Theory of waveguide light scattering in an integrated optical waveguide in the presence of noise

We develop a vector theory of waveguide monochromatic light scattering in an integrated optical waveguide with arbitrary three-dimensional irregularities in the presence of noise. The electrodynamical problem of laser radiation scattering in an irregular waveguide is solved by the method of coupled modes with the help of the theory of perturbations. The approximate solution of the inhomogeneous three-dimensional wave equation is derived by the method of modes and the method of Greens functions. The obtained Greens function is analyzed for the cases of propagating and evanescent modes of an irregular asymmetric optical waveguide. Analytical formulas for the near- and far-zone radiation fields are presented. A preliminary analysis of these formulas is given.Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, Vol. 48, No. 1, pp. 63–75, January 2005.     

Theory of absorption integrated optical sensor of gaseous materials

The eigen and noneigen (leaky) modes of a three-layer planar integrated optical waveguide are described. The dispersion relation of a three-layer planar waveguide and other dependences are derived, and the cutoff conditions are analyzed. The diagram of propagation constants of the guided and radiation modes of an irregular asymmetric three-layer waveguide and the dependence of the electric field amplitudes of radiation modes of substrate on vertical coordinate in a tantalum integrated optical waveguide are presented. The operating principles of an absorption integrated optical waveguide sensor are investigated. The dependences of sensitivity of an integrated optical waveguide sensor on the sensory cell length, the coupling efficiency of the laser radiation into the waveguide, the absorption cross-section of the studied material, and the level of additive statistical noise are investigated. Some of the prospective areas of application of integrated-optical waveguide sensors are outlined.     

Study of the Effect of Pulsed-Periodic Electric Field and Linearly Polarized Laser Radiation on the Properties of Liquid-Crystal Waveguide

Integrated-optical waveguides with a nematic liquid-crystal 4-cyano-4’-pentylbiphenyl (5CB) waveguiding layer have been investigated for different polarizations of incident laser radiation and under a pulsed-periodic electric field. A dependence of the damping coefficient of waveguide modes and the sizes of quasi-steady-state irregularities of nematic liquid-crystal layer on the linear polarization of laser radiation and the strength of pulsed-periodic field has been found experimentally. The correlation length is estimated for waveguiding layer irregularities. The waveguide scattering method has provided a resolution in correlation length exceeding the classical resolution limit by approximately an order of magnitude. The observed decrease in the damping coefficient of waveguide modes and irregularity sizes under external field is explained by the decrease in the correlation length of director fluctuations.     

New method for calculating the spectra and radiation losses of leaky waves in multilayer optical waveguides

The efficiency of a new method for calculating the spectrum and attenuation coefficient of leaky electromagnetic modes is demonstrated with multilayer planar optical waveguides the guiding properties of which are determined by antiresonant reflection from the multilayer cladding (antiresonant reflecting optical waveguides) rather than by total internal reflection from the core-cladding interface as in standard optical waveguides. The new method applies to calculation of both electromagnetic modes in dielectric waveguides and electron quantum states in multibarrier semiconductor heterostructures. The characteristics of multilayer waveguides calculated by the new method are compared with published data obtained from a complex dispersion relation by the transfer matrix method. As an example, the wavelength dependence of the radiation losses for the first TE mode of a planar optical waveguide containing 52 pairs of layers is calculated.     

Computation of higher-order waveguide modes by imaginary-distance beam propagation method

Abstact Yevick and Hermansson presented an efficient numerical method for calculating fundamental modes of optical waveguides. We extend their technique to higher-order eigenmodes. Using a finite-difference beam propagation method, we obtain propagation constants and field profiles for the three lowest-order TE modes in an asymmetric rib waveguide.     

Frequency dependence of acoustooptic interaction efficiency in anisotropic graded-index waveguide

An analysis of the dependence of the Bragg acoustooptical interaction efficiency of TE modes in a graded-index optical waveguide on the acoustic surface wave (ASW) frequency has been made. It is shown that two waveguides having different optical parameters but the same number of modes are described practically by the same frequency dependence. This conclusion is confirmed by the calculation for two four-mode waveguides on the Y-cut lithium niobate. The frequency dependence for various processes in the range 50÷550 MHz has been experimentally measured.     

数值模拟二维间隙表面等离子波导传输特性

利用表面等离子激元的新颖特性,设计了二维间隙表面等离子波导.以这种结构为基础通过变形和组合形成90°直角弯曲波导、T型光功率分配器和光开光,采用时域有限差分法研究了它们的传输特性.结果表明:不同于介质光波导的弯曲损耗来自于辐射泄漏,90°直角弯曲间隙表面等离子波导的能量损耗主要来自于金属中的欧姆热损耗.在间隙达到40 nm以上后,当直行段的长度适当时,弯曲段的透射率较相同长度的直波导的透射率要大.T型光功率分配器在两输出波导的间隙宽度比达到0.6及以上时,不同于传统介质波导的分光原则,能量主要沿等效折射率较小的输出臂流出.当两输入光的相位反相时,T型光开关处于输出截止的状态,当两输入光的相位同相时,T型光开关处于输出导通的状态.所有波导间隙均小于衍射极限,实现了超衍射极限传播,可用于未来了超大规模集成光路中.     

同轴TEM－余矩形TE10模式变换器的优化设计

 用HFSS软件和网络理论对S波段同轴TEM－矩形TE₁₀模式变换器进行了优化设计。其中同轴波导工作于过模状态,可同时传输TEM、TE₁₁、TE₂₁模。模式变换器可应用于高功率微波的能量提取系统,优化设计方法可用于通过短路活塞来实现调配的同轴－矩形、圆波导－矩形的模式变换器。     

同轴TEM-矩形TE10模式变换器的优化设计

用ＨＦＳＳ软件和网络理论对Ｓ波段同轴ＴＥＭ－矩形ＴＥ１０模式变换器进行了优化设计。同轴波导工作于过模状态,可同时传输ＴＥＭ、ＴＥ１１、ＴＥ２１模。模式变换器可应用于高功率微波的能量提取系统,优化设计方法可用于通过短路活塞来实现调配的同轴－矩表、圆波导－矩形的模式变换器。     

Radiation field propagation in low-contrast single-mode optical waveguides

In short waveguides used in integrated optical circuits, the radiation field is often present in the guiding region of a waveguide as well as the guided modes. We show that this can be investigated efficiently by extracting the radiation part from the total input field and simulating its evolution along the waveguide by use of the beam propagation method. The results are presented for a single-mode waveguide and a waveguide junction excited by a Gaussian beam. For a noncentred excitation, a considerable fraction of the radiation power is still in the guiding region after propagation over several tens of micrometres, and can be coupled to guided modes past the junction.     

Polarization-independent grating couplers for silicon-on-insulator nanophotonic waveguides

We propose the use of subwavelength structures in a waveguide grating to achieve polarization-independent coupling of light between an optical fiber and a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) optical waveguide. The subwavelength structure allows the mode effective indices of the TE and TM modes in the grating section to be precisely engineered. We calculate that coupling efficiency of over 64% is possible using the proposed design for polarization-independent coupling between single-mode optical fibers and SOI nanophotonic waveguides.     

1.5μm Ti:LiNbO_3光波导TE_0模偏振器

在1.523μm波长He-Ne激光,对于Z切Ti扩散LiNbO_3光波导及其带有金属包覆/介质缓冲层的偏振器结构,理论上计算了单模波导的工艺参数和基模的吸收损耗系数.文中用TM_0模的共振吸收效应,在1.5μm波长首次研制成Ti:LiNbO_3光波导TE_0模偏振器.当器件长度为2mm和9mm时,其消光比分别为20dB和25dB.     

Structure of modes of smoothly irregular three-dimensional integrated optical four-layer waveguide

An asymptotic method is used for researching an integrated optical multilayer waveguide satisfying the condition of the smooth modification of the shape of the studied three-dimensional structure. Three-dimensional fields of smoothly deforming modes of the integrated optical waveguide are described analytically. An evident dependence of the contributions that the first order of smallness makes to the amplitudes of the electrical and magnetic fields of the quasi-waveguide modes is obtained. The canonical type of equations describing the propagation of quasi-TE and quasi-TM modes in the smoothly irregular part of a four-layer integrated optical waveguide is represented for an asymptotic method. With the help of the method of coupled waves and the perturbation theory method, the shifts of complex propagation constants for quasi-TE and quasi-TM modes are obtained in an explicit form. The elaborated theory is applicable for an analysis of similar structures of dielectric materials, magnetic materials, and metamaterials over a wide enough range of electromagnetic wavelengths.     

Dynamics of an optical signal in a multimode waveguide structure

A mathematical model of linear dynamic distortions of average signal power in a planar optical waveguide stemming from the intermodal coupling and dispersion of waveguide modes caused by macroscopic bends and irregularities of the optical waveguide surface has been developed on the basis of pulse intermodal scattering matrix. It is shown that the elements of this matrix are determined at a waveguide segment whose length greatly exceeds the correlation scale of the field of irregularities but is much smaller than the normalization length of waveguide modes and are described by rectangular functions with a duration proportional to the relative velocity of the corresponding modes. The dependences of the pulse intermodal scattering matrix on the intensities of absorption, Rayleigh scattering, and optical signal scattering from waveguide irregularities have been established. It is shown that, at waveguide lengths exceeding the normalization length, the optical signal shape becomes almost stable and can be expressed in terms of the pulse characteristic of an integrating circuit. It has been established that irregularities of the film in a bent optical waveguide lead not only to additional attenuation but also to enhancement of multimode distortion. A matrix method is proposed for taking into account these distortions, which is based on the effect of equalization (scrambling) of the signal energy over the spectrum of the bent waveguide modes. The model developed was used to process the experimental data on the dynamics of a signal in a weakly guiding multimode polymer optical fiber in order to estimate the parameters of attenuation and irregularities of the waveguide surface.     

Ultra-compact polarization beam splitter based on photonic crystal waveguides

The authors design an ultra-compact all-PC-integrated polarization beam splitter which is only composed of three waveguides: one input waveguide and two output waveguides. The input waveguide can support both TM and TE modes, but one of the two output waveguides can only support TM modes while the other can only support TE modes. So an incident beam will be separated into two different polarization beams which emerge from different output waveguides. By the simulation of finite-difference time-domain method, we know that the polarization beam splitter really works the way as we predict.     

Optical characteristic analysis and TE0 mode selection for asymmetric metal-clad waveguides

The optical characteristics of the asymmetric metal-clad waveguide are analysed, more accurate formulae are derived for calculating the propagation constants and loss coefficients of TE and TM modes. The computed results for Al/GaAs/AlGaAs waveguides are in good agreement with the numerical results, and are much more accurate than the results in some other papers. The method for selecting the TE₀ mode is presented and discussed.     

Optical surface modes of photonic crystals for dual-polarization waveguide

In this study, the design of a polarization-independent (dual-polarization) waveguide is presented by utilizing surface modes of photonic crystals. The waveguide structure operates in a frequency interval that is commonly shared by both transverse-electric (TE) and transverse-magnetic (TM) polarizations. The numerical calculations based on plane wave expansion and finite-difference time-domain methods are carried out to design and demonstrate a surface mode waveguide that provides confinement and guiding for both TE and TM modes. Once the relevant modes are properly excited, the high transmission efficiency of the photonic crystal surface waveguide is ensured. The demand to have polarization-insensitive devices makes our proposed design an important component for the photonic integrated circuit applications. Finally, we also propose a broadband surface mode photonic crystal waveguide with a bandwidth value of 28% for only TE polarization.     

包含左手材料的四层平板波导中的光导模

研究一个芯子层是左手材料,其他三层由传统材料构成的四层平板光波导系统,利用图解法对各种TE偏振的导波模式的解进行详细分析.研究表明,四层左手材料光波导既能支持振荡导模,也能支持表面导模,与三层左手材料光波导相比较,此四层波导的导波模式呈现一些新的特性.对于中间传统材料层存在振荡场的情形:芯子层支持振荡导模的光波导中存在基模,并且高阶振荡导模出现模式缺失的性质;芯子层支持表面导模的光波导可以支持基模和多个高阶模式,并且存在模式兼并的性质.对于中间传统材料层存在衰减场的情形,此四层波导结构可等效为三层左手材料光波导.这些新的光波导传输性质对各种光波导器件的制作有潜在的应用价值.     

Effects of metal irises on the guided-mode properties in asymmetrical slab waveguides

The diffraction phenomenon caused by metal transverse irises placed into an asymmetrical slab waveguide is examined by using the integral equation method. We concentrate on the possibility of controlling the radiation characteristics of the structure by changing the irises positions and the slab waveguide asymmetry. The aperture electric-field distribution is expressed in terms of a finite series of Chebyshev polynomials. The dominant TE guided-mode reflection and transmission coefficients, the near-field distribution and the far-field radiation pattern are calculated, while numerical results are presented for several cases of asymmetrical slab waveguides and different irises’ positions.     

The bidirectional mode expansion method for two-dimensional waveguides: the TM case

The mode expansion propagation method is a modelling technique for a large variety of waveguide components. Until now only the case with TE modes has been reported; we give details on the mode expansion propagation method for TM modes. Instead of one type of overlap integral in the TE case, a TM analysis requires two kinds of overlap integrals. The inclusion of radiation modes in this method is discussed. The modifications in the algorithm to include waveguides with gain or loss structures are also considered.As an example, the method was used for analysing a grating-assisted codirectional coupler. In particular, the radiation loss is calculated and compared with calculations when TE modes, instead of TM modes, propagate through the codirectional coupler. The radiation losses are found to be much higher for TM modes.