Metal Oxide Catalysts for Selective Reduction of NOx by Hydrocarbons: Toward Molecular Basis for Catalyst Design

Metal oxides are stable and highly durable catalysts for the selective catalytic reduction (SCR) of NO by hydrocarbons and potential candidates for practical use. This review focuses on the development as well as the fundamental understanding of metal oxide based catalysts for selective reduction of NO by hydrocarbons. Our studies on the SCR-deNOx properties of Ga₂O₃/Al₂O₃, Cu-Al₂O₃, and Ag-Al₂O₃ catalysts are presented and it is attempted to demonstrate the advantages of this type of catalysts. On the basis of several spectroscopic characterizations, the effect of important factors, such as dispersion, coordination, and the electronic states of the metal cation, on the intrinsic catalytic activity are quite well clarified. From the in situ FTIR results, the reaction mechanism is understood in terms of formation and reaction of surface molecules. The structural and kinetic information obtained at the molecular level provides a useful strategy for designing better deNOx catalysts using metal oxides.     

贵金属催化剂上氢气选择性催化还原NOx

NO_x的控制对于改善大气环境质量具有重要意义,而氢气选择性催化还原(H₂-SCR)NO_x作为一种高效环保的脱硝技术而备受关注。本文总结概述了近年来贵金属催化剂在H₂-SCR脱硝反应中的研究进展,首先介绍了H₂-SCR反应机理,在此基础上分别论述了影响贵金属催化剂性能的因素(如活性组分、载体类型、助剂添加及组分存在形式等)及催化剂结构与性能的构效关系。最后,针对目前存在的问题展望了H₂-SCR脱硝未来的发展方向。     

Rhodium–Aluminum-Mixed Oxide Catalysts for Selective Reduction of NO x by Hydrocarbons

Rhodium—alumina-mixed oxides have been investigated as catalysts for selective catalytic reduction of NO _x by propene, as a part of the R&D Project of Next Generation Catalysts Research Institute. The results indicated that the NO _x reduction activity increases with a decrease in the reducibility of rhodium, suppressing wasteful consumption of propene by the reaction with oxygen. Coprecipitation method for the preparation of Rh-alumina catalysts was effective for the formation of the less-reducible rhodium sites, and the addition of zirconium and gallium further enhanced the formation of those sites and increased the selectivity of NO _x reduction.     

负载型锰氧化物催化剂催化NH3选择性还原NOx

使用浸渍法制备了Mn/TiO2,Mn/Al2O3,Mn/ZrO2,Mn-Y(Y=Ce,Fe,Ni,Co)/TiO2催化剂,用XRD,BET对催化剂进行了表征,同时在模拟NH3选择性还原NOx的反应条件下对催化剂的活性和选择性进行了考察.结果表明,载体的性质明显影响了Mn氧化物催化剂的活性,其中Mn/TiO2催化剂具有更佳的催化NH3选择性还原NOx的催化活性;Ce,Fe等其他金属的添加显著提高了Mn/TiO2催化剂的催化活性;随着Mn-Ce负载量的增加,Mn-Ce/TiO2催化剂的活性有显著提高.     

The Mechanism of Selective NO x Reduction by Hydrocarbons in Excess Oxygen on Oxide Catalysts: I. Adsorption Properties of the Commercial NTK-10-1 Catalyst

According to X-ray phase and spectral analyses, the NTK-10-1 catalyst is a mixture of ZnO, CuO, NiO, ZnAl₂O₄, CuAl₂O₄, and CaCO₃. Under conditions of selective reduction of nitrogen oxides by propane, nitrite and nitrate complexes are formed on the surface of the NTK-10-1 catalyst. With an increase in temperature, nitrite complexes transform to nitrate complexes at a rate that decreases in the presence of propane in the gas phase. Propane adsorption is an activated process in which oxygen plays an important role. The results of temperature-programmed reduction showed that oxygen readily desorbs from the catalyst surface even under oxidative conditions.     

Cu-SAPO-18催化剂氨选择性催化还原NOx钾中毒机理的研究

研究了不同水热老化温度对钾(K)中毒0.4K-Cu-SAPO-18样品的结构及其NH₃-SCR(NH₃作为还原剂的选择性还原技术)催化活性的影响. 结果表明, K中毒对样品结构影响较小, 但明显降低了其NH₃-SCR性能, 在350 ℃ 时, K中毒样品0.4K-Cu-SAPO-18的NO转化率为65.88%, 明显低于未中毒Cu-SAPO-18样品的90.85%. 水热老化温度明显影响催化剂的结构, 减少了活性位点, 降低了表面酸性. 随着水热老化温度升高, 催化剂的AEI结构被破坏, 活性物种数量降低, 催化活性明显下降. 氢气程序升温还原 (H₂-TPR)结果表明, 孤立的Cu²⁺和Cu⁺的总量分别从未中毒Cu-SAPO-18样品的66.61和1.32 μmol/g变化到K中毒0.4K-Cu-SAPO-18样品的39.52和101.96 μmol/g, 表明K中毒样品中孤立Cu²⁺ 容易转化为Cu₂O. K中毒后, 样品的弱酸、 中强酸、 强酸性位点的数量降低, 分别从未中毒Cu-SAPO-18样品的0.201, 0.103和0.302 mmol/g降低到中毒0.4K-Cu-SAPO-18样品的0.102, 0.086和0.071 mmol/g. 氨气程序升温脱附(NH₃-TPD)和原位红外结果表明, K竞争性地取代了催化剂中孤立的Cu²⁺和H⁺, 使K中毒0.4K-Cu-SAPO-18样品的活性位和酸性位减少, 导致催化活性下降. 在低温 NH₃-SCR反应中, K中毒和未中毒样品均以Eley-Rideal(E-R)和Langmuir-Hinshelwood(L-H)机理进行, 而L-H机理占主导地位, 但K中毒样品的反应速率明显降低.     

TiO_2-Supported Binary Metal Oxide Catalysts for Low-temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of NO_x with NH_3

Binary metal oxide（MnOx-A/TiO2）catalysts were prepared by adding the second metal to manganese oxides supported on titanium dioxide（TiO2）,where,A indicates Fe2O3,WO3,MoO3,and Cr2O3.Their catalytic activity,N2 selectivity,and SO2 poisonous tolerance were investigated.The catalytic performance at low temperatures decreased in the following order：Mn-W/TiO2〉Mn-Fe/TiO2〉Mn-Cr/TiO2〉Mn-Mo/TiO2,whereas the N2 selectivity decreased in the order：Mn-Fe/TiO2〉Mn-W/TiO2〉Mn-Mo/TiO2〉Mn-Cr/TiO2.In the presence of 0.01%SO2 and 6%H2O,the NOx conversions in the presence of Mn-W/TiO2,Mn-Fe/TiO2,or Mn-Mo/TiO2 maintain 98.5%,95.8%and 94.2%, respectively,after 8 h at 120°C at GHSV 12600 h？ 1 .As effective promoters,WO3 and Fe2O3 can increase N2 selectivity and the resistance to SO2 of MnOx/TiO2 significantly.The Fourier transform infrared（FTIR）spectra of NH3 over WO3 show the presence of Lewis acid sites.The results suggest that WO3 is the best promoter of MnOx/TiO2,and Mn-W/TiO2 is one of the most active catalysts for the low temperature selective catalytic reduction of NO with NH3.     

稀土元素在脱硝催化剂中的应用

以NH₃为还原剂的选择性催化还原(SCR)技术可实现工业烟气中氮氧化物(NO_x)的超低排放,现有钒钛系脱硝催化剂具有生物毒性,且报废后为危险废物。稀土元素(REEs)具有独特的4f电子轨道,表现出优异的储释氧性能,在催化反应中可发挥重要作用,是当前新型脱硝催化剂的重要研究对象,也是国家鼓励的现有钒钛系催化剂的替代品。本文主要总结了铈、钐、镧等12种REEs在新型脱硝催化剂中的近5年研究进展,另有钪、镥等5种REEs的相关研究较少,重点阐述了REEs改善催化剂脱硝活性与稳定性的作用机制及耦合过渡金属的协同催化机理,初步提出了脱硝催化剂的设计原则,并展望了稀土脱硝催化剂的发展前景。     

新型MnOx催化剂用于低温NH3选择性催化还原NOx

 首次采用低温固相法制备了无载体MnOx催化剂并将其用于NOx的低温NH3选择性催化还原. 该催化剂为晶化度极低的混合锰氧化物,部分为粒径40～60 nm的棒状晶体颗粒,其余是更细小的无定形颗粒; 催化剂的BET比表面积为150.8 m2/g, 吸附能力较强, NOx吸附量可达138.27 μmol/g. 在模拟尾气试验条件下, MnOx催化剂的低温活性很高, 80 ℃时NOx转化率即可达到98.25%; 反应产物N2选择性高于96.6%; 当通入0.01%SO2和10%H2O后,由于竞争吸附导致NOx转化率有所下降,但仍可保持在70%左右,且不利影响在停止添加SO2和H2O后逐渐消失.     

添加WO3提高铈锆固溶体的氨选择性催化还原NOx反应活性

采用程序升温氨脱附、程序升温还原和X射线光电子能谱分析手段表征了加入WO3前后CeO2-ZrO2颗粒催化剂的表面性能变化.结果表明,WO3一方面增加了催化剂的酸性,另一方面略微提高了催化剂的氧化还原性能.在氨选择性催化还原氮氧化物反应中,当NH3/NO=1,空速为90000h-1的条件下,CeO2-ZrO2催化剂上氮氧化物转化率低于65%,而10%WO3/CeO2-ZrO2催化剂催化活性大于80%,所对应的温度区间为220～420℃.通入10%CO2和10%H2O后,由于竞争吸附,CeO2-ZrO2催化剂上的氮氧化物转化率低于46%,而10%WO3/CeO2-ZrO2催化剂上的氮氧化物转化率大于80%的温度区间移至230～500℃.     

单一金属氧化物同时催化去除碳颗粒和NOx

制备了系列金属氧化物催化剂,研究了富氧条件下单一金属氧化物同时催化去除碳颗粒和NOx的活性,考察了碳颗粒与催化剂之间的接触方式对催化活性的影响,并分析了碳颗粒和NO,催化同时去除的路径.结果表明,Cr,Mn、Co和 Ni 金属氧化物催化剂对碳颗粒和 NOx 同时去除具有较高的催化活性,并且在催化剂与碳颗粒之间"松散接触"方式下依然具有较高的活性;其同时催化去除碳颗粒和 NOx 的路径为,催化剂催化NO 氧化成NO2,NO2 促进碳颗粒氧化去除,而碳颗粒氧化的中间物 CO 还原 NO,促进 NO,还原去除.     

The Mechanism of Selective NO<Subscript>x</Subscript> Reduction by Hydrocarbons in Excess Oxygen on Oxide Catalysts: III. Adsorption Properties of the Commercial STK Catalyst

According to X-ray diffraction data, the STK catalyst is a mixture of Fe₂O₃ and Cr₂O₃. The temperature-programmed reduction spectrum exhibited two reduction peaks: one, with T _max = 250°C, corresponds to the reduction process Cr₂O₃ → CrO and the other, with T _max = 360°C, corresponds to the reduction Fe₂O₃ → Fe₃O₄. The results of thermal desorption measurements suggest that the individual adsorption of oxygen on the surface of the STK catalyst is low; in this case (according to IR-spectroscopic data), an atomic form is the main species. Surface nitrite-nitrate complexes are formed upon the adsorption of NO. Nitrite and nitrate complexes desorbed at maximum rates at 105 and 160°C, respectively. Unlike the NTK-10-1 catalyst, the NO species, which desorbed at high temperatures (250–400°C), was absent from the surface of STK. Propane adsorbed at room temperature to form surface compounds containing an acetate group. The interaction of propane with the surface of the STK catalyst at reaction temperatures resulted in strong surface reduction.__________Translated from Kinetika i Kataliz, Vol. 46, No. 4, 2005, pp. 550–558.Original Russian Text Copyright © 2005 by Tret’yakov, Burdeinaya, Zakorchevnaya, Matyshak, Korchak.     

铈基催化剂用于NH3选择性催化还原NOx的研究进展

源自固定源(如燃煤电厂烟气)和移动源(如机动车尾气)排放的氮氧化物(NO_x)造成了严重的大气污染,对其进行减排控制已迫在眉睫. 研究表明, 氨选择性催化还原(NH₃-SCR)技术是消除NO_x的最有效手段之一.铈基催化剂因其良好的氧化还原性能、适当的表面酸性、较高的储/释氧容量以及丰富的资源储备而被广泛用于NH₃-SCR反应. 探讨铈基组分在该反应中发挥的具体作用, 有助于了解相关催化过程的本质, 为现有催化剂的优化和新型催化剂的设计提供科学参考. 基于CeO₂在NH₃-SCR催化剂中扮演的不同角色, 本文从CeO₂作为载体、铈基复合氧化物、表面负载组分(助剂和活性组分)以及特殊结构的铈基催化剂等方面系统地介绍了近年来铈基催化剂在NH₃-SCR反应中的最新研究进展, 并对该领域未来可能的发展方向进行了展望.     

Ytterbium-Containing Oxide Catalysts for Oxidative Dehydrogenation of Hydrocarbons

Oxide catalyst samples for the oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH) of alkanes were prepared by heat treatment of precursors, namely, hydrotalcite-related magnesium aluminum double hydroxo salts containing ytterbium, as well as magnesium, aluminum, chromium, vanadium, molybdenum, and niobium in various combinations. Their catalytic activities were studied. Some catalysts were found to have high efficiency in ODH of ethane, propane, and isobutane, increasing the product yield and enhancing the reaction selectivity.     

Ni-Al2O3催化剂上丙烷选择性还原NO

 以机械混合法、浸渍法和共沉淀法分别制备了4%Ni-Al2O3催化剂,并用X射线衍射、程序升温还原、紫外-可见漫反射光谱和N2吸附等方法对催化剂的体相和表面结构进行了表征,系统考察了制备方法及焙烧温度对Ni-Al2O3催化剂催化丙烷选择性还原NO性能的影响. 结果表明, Ni-Al2O3中存在NiO和NiAl2O4两种镍相,前者是丙烷氧化活性中心,后者是NO选择性催化还原的活性中心. 共沉淀法制备的催化剂活性最好, 550 ℃焙烧的Ni-Al2O3催化剂在反应温度为450和500 ℃时NO转化率接近100%.     

The Mechanism of Selective NO x Reduction by Hydrocarbons in Excess Oxygen on Oxide Catalysts: II. Spectral and Kinetic Characteristics of Intermediate Complexes on the Commercial NTK-10-1 Catalyst

Quantitative spectrokinetic in situ measurements showed that the nitrate complex is an intermediate species in the process of the selective reduction of nitrogen oxides by propane on the commercial NTK-10-1 catalyst at T > 150°C. A nitroorganic compound is formed via the next step and is capable of transforming into the products of complete oxidation and into nitrogen oxides in the oxidative medium. At T < 150°C, the reaction occurs via the formation and further transformation of the nitrite complex. This process explains the unexpectedly high activity of the catalyst at low temperatures.     

Effects of SO2 Treatment of Commercial Catalysts on Selective Catalytic Reduction of NOx by NH3

Nitrogen oxide(NO_x) emitted from stationary and mobile sources is a major air pollutant. Selective catalytic reduction(SCR) of NO_x over a catalyst is a main technology for NO_x elimination. Catalysts used for practical applications would be deactivated in flue containing SO₂. In this work, three typical commercial catalysts were investigated before and after SO₂ treatment. The catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), X-ray fluorescene(XRF), temperature programme reduction(TPR), temperature programme desorption(TPD) and diffuse reflectance Fourier transform infrared(DRIFT) techniques. Results showed that SO₂ treatment significantly influenced the performance of V₂O₅/TiO₂ catalyst. The amount of V₂O₅ in the catalyst primarily affected the accumulation of sulfur species in the SO₂atmosphere. The performance of catalysts with small amounts of V₂O₅ could be improved under the same experimental conditions for acidity enhancement.     

Catalytic Reduction of NOx by CO and Hydrocarbons Over Different Catalysts in the Presence or Absence of O2

The performances of a non-noble metal (catalyst A), a non-noble metal catalyst containing a smaller amount of a noble metal (catalyst B) and noble metal (catalyst C) for NOx reduction at 400 - 600°C and space velocity of 16×10^-1h^-1 have been studied by means of a fixed-bed continuous flow system. In both the absence and presence of oxygen, the following activity orders of catalysts for the reduction of NOx to N₂ by CO and C₃H₆(HC) can be given: C > B > A and B > A C, respectively. Meanwhile, there was CO formation in the reduction reactions of NOx by HC on the three catalysts. The amount of CO produced on catalyst C was the largest of the three catalysts.