增加;随着软基体弹性模量降低,固液界面黏附力增加,固液界面运动能量耗散增加,动态摩擦力增加. 研究结果可为PDMS软基体表面微液滴的精确驱动和运动参数优化提供理论指导,也可进一步丰富固液界面摩擦理论.      

Sliding of two smooth indenters on a viscoelastic foundation in the presence of friction

The axisymmetric contact problem of sliding of two solid parabolic indenters on a viscoelastic half-space with constant velocity is considered. Shear stresses modeling the adhesive component of the friction force act in the contact area. The model of the foundation material is described by an integral operator with an exponential kernel characterized by one relaxation time. The problem is solved by the boundary element method. The dependences of the contact characteristics on the sliding velocity, the normal load, and the distance between the centers of the indenters is analyzed. The results can be used to study the effect of the roughness elements modeled by two indenters on the contact characteristics and the deformation component of the friction force.     

The stability of a top rotating on a rough horizontal plane

In the present paper the stability of permanent rotation of a symmetric top rotating on a slightly rough horizontal plane about the erect polar or transverse axis is discussed via the perturbation method. As a perturbation factor, the frictional force is an arbitrary nonlinear function of the sliding velocity. The same stability criterion as that in the Contensou-Magnus linear theory is obtained, but the hypothesis of the linearity for friction can be omitted. It shows that the direction of the sliding velocity at the contact point is an important factor, which influences the stability of the top. And then an explicit physical explanation is given.     

Dynamic Deformation Behavior of a Golf Ball during Normal Impact

The normal impact between a golf ball and a rigid steel target was studied to examine ball deformation and the contact force during the impact. Using high-speed video images, the normal and tangential compression ratios of the ball were measured to analyze the ball deformation quantitatively. In addition, the inbound and rebound ball velocities, contact time, and coefficient of restitution were determined as basic parameters of the impact. As the inbound ball velocity increased, the maximum normal compression ratio increased while the maximum tangential compression ratio, contact time and coefficient of restitution decreased. The ball center displacements during the impact were measured to determine the ball center velocity and acceleration, and the contact force was calculated by the product of the mass and acceleration. The contact force increased almost linearly with the inbound ball velocity, and its relationship agreed well quantitatively with the results from a load-cell, and also agreed well qualitatively with Hertz contact theory.     

Friction force model and rolling dynamics for a ball on a rough surface with presliding displacement taken into account

A model of sliding and spinning friction forces for a ball in the form of finite relations obtained by integrating the tangential stresses over the contact area whose parameters are determined by Hertz’s theory for the “ball-rough horizontal surface” tribological conjunction pair is supplemented with a model of rolling friction torques. The combined model is peculiar in that the presliding displacement effect in rolling and spinning friction torques is taken into account. It is shown that the ball motions in the presliding displacement zone are of quasilinear character and, under shock perturbations, have the form of damping vibrations in the three orientation angles. The numerical parameters of the rolling and spinning friction model are experimentally determined for the presliding displacement zones, while the sliding friction parameters and partly the spinning friction parameters are calculated. Mathematical modeling permits one to discover new properties of the ball, namely, its deceleration in rolling, the onset of damping vibrations at the beginning and end of motion, and the transient process parameters.     

Oblique Bounce of a Rubber Ball

Measurements are presented on the oblique impact of a hollow rubber ball incident on a polished granite surface, and the results are compared with those for a solid rubber superball. The hollow ball had a much higher coefficient of sliding friction than the superball, resulting in significant differences in all bounce parameters, at all angles of incidence. The hollow ball gripped the surface at all observed angles of incidence, resulting in one or two reversals in the direction of the friction force during the impact. The friction force was measured directly, as was the rotation speed of the ball during the impact. The results show that the tangential coefficient of restitution of a ball depends on both the coefficient of sliding friction and the ratio of the tangential to the normal vibration frequency of the ball.     

大气环境下YBa_2Cu_3O_7薄膜的摩擦行为和表面形貌

利用球 -盘摩擦试验装置考察了大气环境下 YBa2 Cu3O7薄膜和多晶硅薄膜同蓝宝石球及钢球对摩时的摩擦行为 ,并用原子力显微镜对其表面形貌进行了分析 .结果表明 :表面相对较粗糙的 YBa2 Cu3O7薄膜与蓝宝石球对摩时的摩擦系数低于多晶硅薄膜 /蓝宝石球的摩擦系数 ;而 2种薄膜与钢球对摩时的摩擦系数相当 ;YBa2 Cu3O7薄膜与蓝宝石球对摩时的启动摩擦非常稳定 ,而多晶硅薄膜的启动摩擦很不稳定 ;与钢球对摩时两者的启动摩擦则都比较稳定 .对 YBa2 Cu3O7薄膜的磨损表面形貌分析研究表明 ,其表面突出物结合疏松 ,容易从基体表面磨损脱落 .     

A finite element study of the deformations, forces, stress formations, and energy losses in sliding cylindrical contacts

This work presents the results of a finite element analysis (FEA) used to simulate two-dimensional (2D) sliding between two interfering elasto-plastic cylinders. The material for the cylinders is modeled as elastic-perfectly plastic and follows the von Mises yield criterion. The FEA provides trends in the deformations, reaction forces, stresses, and net energy losses as a function of the interference and sliding distance between the cylinders. Results are presented for both frictionless and frictional sliding and comparisons are drawn. The effects of plasticity and friction on energy loss during sliding are isolated. This work also presents empirical equations thatt relate the net energy loss due to sliding under an elasto-plastic deformation as a function of the sliding distance. Contour plots of the von Mises stresses are presented to show the formation and distribution of stresses with increasing plastic deformation as sliding progresses. This work shows that for the plastic loading cases the ratio of the horizontal force to the vertical reaction force is non-zero at the point where the cylinders are perfectly aligned about the vertical axis. In addition, a “load ratio” of the horizontal tugging force to the vertical reaction force is defined. Although this is analogous to the common definition of the coefficient of friction between sliding surfaces, it just contains the effect of energy loss in plasticity. The values of the contact half-width are obtained for different vertical interferences as sliding progresses.     

Impact friction test method by applying stress wave

To understand the dynamic response of two bodies in contact, kinetic friction during impact presently is focused on. A new testing technique, which provides the normal and the tangential impact force independently, is developed by modifying the split Hopkinson pressure bar method. Normal and torsional stress wave propagation in a one-dimensional framework of an axial impact of an input tube on a rotating output tube is analyzed and is experimentally verified. Kinetic friction of brass was clarified at a high rate of sliding up to 5 m/s and is found to be almost constant independent of normal force and sliding velocity. The present technique provides direct measurement of kinetic friction with simple configuration and data analysis.     

Rolling friction as a viscoelastic dissipative process

The viscous additions to the stress tensor on the half–space surface over which a ball moves are calculated with the use of a viscosity (dissipative) tensor. The rolling friction force which corresponds to the Coulomb law and which is proportional to the velocity and which is simultaneously the lower estimate for the sliding friction force is found. Expressions for the radial and vertical displacements on the surface of an elastic half–space are given.     

GCr15钢-CVDCr_7C_3镀层摩擦副摩擦振动的研究

本文系统地研究了GCr15钢球-CVDCr_7C_3镀层钢盘摩擦副滑动干摩擦引起的摩擦力(切向力)振动特性及其对材料摩擦磨损性能的影响。试件系统在垂直和水平方向上均处于低刚度、小阻尼状态。试验信号由微机采集、处理并进行频谱分析。结果表明,摩擦力振动的类型与正压力有关,而与拖动速度无关;摩擦力呈周期性自持振动时具有与相对滑动速度典型的非线性关系,振动频率接近(略低)于系统在切向的固有频率,而与拖动速度无关;摩擦力呈非平稳随机振动时,振动频率与系统在法向的振动频率有关,而与系统在切向的固有频率及拖动速度都无关;摩擦偶件运动的平稳性与摩擦力振动的类型有关,而与平均摩擦系数无关;摩擦力所耗费的能量与正压力呈比例关系。     

基于LuGre摩擦模型的接触约束法旋转柔性梁斜碰撞研究

基于接触约束法和LuGre摩擦模型对在重力场作用下作大范围旋转运动的柔性梁系统和斜坡发生含摩擦斜碰撞的动力学问题进行研究.首先运用刚柔耦合的多体系统动力学理论对大范围运动的柔性梁进行离散化和动力学建模,在碰撞时采用冲量动量法求出跳跃速度,其次在法向上引入接触约束求解出碰撞力,在切向上采用LuGre摩擦模型分两种方式求解...     

表面特性对纯滑弹流油膜形状和摩擦力的影响的试验研究

针对界面滑移效应可能产生较低的摩擦力,采用具有不同表面浸润性的玻璃盘,进行了纯滑弹流润滑试验.在采用SiO2镀膜玻璃盘的球-盘接触高聚物纯滑润滑试验中,从弹流到动压润滑的摩擦系数曲线呈现不同于传统Stribeck曲线的两个拐点.两个拐点分别与凹陷出现及弹性变形消失相关联.在较低载荷下,不同盘表面产生相近的干涉图像和摩擦系数曲线,高聚物的非牛顿效应产生的表观滑移可能是入口凹陷及非典型摩擦系数曲线的主因;在较高载荷下,盘滑试验中铬盘产生的摩擦系数和油膜厚度均较SiO2盘低,具有较低表面能的铬盘产生的界面滑移被认为是产生较低摩擦系数的主因.     

Dynamics of a homogeneous ball on a horizontal plane with sliding,spinning, and rolling friction taken into account

We analyze the dynamics of a homogeneous ball on a horizontal plane with friction of all kinds, namely, sliding, spinning, and rolling friction, taken into account. The qualitative-analytic study of the ball dynamics is supplemented with numerical experiments.     

直流射频等离子体增强化学气相沉积类金刚石碳薄膜的结构及摩擦学性能研究

利用直流射频等离子增强化学气相沉积技术在单晶硅表面制备了类金刚石碳薄膜．采用Raman光谱、红外光谱、x射线光电子能谱和原子力显微镜等研究了薄膜的微观结构和表面形貌,在UMT-2MT型摩擦磨损试验机上考察了薄膜在不同载荷与滑动速度下的摩擦学性能。结果表明：所制备的类金刚石碳薄膜具有典型的类金刚石结构特征,薄膜均匀、致密,表面粗糙度小,硬度较高;薄膜与Si3N4陶瓷球对摩时显示出良好的抗磨减摩性能;随着试验载荷与滑动速度的提高,薄膜的摩擦系数降低,耐磨寿命降低;薄膜的减摩抗磨性能同其在Si3N4陶瓷球偶件磨损表面形成的转移膜相关。     

正畸弓丝与托槽间摩擦力建模及试验研究

正畸矫治过程中,正畸弓丝与托槽间的相对滑动趋势将产生摩擦力,进而降低有效矫治力,影响矫治的性能和效率. 针对目前正畸摩擦力预测方法量化预测精度低的问题,依据正畸弓丝与托槽间的几何关系、力学关系及物理参数,提出一种基于分力叠加原理的计及接触角度的正畸摩擦力预测模型建立方法. 探究影响正畸摩擦力的主要因素以及变化规律,提出采用有限滑动法测量正畸摩擦力,搭建了基于六维力传感器的正畸摩擦力测量系统,进行了不同弓丝-托槽组合和不同接触角度的摩擦力测量,试验数据与预测模型的理论数据间误差率处于0.55%~9.65%之间,证明该预测模型可为医师明确正畸矫治器参数-摩擦力-矫治力的关系提供理论依据,为实现数字化正畸提供理论支撑,保证个性化正畸方案的高效、高可靠性和高舒适度,最终达到轻力矫治的效果.      

Two-dimensional sliding frictional contact of functionally graded materials

A multi-layered model for sliding frictional contact analysis of functionally graded materials (FGMs) with arbitrarily varying shear modulus under plane strain-state deformation has been developed. Based on the fact that an arbitrary curve can be approached by a series of continuous but piecewise linear curves, the FGM is divided into several sub-layers and in each sub-layers the shear modulus is assumed to be a linear function while the Poisson's ratio is assumed to be a constant. In the contact area, it is assumed that the friction is one of Coulomb type. With this model the fundamental solutions for concentrated forces acting perpendicular and parallel to the FGMs layer surface are obtained. Then the sliding frictional contact problem of a functionally graded coated half-space is investigated. The transfer matrix method and Fourier integral transform technique are employed to cast the problem to a Cauchy singular integral equation. The contact stresses and contact area are calculated for various moving stamps by solving the equations numerically. The results show that appropriate gradual variation of the shear modulus can significantly alter the stresses in the contact zone.     

缠绕提升钢丝绳绕入冲击摩擦特性研究

为掌握多层缠绕提升钢丝绳层与层之间滑动摩擦磨损特性,在自制缠绕式矿井提升机钢丝绳层间摩擦试验台上,以6×19热镀锌钢丝绳为研究对象,对不同载荷、滑移速度、冲击速度下钢丝绳滑动摩擦磨损规律及接触区域温升变化规律进行试验探究.研究结果表明:摩擦系数变化分为快速增长阶段、过渡阶段、稳定阶段;摩擦系数随载荷增加小幅减小,随滑移速度增大总体呈降低趋势;缠绕钢丝绳滑动摩擦温升集中于接触区域,最大温升受滑移速度影响明显,随速度增加而增大;冲击摩擦系数明显低于稳定滑动摩擦系数,最大冲击摩擦系数随冲击速度、滑移速度增大而增大,随着冲击载荷增大出现多次冲击摩擦.