Application of nonlocal continuum mechanics to static analysis of micro- and nano-structures

Scale effect on static deformation of micro- and nano-rods or tubes is revealed through nonlocal Euler–Bernoulli beam theory and Timoshenko beam theory. Explicit solutions for static deformation of such structures with standard boundary conditions are derived. Results show that the scale effect would not manifest itself for micro-structures with length of the order of micro-meters, however, will be noticeable for nano-structures in their static responses. In addition, the shear effect is evident for nano-structures, especially for carbon nanotubes in most of current references, indicating the importance of applying higher-order beam theory in static analysis of nano-structures.     

ZnO micro- and nano-structures: microwave-assisted solvothermal synthesis,morphology control and photocatalytic properties

ZnO with various morphologies have been prepared by a simple microwave-assisted solvothermal method in a short period of time. In this synthetic method, Zn(CH₃COO)₂⋅2H₂O is used as the reactant, a mixture of water and ethylene glycol is used as solvents, and no other additives are used. The morphology of the prepared samples can be controlled by changing the mixing ratio of ethylene glycol to water. The photocatalytic activities of the prepared samples are also investigated.     

Spontaneous emission in dielectric nanoparticles

An analytical expression is obtained for the radiative-decay rate of an excited optical center in an ellipsoidal dielectric nanoparticle (with sizes much less than the wavelength) surrounded by a dielectric medium. It is found that the ratio of the decay rate A _nano of an excited optical center in the nanoparticle to the decay rate A _bulk of an excited optical center in the bulk sample is independent of the local-field correction and, therefore, of the adopted local-field model. Moreover, the expression implies that the ratio A _nano/A _bulk for oblate and prolate ellipsoids depends strongly on the orientation of the dipole moment of the transition with respect to the ellipsoid axes. In the case of spherical nanoparticles, a formula relating the decay rate A _nano and the dielectric parameters of the nanocomposite and the volumetric content c of these particles in the nanocomposite is derived. This formula reduces to a known expression for spherical nanoparticles in the limit c ≪ 1, while the ratio A _nano/A _bulk approaches unity as c tends to unity. The analysis shows that the approach used in a number of papers {H. P. Christensen, D. R. Gabbe, and H. P. Jenssen, Phys. Rev. B 25, 1467 (1982); R. S. Meltzer, S. P. Feofilov, B. Tissue, and H. B. Yuan, Phys. Rev. B 60, R14012 (1999); R. I. Zakharchenya, A. A. Kaplyanskii, A. B. Kulinkin, et al., Fiz. Tverd. Tela 45, 2104 (2003) [Phys. Solid State 45, 2209 (2003)]; G. Manoj Kumar, D. Narayana Rao, and G. S. Agarwal, Phys. Rev. Lett. 91, 203903 (2003); Chang-Kui Duan, Michael F. Reid, and Zhongqing Wang, Phys. Lett. A 343, 474 (2005); K. Dolgaleva, R. W. Boyd, and P. W. Milonni, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24, 516 (2007)}, for which the formula for A _nano is derived merely by substituting the bulk refractive index by the effective refractive index of the nanocomposite must be revised, because the resulting ratio A _nano/A _bulk turns out to depend on the local-field model. The formulas for the emission and absorption cross sections σ_nano for nanoparticles are derived. It is shown that the ratios σ_nano/σ_bulk and A _nano/A _bulk are not equal in general, which can be used to improve the lasing parameters. The experimentally determined and theoretically evaluated decay times of metastable states of dopant rare-earth ions in crystalline YAG and Y₂O₃ nanoparticles are compared with the corresponding values for bulk crystals of the same structure. Original Russian Text ? K.K. Pukhov, T.T. Basiev, Yu.V. Orlovskii, 2008, published in Pis’ma v Zhurnal éksperimental’noĭ i Teoreticheskoĭ Fiziki, 2008, Vol. 88, No. 1, pp. 14–20.     

Spontaneous emission between mirrors

The modification of fluorescence lifetimes due to the presence of mirrors is discussed using an image method. The close analogy of this system with that of many-atom cooperative decay is exploited and discussed.     

Spontaneous emission enhancement in metal-dielectric metamaterials

We study the spontaneous emission of a dipole emitter imbedded into a layered metal-dielectric metamaterial. We demonstrate ultra-high values of the Purcell factor in such structures due to a high density of states with hyperbolic isofrequency surfaces. We reveal that the traditional effective-medium approach greatly underestimates the value of the Purcell factor due to the presence of an effective nonlocality, and we present an analytical model which agrees well with numerical calculations.     

Spontaneous emission in nanoscopic dielectric particles

We report on theoretical studies of the inhibition of the spontaneous emission process in subwavelength dielectric media. We discuss the modification of the spontaneous emission rate as a function of the size and shape of the medium as well as the position of the emitter in it.     

Spontaneous and stimulated emission in InAsSb-based LED heterostructures

Electroluminescence of LED heterostructures with active layer made of InAsSb films grown on InAs substrates was studied in the temperature range T = 4.2–300 K. At low temperatures (T = 4.2–100 K), stimulated emission was observed with an optical cavity formed normal to the growth plane. The emission became spontaneous at higher temperatures due to the resonant “switch-on” of the CHHS Auger recombination process in which the energy of a recombining electron-hole pair is transferred to a hole transitioning to the spin-orbit-splitted band. The spontaneous character of emission continued up to room temperature because of the influence of other Auger processes. The results obtained suggest that InAsSb-based LED heterostructures are promising for the fabrication of vertically-emitting mid-infrared lasers.     

Spontaneous emission in the near-resonant kapitza-dirac effect

We study the influence of spontaneous emission on atom diffraction by a standing wave laser field. We characterize, analytically, the major regimes of the near-resonant Kapitza-Dirac effect and study, numerically, the influence of spontaneous emission. In particular, we discuss in some detail two important classes of two-beam resonances which are major candidates to develop effective atom beam splitters, the so-called Bragg and Doppleron resonances.     

Spontaneous emission and energy transfer in the optical microcavity

Optical microcavities allow control over the interaction between light and matter, thus making them an important testing ground for basic optical physics. This review focuses on two of these interactions, spontaneous emission and energy transfer. Emphasis is placed on the underlying concepts, which are presented in the context of recent developments. Practical application of the microcavity concept to devices is now well underway and a discussion of these aspects forms an integral part of the review. This field is far from mature and though much has been accomplished, many questions in this area remain, some of which are identified and discussed.     

Spontaneous and stimulated emission in GaSe under intense excitation

Emission spectra have been investigated in GaSe at 80 K under nitrogen laser excitation. In the case of intense excitation, an additional broad band appears at 5970 Å, and is considered to be due to an exciton-exciton collision process. This process leads to stimulated emission.     

Spontaneous emission in longitudinal wiggler and solenoidal magnetic field

Summary In this paper we study the spectral brightness of the radiation emitted by electrons moving in longitudinal wiggler and solenoidal magnetic field. The analysis is based on the evaluation of the Lienard-Wiechert potential retaining the condition of far-field limit. Some features of a longitudinal wiggler are presented and compared with the results relevant to the brightness of the helical wiggler and the solenoidal magnetic field employed in gyrotron-type devices.     

Spontaneous emission of the non-Wiener type

The spontaneous emission of a quantum particle and superradiation of an ensemble of identical quantum particles in a vacuum electromagnetic field with zero photon density are examined under the conditions of significant Stark particle and field interaction. New fundamental effects are established: suppression of spontaneous emission by the Stark interaction, an additional “decay” shift in energy of the decaying level as a consequence of Stark interaction unrelated to the Lamb and Stark level shifts, excitation conservation phenomena in a sufficiently dense ensemble of identical particles and suppression of superradiaton in the decay of an ensemble of excited quantum particles of a certain density. The main equations describing the emission processes under conditions of significant Stark interaction are obtained in the effective Hamiltonian representation of quantum stochastic differential equations. It is proved that the Stark interaction between a single quantum particle and a broadband electromagnetic field is represented as a quantum Poisson process and the stochastic differential equations are of the non-Wiener (generalized Langevin) type. From the examined case of spontaneous emission of a quantum particle, the main rules are formulated for studying open systems in the effective Hamiltonian representation.     

Spontaneous light emission from fractional-dimensional excitons

We apply the concept of fractional-dimensional excitons to study the process of light emission in quantum confined systems. We focus on a single parameter , known as the degree of dimensionality and which is related to the exciton coherence volume. We compute rates of light emission due to free excitons in GaAs/Al_xGa_1-xAs quantum wells as functions of and link them to experimental observations. The rates are compared with those of quantum well excitons embedded in a microcavity.     

Spontaneous emission from a four-level system

We examine the decay dynamics of a free four-level system in the -V configuration. Quantum interference strongly manifests itself in this system, as can be seen by looking at the combined spectral distribution of the two emitted photons and at the time evolution of the intermediate-level populations, whose effective lifetimes can become very long under certain conditions for the atomic parameters. This effect is attributable to a population transfer mechanism induced in the time evolution equations by the Fano terms, also responsible for the strong modifications of the spectral correlation between the emitted photons which we analyze in detail. Finally, population trapping can also occur when the two intermediate levels are degenerate. Received: 20 October 1998     

Spontaneous emission from a semi-bounded plasma

The electromagnetic radiation field of sources arbitrarily distributed throughout space is found for the case of a semi-bounded plasma when the charged plasma particles are specularly and randomly scattered by the plasma interface. The spectral distributions of the thermal radiation emitted by a nonisothermal semi-bounded plasma into an external medium having a nonzero temperature are calculated.Institute of Theoretical Physics, Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Radiofizika, No. 10, pp. 1237–1261, October, 1994.     

Spontaneous emission evaluation in a photonic bandgap microcavity

This work is concerned with an electromagnetic model of a microresonator built in a dielectric periodical structure, with the purpose to achieve the control of spontaneous emission. The aim is to enhance the spontaneous emission into the lasing mode and to reduce it into the continuous spectrum of the nonlasing modes. An example of design of the microcavity structure is presented, together with the evaluation of the β-factor for various operating conditions.     

人工裁剪制备石墨纳米结构

采用不同的方法裁剪高定向热解石墨（HOPG），制备纳米尺寸的石墨条.首先,发现用聚焦离子束（镓离子）刻蚀高定向热解石墨，可以得到边缘整齐程度在几十纳米的石墨条,另外,用 电子束曝光和反应离子刻蚀的工艺，可以得到最小尺寸为50 nm的纳米石墨图型 (nano-size d graphite pattern,纳米尺寸的多层石墨结构).采用了三种不同的方案制备反应等离子刻 蚀过程中需要的掩膜，分别是PECVD生长的SiO₂掩膜，磁控溅射的方法生长的Si O₂掩膜和PMMA光刻胶掩膜，并将三种方案的刻蚀结果做了对比. 关键词： 高定向热解石墨 聚焦离子束刻蚀 电子束曝光 反应离子刻蚀     

Spontaneous emission of light from a crystal

In the paper a quantum field model crystal — an infinite system of two-level atoms interacting with continuum modes of electromagnetic field — is proposed. Within the framework of this model the spontaneous transition of the crystal from a singly excited state to the ground state accompanied by emission of one photon is studied.