Tetragonal nanocrystals from the Zr0.5Ce0.5O2 solid solution by hydrothermal method

The formation of tetragonal Zr(0.5)Ce(0.5)O(2) solid solution nanocrystallites of 5 +/- 1 nm size by a hydrothermal method at 120 degrees C for 6 h was confirmed by careful Raman and XRD studies for the first time. It was characterized as the t' '-form with an axial ratio of c/a = 1 but with oxygen ion displacements. The as-prepared sample was hydrous in nature, which is responsible for the lattice expansion. However, most of the water held in the structure can be expelled by heating the sample above 600 degrees C. Above 1050 +/- 50 degrees C the t' '-form of tetragonal Zr(0.5)Ce(0.5)O(2) solid solution dissociates into two phases, cubic phase and the t-form of tetragonal phases.     

Preparation and Characterization of Mesoporous Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 Mixed Oxide

Mesoporous （MSU） Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 mixed oxide with a high specific surface area has been synthesized under weak acidic condition in the presence of an anionic surfactant, sodium dodecylbenzenesulfonate. The effect of the pH value on the formation of mesostructure and the thermal stability of the material has been evaluated. The products were characterized by transmission electron microscopy, powder X-ray diffraction and nitrogen adsorption-desorption measurements. The results showed that the as-prepared Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 mixed oxide possessed a specific surface area of 163.3 m^2·g^-1, which had a cubic fluorite-type structure and possessed specific surface areas of 148.4 and 62.4 m^2·g^-1 after calcination at 500 and 800 ℃ for 2 h, respectively. The material showed excellent thermal stability.     

Dispersion and reactivity of copper catalysts supported on Al2O3-ZrO2

A series of CuO/Al(2)O(3)-ZrO(2) catalysts with Cu loadings varying from 1.0 to 20 wt % were prepared and characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), temperature-programmed reduction (TPR), temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of CO(2) and NH(3), electron spin resonance (ESR), and Brunauer-Emmett-Teller surface area measurements. The dispersion and metal area of copper were determined by the N(2)O decomposition method. XRD results suggest that the copper oxide is present in a highly dispersed amorphous state at copper loadings < 10 wt % and as a crystalline CuO phase at higher Cu loadings. ESR results suggest the presence of two types of copper species on the Al(2)O(3)-ZrO(2) support. TPR results suggest well-dispersed copper oxide species at low Cu loadings and crystalline copper oxide species at high Cu loadings. Well-dispersed copper oxide species were reduced more easily than large copper oxide species by H(2). The results of CO(2) TPD suggest that the basicity of the catalysts was found to increase with an increase of copper loading up to 5.0 wt % and decreases with a further increase of copper loading. The results of NH(3) TPD suggest that the acidity of the catalysts was found to decrease with an increase of copper loading up to 5.0 wt % and increases with a further increase of copper loading. The catalytic properties were evaluated for the vapor-phase dehydrogenation of cyclohexanol to cyclohexanone and correlated with the results of CO(2) TPD measurements and the dispersion of Cu on the Al(2)O(3)-ZrO(2) support.     

纳米Ce0.5Zr0.5O2单相固溶体的软化学合成

以无机盐为原料,利用高分子网络凝胶法在常压(101．325kPa)和较低温度(550℃)条件下合成出Ce0.5Zr0.5O2超细粉,并用XRD粉末衍射、TEM透射电镜和FT-IR红外光谱对所得产物的晶相和微观形貌进行表征。结果表明,所得超细粉体为单一立方相固溶体且结晶良好,粉体平均粒径约为9．5nm,无明显硬团聚。     

制备方法对Ce0.5Zr0.5O2固溶体微观晶相结构及还原性能影响的研究

采用不同合成方法制备了4种组成为Ce0.5Zr0.5O2的铈锆固溶体.通过XRD,BET,H2-TPR,HREM以及SEAD等表征手段,研究了微观晶相结构对铈锆固溶体还原性能的影响规律,以及对固溶体储放氧能力的影响.分析结果表明,在同一组成下,不同制备方法得到截然不同的晶相组成,4种固溶体包含4种不同的晶相组合.通过对微观晶相结构的定量分析,发现立方相的形成对促进固溶体的还原性能起到重要作用.其中,反相微乳法制得的铈锆固溶体能够形成完整的立方相结构,在H2-TPR还原过程中耗氢量最大,表明其具有优良的可还原性及储放氧能力,适合作为TWC,POX等催化剂载体.     

多元醇法制备条件对介孔Ce0.5Zr0.5O2复合氧化物性能的影响

采用多元醇法合成了一系列具有立方萤石结构的介孔Ce0.5 Zr0.5 O2(m-Ce0.5 Zr0.5 O2)复合氧化物,考察了前驱物和PVP浓度、反应时间、焙烧温度和时间等条件对m-Ce0.5 Zr0.5 O2复合氧化物性能的影响,并运用XRD、Raman、BET、FT-IR和TG等手段对样品进行了表征.结果表明,制备条件对m-Ce0.5 Zr0.5 O2复合氧化物的性能具有较大的影响,在前驱物和PVP浓度为0.04 M和0.16 M、反应时间7 h、焙烧温度和时间为673 K和4 h时,所制m-Ce0.5 Zr0.5 O2的性能最好,其比表面积、孔容和平均孔径分别为181 m2·g-1、0.282 cm3.g-1和3.75 nm.活性的测定结果表明,富氢条件下CuO/m-Ce0.5 Zr0.5 O2催化剂的CO氧化活性比CuO/cp-Ce0.5 Zr0.5 O2催化剂有较大幅度的提高.     

单相Ce0.5Zr0.5O2立方固溶体的高压高温合成

以化学沉淀法制备的 Ce O2 和 Zr O2 纳米微粒为前驱体 ,首次在高压高温 (3 .1 GPa,1 0 73 K)下合成了单相 Ce0 .5Zr0 .5O2 面心立方固溶体 .使用 X射线衍射、TG-DTA、XPS、Raman、电子自旋共振谱和交流阻抗谱等对样品的结构、Ce离子的价态和导电性进行了表征 .实验结果表明 ,纳米 Ce O2 -50 % Zr O2 混合物在高压 (0 .9GPa以上 )高温 (1 0 73 K以上 )条件下可以发生固态反应 ,高压下固溶温度明显降低 .Ce0 .5Zr0 .5O2 面心立方固溶体在 773 K以下是热稳定的 ,不发生结构转变 ,固溶体中 Ce离子完全以 Ce4 + 形式存在 ,773 K退火也不引起 Ce4 + 向 Ce3 + 转变 ,晶格中氧缺位非常少 .Ce0 .5Zr0 .5O2 面心立方固溶体是离子导电 ,82 3 K时电导率 σ=1 .2× 1 0 -5S/cm,与纯 Ce O2 在同温度下的电导率同数量级 ;1 1 2 3 K时 σ=2 .1× 1 0 -3 S/cm,小于掺入稀土或碱土氧化物的氧化锆和氧化铈基电解质的电导率 .在高温区和低温区 ln(σT)与 1 /T的关系满足斜率不同的二条直线 ,低温活化能小于高温活化能 .固溶体的显微硬度 (50 g载荷 )为 572 HV.     

CO- and N2-FTIR characterisation of oxidised Rh species supported on Ce0.68Zr0.32O2

The identification of a Rh-oxidised species of a Rh(0.29)/Ce0.68Zr0.32O2 catalyst that exhibits peculiar CO-O2 kinetics [I. Manuel, J. Chaubet, C. Thomas, H. Colas, N. Matthess and G. Djéga-Mariadassou, J. Catal. 2004, 224, 269] is addressed. For this purpose, various catalysts are studied by XANES, CO- and N2-FTIR, and benzene hydrogenation. The results obtained, particularly from N2-FTIR, which is, to our knowledge, reported for the first time on this kind of catalyst, suggest that Rh is mainly stabilised as electron-deficient clusters (Rhndelta+) on a Rh(0.29)/Ce0.68Zr0.32O2 catalyst after reduction at 500 degrees C under H2. The existence of these species, which may be caused by either electron perturbation induced on the metal by the reduced support or electron withdrawal from the metal clusters by an inductive effect of the neighbouring Cl anions, is also revealed through CO-FTIR experiments. In the presence of CO, however, evidence of RhI(CO)2 species is also provided.     

The Nasicon-like copper(II) zirconium phosphate Cu0.5Zr2(PO4)3 and related compounds

A new family of Nasicon-like zirconium phosphates of formula M_0.5Zr₂(PO₄)₃ with M = Ca, Cu, Sr, Cd or Pb has been described. The physical properties of the copper compound have been investigated in detail in which Cu²⁺ induces a Jahn-Teller distortion below 520°C. Crystal field, electron paramagnetic resonance, and magnetic data are consistent with an elongated octahedral surrounding of the Cu²⁺ ions.     

Interaction of Keggin anions of 12-tungstophosphoric acid with Ce(x)Zr(1-x)O2 solid solutions

The interaction of 20 wt% 12-tungstophosphoric acid with Ce(x)Zr(1-x)O(2) solid solutions has been studied by PXRD, FTIR, FT-Raman, H(2)-TPR, NH(3)-TPD, diffuse reflectance UV-vis-NIR, and (31)P MAS NMR techniques. The study indicates that the Keggin anions are attached to Lewis metal ion centres and anion vacancies on Ce(x)Zr(1-x)O(2) supports through WO terminal bonds. The Keggin units at the interface are chemically perturbed as indicated by non-intrinsic IR bands observed at 958 cm(-1) (WO(ter) bond), and 1052, 1102 cm(-1) (PO bond). NH(3)-TPD shows that the Keggin anions fixed to Lewis sites and/or oxygen ion vacancies decrease the ammonia uptake on Ce(x)Zr(1-x)O(2) solid solutions. H(2)-TPR shows modified redox behaviour of Ce(x)Zr(1-x)O(2) solid solutions due to the simultaneous reduction of ceria, decomposition of Keggin anions and the reduction of WO(3). The broadening of (31)P MAS NMR and DR-UV-vis-NIR spectra demonstrate the existence of chemical interactions between the Keggin anions and Ce(x)Zr(1-x)O(2) supports.     

以PEG为模板剂水热合成高比表面介孔Ce0.5Zr0.5O2固溶体

以PEG-4000为模板剂,采用水热法制备了具有萤石型立方相结构的Ce0.5Zr0.5O2固溶体,考察了共沉淀pH、PEG-4000添加量、水热温度、焙烧温度对样品的物相、比表面积、孔径分布、N2吸附脱附特性等的影响.结果表明:当PEG/(Ce+Zr)(摩尔比)为0.3,共沉淀pH值约为10,120℃下水热反应12 h,烧结温度为500℃时,所得产品的比表面积为146.7 m2·g-1,平均孔径为12.50 nm.     

(La0.8Sr0.2)0.9MnO3–Gd0.2Ce0.8O1.9 composite cathodes prepared from (Gd, Ce)(NO3) x -modified (La0.8Sr0.2)0.9MnO3 for intermediate-temperature solid oxide fuel cells

Development of high performance cathodes with low polarization resistance is critical to the success of solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) development and commercialization. In this paper, (La_0.8Sr_0.2)_0.9MnO₃ (LSM)–Gd_0.2Ce_0.8O_1.9(GDC) composite powder (LSM ~70 wt%, GDC ~30 wt%) was prepared through modification of LSM powder by Gd_0.2Ce_0.8(NO₃) _x solution impregnation, followed by calcination. The electrode polarization resistance of the LSM–GDC cathode prepared from the composite powder was ~0.60 Ω cm² at 750 °C, which is ~13 times lower than that of pure LSM cathode (~8.19 Ω cm² at 750 °C) on YSZ electrolyte substrates. The electrode polarization resistance of the LSM–GDC composite cathode at 700 °C under 500 mA/cm² was ~0.42 Ω cm², which is close to that of pure LSM cathode at 850 °C. Gd_0.2Ce_0.8(NO₃) _x solution impregnation modification not only inhibits the growth of LSM grains during sintering but also increases the triple-phase-boundary (TPB) area through introducing ionic conducting phase (Gd,Ce)O_2-δ, leading to the significant reduction of electrode polarization resistance of LSM cathode.     

Magnetoelectric perovskite (Bi0.5Pb0.5)(Fe0.5Zr0.5)O3: Preparation,structural and magnetic properties

The perovskite (Bi_0.5Pb_0.5)(Fe_0.5Zr_0.5)O₃ was synthesized by solid-state reaction in an attempt to find magnetoelectric materials, in which ferroelectricity and ferromagnetism coexist. This complex perovskite has been studied by X-ray and neutron powder diffraction in combination with magnetic measurements. The compound crystallizes in the orthorhombic space group Pbam with a ～ √2a_p, b ～ 2√2a_p and c ～ 2a_p (with a_p ～ 4.057 Å). The field and temperature dependence of the magnetization combined with neutron diffraction data showed antiferromagnetic behavior with the Neel temperature, T_N ～ 450 K. Rietveld refinements of neutron powder diffraction data collected at different temperatures, between 10 and 700 K, have been carried out in order to extract information about the thermal evolution of the nuclear and magnetic structures. A distorted orthorhombic perovskite structure was found within the whole temperature interval. The Bi/Pb and Fe/Zr ions were found to be partially ordered over the perovskite A-site and disordered over the B-site. The neutron diffraction patterns of the (Bi_0.5Pb_0.5)(Fe_0.5Zr_0.5)O₃ sample showed evidence of a long-range magnetic ordering below T_N with a propagation vector k = (0,0,0) and an antiferromagnetic arrangement of the magnetic moments of the Fe³⁺ cations in the B-site. This is consistent with an A_y-type magnetic structure. The factors governing the structural and magnetic properties of (1 ? x)BiFeO₃–xPbZrO₃ solid solutions are discussed and compared with those of pure BiFeO₃ and PbZrO₃. A solid solution strategy for developing magnetoelectric properties in BiFeO₃-based compounds is described, with the aim of realizing both a spontaneous polarization and magnetization at room temperature.     

Oxygen-release/storage properties of Ce0.5M0.5O2 (M = Zr, Hf) oxides: interplay of crystal chemistry and electronic structure

Fluorite-type Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 and Ce0.5Hf0.5O2 have been synthesized by a solution combustion route, and their oxygen release and reduction have been investigated up to 850 degrees C. On reduction, the zirconium system forms two pyrochlore phases, Ce2Zr2O7 (pyrochlore-I) and Ce2Zr2O6.2 (pyrochlore-II), while the hafnium system forms only a disordered fluorite phase with the composition Ce0.5Hf0.5O1.77, under the same experimental conditions. The crystal structures of the reduction products have been characterized by powder X-ray diffraction and Rietveld refinement, and their electronic structures have been investigated by photoelectron spectroscopy and electrical conductivity measurements. Pyrochlore-I (a = 10.6727(4) A) is a semiconductor, while pyrochlore-II (a = 10.6463(8) A) is a good conductor (with a nearly temperature independent resistivity of approximately 2.5 ohm.cm in the 400-1000 K range). X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) shows an admixture of Ce(5d,6s) with Zr(4d) and O(2p) and a significant density of states near EF in the highly reduced pyrochlore-II phase. The changes have been rationalized in terms of a qualitative energy band scheme that brings out the special role of zirconium vis-à-vis hafnium in the reduction/oxygen release properties of Ce0.5Zr0.5O2 and Ce0.5Hf0.5O2.     

Core-shell microspherical Ti(1-x)Zr(x)O2 solid solution photocatalysts directly from ultrasonic spray pyrolysis

A series of Ti(1-x)Zr(x)O(2) solid solutions photocatalysts (x = 0.000, 0.045, 0.090, 0.135, and 0.180) was directly obtained by an ultrasonic spray pyrolysis method. Compared with previous methods for solid solutions, our preparation was very fast. The resulting samples were characterized by X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, transmission electron microscopy, high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, nitrogen adsorption, and UV-vis diffuse reflectance spectroscopy. The characterizations revealed core-shell spherical structures of the resulting solid solutions. We evaluated photocatalytic activities of the solid solutions on degradation of rhodamine B in aqueous solution under simulated solar light. It was found that Ti(0.91)Zr(0.09)O(2) solid solution exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity among all the as-prepared samples. Its activity was much higher than that of P25. The formation mechanism of core-shell spherical structures was proposed. Moreover, we successfully extended this method to prepare microspheres of ceria and ceria-zirconia solid solutions. We think this general method may be easily scaled up for industrial production of microspherical solid solutions photocatalysts and catalysts.     

乙酸乙酯在Al2O3-Ce0.5Zr0.5O2负载的金属氧化物催化剂上的催化燃烧

制备了Fe, Co, Cu, Cr和Mn金属氧化物催化剂, 所用载体为Al2O3-Ce0.5Zr0.5O2复合氧化物. 利用X射线衍射(XRD), 程序升温还原(TPR), 储氧量测试, BET比表面测试和光电子能谱(XPS)表征了催化剂. 并利用活性测试表征了各种催化剂对乙酸乙酯催化燃烧能力. 各种表征结果证实, 由于催化剂Mn/Al2O3-Ce0.5Zr0.5O2(1:2, 质量比)具有最多的可还原物种, Cu/Al2O3-Ce0.5Zr0.5O2(1:2)具有较多的可还原物种和最强的可还原能力, 使它们对乙酸乙酯催化燃烧表现出了最好的活性. 在催化剂Cu/Al2O3-Ce0.5Zr0.5O2(1:2)和Mn/Al2O3-Ce0.5Zr0.5O2(1:2)上, 乙酸乙酯于245 ℃转化了99%, 表明这两种催化剂具有广泛的应用潜力.     

Co/Ce0.5Zr0.5O2催化剂的制备及甲烷部分氧化制合成气

利用共沉淀法制备了具有介孔结构的Ce_0.5Zr_0.5O₂固溶体载体,然后浸渍不同质量分数(10%、20%、30%)的活性组分钴,制备了系列Co/Ce_0.5Zr_0.5O₂催化剂。利用N₂物理吸附(BET)、X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、H₂-程序升温还原(H₂-TPR)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM) 、透射电子显微镜(TEM) 、 程序升温氧化(TPO)和热重(TG)等手段对制备和反应后的催化剂进行了表征,研究了它们对甲烷部分氧化制合成气反应的催化性能。研究结果表明,铈锆固溶体负载的钴比较容易被还原,该系列催化剂具有较高的活性和对H₂及CO的选择性,且随Co含量的增加,催化剂的活性和对H₂和CO的选择性得到提高的同时,也增强了催化剂的抗积炭性能。     

Ce0.67Zr0.33O2对CH4燃烧催化剂Fe2O3/Al2O3的改性作用

固定n（Ce）／n（Zr）比为0．67／0．33,用共沉淀法制得一系列CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3固溶体,采用这些固溶体作载体,以Fe2O3为活性组分,用浸渍法制备了一系列催化剂,BET结果显示,将适量Ce0.67Zr0．33O2引入到Al2O3载体中有助于催化剂保持较高的比表面积,TPR结果显示,载体中引入适量的Ce0．67Zr0.33O2可以改善催化剂的氧化还原性能,XRD结果表明,Fe2O3在CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3载体上呈现出良好的分散状况,老化前后催化剂的晶相结构基本无明显变化,特别是当载体中m（Ce0.67Zr0.33O2）：m（Al2O3）的值为1：2时,Fe2O3／CeO2-ZrO2-Al2O3催化剂在甲烷催化燃烧中显示出最佳的催化性能和抗高温老化性能。