Allylic and Allenylic Dearomatization of Indoles Promoted by Graphene Oxide by Covalent Grafting Activation Mode

The site-selective allylative and allenylative dearomatization of indoles with alcohols was performed under carbocatalytic regime in the presence of graphene oxide (GO, 10 wt % loading) as the promoter. Metal-free conditions, absence of stoichiometric additive, environmentally friendly conditions (H₂O/CH₃CN, 55 °C, 6 h), broad substrate scope (33 examples, yield up to 92 %) and excellent site- and stereoselectivity characterize the present methodology. Moreover, a covalent activation model exerted by GO functionalities was corroborated by spectroscopic, experimental and computational evidences. Recovering and regeneration of the GO catalyst through simple acidic treatment was also documented.     

A Gold(I)‐Catalyzed Domino Coupling of Alcohols with Allenes Enables the Synthesis of Highly Substituted Indenes

The reaction of aryl‐substituted allenes with alcohols under gold catalysis led to highly substituted indenes in good yields, with low catalyst loading and under mild conditions. During this domino transformation, two C?C bonds are formed with water as the only byproduct.     

Intramolecular Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts via sequential MBH and ring-closing-metathesis reactions

Using a tandem Morita-Baylis-Hillman (MBH) and ring-closing-metathesis (RCM) sequence, an alternative high yielding method for the construction of intramolecular Morita-Baylis-Hillman (IMBH) mono- and bicyclic functionalized cycloalkenols is reported.     

Graphene Oxide as a Carbocatalyst for a Diels–Alder Reaction in an Aqueous Medium

The Diels–Alder (DA) reaction, a [4+2] cycloaddition reaction, is highly important in synthetic organic chemistry and is frequently used in the synthesis of natural products containing six‐membered rings. Herein, we report an efficient protocol for the DA reaction between 9‐hydroxymethylanthracene and N‐substituted maleimides using two‐dimensional graphene oxide (GO) as a heterogeneous carbocatalyst in an aqueous medium at room temperature. High yields, a wide substrate scope, low temperature, excellent functional group tolerance, atom economy, and water as a green solvent are noteworthy features of this protocol. The heterogeneous GO catalyst can be easily recovered and used multiple times without any significant loss in catalytic activity.     

氧化石墨烯水热还原前后的发光光谱

分别采用改进Hummers方法和水热还原法制备了氧化石墨烯(GO)和还原氧化石墨烯(RGO)。 GO和RGO经透射电子显微镜(TEM)、紫外-可见吸收光谱(UV-Vis)、红外光谱(IR)、荧光发射和激发光谱(PL、PLE)等技术手段进行了表征。 荧光发射光谱显示,氧化石墨烯(GO)在可见光的激发下可以得到波长在600~800 nm范围内的宽谱近红外荧光。 通过比较氧化石墨烯水热还原前后的光谱变化,发现氧化石墨烯近红外荧光起源于氧化石墨烯的表面含氧基团,如C=O、COOH。 近红外荧光穿透性好、对生物组织损坏小,非常适合于生物成像,预示着氧化石墨烯在生物成像方面的应用潜力。     

Synthesis of Honeycomb-Structured Beryllium Oxide via Graphene Liquid Cells

Using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy-loss spectroscopy, we show that beryllium oxide crystallizes in the planar hexagonal structure in a graphene liquid cell by a wet-chemistry approach. These liquid cells can feature van-der-Waals pressures up to 1 GPa, producing a miniaturized high-pressure container for the crystallization in solution. The thickness of as-received crystals is beyond the thermodynamic ultra-thin limit above which the wurtzite phase is energetically more favorable according to the theoretical prediction. The crystallization of the planar phase is ascribed to the near-free-standing condition afforded by the graphene surface. Our calculations show that the energy barrier of the phase transition is responsible for the observed thickness beyond the previously predicted limit. These findings open a new door for exploring aqueous-solution approaches of more metal-oxide semiconductors with exotic phase structures and properties in graphene-encapsulated confined cells.     

石墨烯和氧化石墨烯的表面功能化改性

石墨烯和氧化石墨烯由于特殊的电子、光学、力学性能已成为当今科学研究的热点.重点综述了近年来石墨烯和氧化石墨烯的表面功能化改性研究进展.首先介绍了石墨烯、氧化石墨烯的基本结构与性质.然后将表面功能化分为非共价键结合改性、共价键结合改性和元素掺杂改性.非共价键结合的功能化改性分为四类：π-π键相互作用、氢键作用、离子键作用以及静电作用.共价键结合的功能化改性分为四类：碳骨架功能化、羟基功能化、羧基功能化和环氧基功能化.元素掺杂改性分为N、B、P等不同元素的掺杂功能化.总结了石墨烯、氧化石墨烯基体与改性分子的相互作用和反应类型,以及改性产物的性能与应用.最后对石墨烯和氧化石墨烯在表面功能化改性方面的发展前景作了展望和预测.     

双亲性氧化石墨烯的合成及生物相容性

以六亚甲基二异氰酸酯(HMDI)为偶联剂, 通过与氧化石墨烯(GO)中的羧基或羟基反应, 形成酰胺键或氨基甲酸酯键活化GO, 然后与TWEEN 80中的羟基反应, 将双亲性TWEEN分子偶联于GO表面, 制备了双亲性GO. 所制备的TWEEN 80接枝GO在水、 氯仿和己烷等溶剂中均可稳定分散. 以PC12及HeLa细胞为细胞模型, 考察TWEEN 80接枝GO所制薄膜的细胞毒性, 形态学观察及细胞活性检测(Calcein AM & EthD-1荧光染色及MTT检测)结果表明其具有良好的生物相容性.     

羧基化氧化石墨烯的可控合成及血液相容性

采用自由基引发剂偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)作为功能改性剂, 通过AIBN分解产生的异丁腈自由基进攻氧化石墨烯上五元环与七元环的缺陷点, 形成氰基改性氧化石墨烯中间体, 再通过水解反应制得羧基化氧化石墨烯[GeneO-C(CH₃)₂-COOH]纳米材料. 采用傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR), X射线衍射(XRD), 热重分析(TGA)和原子力显微镜(AFM)等方法对合成的材料进行了表征, 并采用复钙时间测试考察了材料的血液相容性. 研究结果表明, 氧化石墨烯中羧基的含量可以通过调整AIBN和GeneO的投料比来控制. 本方法不但可提高氧化石墨烯的羧基含量, 而且可使其具有良好的血液相容性.     

氧化石墨烯在仿生合成中的应用及研究

氧化石墨烯薄片的边缘含有大量的含氧功能团(如羧基等),这些官能团可以有效地与金属离子作用而成为晶体的成核位点,从而使得氧化石墨烯具备模板功能而用于仿生合成。论文综述了氧化石墨烯用作模板剂在仿生合成有机/无机杂化材料方面的应用研究进展,介绍了其基本原理,阐述了不同类型杂化材料的制备方法,并展望了石墨烯基有机/无机杂化材料的发展新趋势。     

Synthesis of Honeycomb‐Structured Beryllium Oxide via Graphene Liquid Cells

Using high‐resolution transmission electron microscopy and electron energy‐loss spectroscopy, we show that beryllium oxide crystallizes in the planar hexagonal structure in a graphene liquid cell by a wet‐chemistry approach. These liquid cells can feature van‐der‐Waals pressures up to 1 GPa, producing a miniaturized high‐pressure container for the crystallization in solution. The thickness of as‐received crystals is beyond the thermodynamic ultra‐thin limit above which the wurtzite phase is energetically more favorable according to the theoretical prediction. The crystallization of the planar phase is ascribed to the near‐free‐standing condition afforded by the graphene surface. Our calculations show that the energy barrier of the phase transition is responsible for the observed thickness beyond the previously predicted limit. These findings open a new door for exploring aqueous‐solution approaches of more metal‐oxide semiconductors with exotic phase structures and properties in graphene‐encapsulated confined cells.     

α-Hydroxymethylation of conjugated nitroalkenes via the Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction

The Morita-Baylis-Hillman reaction (MBHR) of conjugated nitroalkenes has been successfully carried out for the first time. A variety of aromatic and heteroaromatic nitroalkenes react with formaldehyde at room temperature in the presence of stoichiometric amounts of imidazole and catalytic amounts of anthranilic acid in THF providing moderate to good yields of the multifunctional adducts in most of the cases.     

石墨烯薄膜的光化学还原制备与表征

采用光化学还原方法制备了图案化的石墨烯薄膜.研究了光还原氧化石墨烯薄膜(PRGO)的热稳定性和发光性质.热重分析(TGA)结果表明,光化学还原主要引起氧化石墨烯(GO)氧化基团的减少,而对GO内水含量影响较小;发光(PL)测试结果表明,不同激发条件下,PRGO的发光与GO相比表现出了不同的变化规律:在波长514 nm的光激发下,PRGO的发光强度比GO明显降低,同时伴随着发光峰峰位红移;而在波长830 nm的光激发下,PRGO的发光强度比GO略有增强,并且发光峰峰位无明显变化,此结果表明不同尺寸的碳团簇局域态(sp2C团簇)的光还原反应活性不同,这与GO特殊的能带结构密切相关.     

Recent Advances in the Synthesis of Indanes and Indenes

Indanes and indenes are among the most important carbocycles. Many indane and indene derivatives have shown important pharmacological activities, and the indane and indene nuclei are structural motifs present in several natural products of biological relevance. In spite of their importance, only a few reviews on their preparation methods have appeared so far in the literature, the most recent ones being published about ten years ago. The present Review is aimed at filling this gap, presenting some of the most important and innovative approaches to indanes and indenes that have been published in the course of the last ten years (coverage: from 2005 to May, 2015).     

氧化石墨烯接枝碳纤维新型增强体的制备与表征

利用“Grafting-to”化学修饰法制备氧化石墨烯接枝国产碳纤维新型增强体。利用红外光谱、X射线光电子能谱和原子力显微镜对样品的官能团和表面形貌进行表征;利用接触角测量、单丝拉伸方法研究了接枝前后纤维单丝的润湿性能及拉伸强度,并通过微脱粘法分析了其复合材料的界面剪切强度。结果表明：氧化石墨烯的接枝修饰使国产碳纤维表面粗糙度提高了166%,表面能提高了46.3%,拉伸强度提高了7.8%,复合材料的界面剪切强度提高了111.7%。     

Polyketide Building Blocks via Diastereoselective Nitrile Oxide Cycloadditions with Homoallylic Alcohols and Monoprotected Homoallylic Diols

A modular approach to Δ²‐isoxazolines, latent aldol adducts and polyketide building blocks, is reported. The magnesium‐mediated, hydroxyl‐directed method allows for the diastereoselective access to a wide variety of masked β‐hydroxy ketones, starting from readily available aliphatic and aromatic oximes, homoallylic alcohols and monoprotected homoallylic diols. The utility of the prepared Δ²‐isoxazolines as polyketide building blocks is demonstrated by their ready conversion into the corresponding β‐hydroxy ketones. The anti‐diastereoselectivity of the reaction was established by derivatization, NOE studies and comparison of known compounds. A rationale for the observed diastereoselectivity is proposed.