Ligand metalation in an iridiumtris(diisopropylphosphinomethyl)borato complex: Synthesis, molecular structure and reactivity

The reaction of [IrCl(dmso)₃] with trisphosphinomethylborato ligand Li(THF){PhB(CH₂PⁱPr₂)₃} at room temperature results in intramolecular C-H activation of one of the ⁱPr substituents affording two diastereomers of cyclometalated iridium(III) complex [Ir(H)(dmso){PhB(CH₂PⁱPr₂)₂(CH₂PⁱPrCHMeCH₂)}] (1) in high yield in approximately equimolar ratio. NMR spectroscopic characterization indicates that only the diastereomers with the hydride ligand in cis position with respect to the metalacyclic phosphorous atom are formed as confirmed by single crystal X-ray diffraction. Facile ring opening with H₂ at room temperature gives dihydride [Ir(H)₂(dmso){PhB(CH₂PⁱPr₂)₃}] (2). However, C-H activation of benzene was not observed.     

Ru催化的C-H键的活化反应

概述了Ru催化的碳氢键的活化反应，包括C-H/烯烃，C-H/炔径和C-H/CO/烯烃 偶联反应，加氢酰化反应，硅化反应。     

Intramolecular oxidative addition of C-F and C-H bonds to [Pt(dba)2]. Crystal structure of [PtCl{Me2NCH2CH2NCH(2,4,5-C6HF3)}]

The reactions of compound [Pt(dba)₂] with ligands RCHNCH₂CH₂NMe₂ (1a-1f) in which R is a fluorinated aryl ring produced activation of C-F bonds when two fluorine atoms are present in the ortho positions of the aryl ring or activation of C-H bonds for ligands containing only one fluoro substituent in ortho. Both C-F and C-H bond activation are favoured by an increase of the degree of fluorination of the ring. Further reaction with lithium halides produced cyclometallated platinum (II) compounds [PtX(Me₂NCH₂CH₂NCHR)] (X = Br, Cl) (2) containing a terdentate [C,N,N′] ligand. The obtained compounds were fully characterized including a structure determination for [PtCl{Me₂NCH₂CH₂NCH(2,4,5-C₆HF₃)}] (2d′).     

Novel C-H activation and C-S formation reactions on disulfide and diselenide ligands in dinuclear ruthenium complexes

The C-S bond formation reactions of the transition metal sulfides with organic molecules are collected and reviewed to understand the reactivity of the sulfide ligands supported by the transition metals. As an example of the role of the sulfide, the C-H bond activation is focused and discussed.     

Direct arylation of benzoxazole C-H bonds with iodobenzene diacetates

A Pd (OAc)₂-catalyzed direct arylation of benzoxazole C-H bonds has been achieved with iodobenzene diacetates as the arylation reagent in moderate to good yields. The procedure tolerates a series of functional groups, such as methoxy, nitro, cyano, chloro, and bromo groups.     

Iron carbonyl complexes from 2-[2,3-diaza-4-(2-thienyl)buta-1,3-dienyl]thiophene: N---N bond cleavage and cyclometalation

When thienyl Schiff base 1, derived from 2-formylthiophene and hydrazine, reacted with Fe₂(CO)₉ in n-hexane, three major complexes were obtained: (1) a diironhexacarbonyl complex with two 2-thienylmethylideneamido bridging ligands 2, which resulted from the =N---N= bond cleavage of ligand 1; (2) a doubly cyclometalated di-μ-di-(η¹:η²-thienyl; η¹:η¹(N))bis(hexacarbonyldiiron) complex (3); and (3) a cyclometalated (μ-η¹:η²-thienyl; η¹:η¹(N))hexacarbonyldiiron complex (4). Molecular structures of compounds 1a, 1c, and 2a have been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.     

Photoinduced carbamoylation of ethereal C-H bonds using pentafluorophenyl isocyanate

An intermolecular carbamoylation of ethers has been achieved via photoinduced functionalization of ethereal C-H bonds in the presence of benzophenone at ambient temperature. The carbamoyl group, a one-carbon unit with a high oxidation state, derived from pentafluorophenyl isocyanate (C₆F₅NCO) is chemoselectively introduced at the position geminal to the oxygen functionality in a single step. The present reaction system effectively activates the tertiary C-H bond at the sterically hindered site of fused bicyclic systems, and enables introduction of the carbamoyl group, which is then available for further synthetic elaborations.     

Alkylidene and alkylidyne surface complexes: Precursors and intermediates in alkane conversion processes on supported single-site catalysts

Well-defined surface alkylidenes and alkylidynes can be compared to their molecular counterparts in structural features and formation pathways, but their reactivity towards alkanes is strikingly different. They catalyse the metathesis of alkanes and cross-metathesis of alkanes, whereas no single-component molecular system is known to do so. Herein, we study such reactivity in terms of structure-activity relationships, to further propose a comparison to the reactivity of well-defined group 4-6 supported hydrides, focused on the alkane metathesis and alkane hydrogenolysis processes. There, the formation of intermediates containing alkylidenes and alkylidynes nicely pinpoints their pre-eminence in the catalytic conversion of alkanes, always in agreement with the elementary steps of molecular organometallic chemistry. Finally, a number of relevant reactions where the formation of alkylidene/alkylidyne intermediates has been presumed are also presented.     

Directing group assists in transition metal-catalyzed site-selective C-H bond activation/transformations

In the review paper, we attempt to point out the importance of the directing group in the transition metal-catalyzed C-H bond activation/transformations, especially in the site-selectivity and reactivity. The employment of the directing groups in the type of reaction can enable a chemist to straightforwardly approach the desired molecular skeletons. Thus, understanding the role of the directing groups in the C-H bond activation/transformations would benefit chemists to design better auxiliary groups and develop more efficient and practical synthetic methodologies. We believe that the synthetic strategy based on the utility of the directing group to assist in the transition metal-catalyzed C-H bond activation/transformations will keep playing as a mainstream role in the research field.     

钌催化C-H键活化构建C-C键反应的研究进展

根据定位基团类型并结合其反应机理,介绍了近几年来钌催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键的研究进展.参考文献40篇.     

Competition between C-C and C-H Activation in Reactions of Neutral Nickel Atom with Cycloalkanes （n = 3-7）

A theoretical investigation of the reaction mechanisms for C-H and C-C bond activation processes in the reaction of Ni with cycloalkanes C,,H2. （n = 3-7） is carried out. For the Ni ＋ CnH2, （n = 3, 4） reactions, the major and minor reaction channels involve C-C and C-H bond activations, respectively, whereas Ni atom prefers the attacking of C-H bond over the C-C bond in CnH2n （n = 5=7）. The results are in good agreement with the experimental study. In all cases, intermediates and transition states along the reaction paths of interest are characterized, It is found that both the C-H and C-C bond activation processes are proposed to proceed in a one-step manner via one transition state. The overall C-H and C-C bond activation processes are exothermic and involve low energy barriers, thus transition metal atom Ni is a good mediator for the activity of cycloalkanes CnH2n （n = 3 -7）.     

Catalytic coupling of arenes with <Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-iodonitrobenzene in a system containing ArH,ArI, Pt<Superscript>II</Superscript>, 50% aqueous KOH,and 18-crown-6

The phenanthroline complex, Pt(phen)Cl₂, catalyzes the coupling of aromatic hydrocarbons with p-iodonitrobenzene under phase transfer conditions using 50% aqueous KOH and 18-crown-6. The yield of the asymmetric diaryl products is 10,000–12,000% relative to the catalyst. A mechanism was proposed involving the oxidative addition of ArI to an Ar-Pt^II intermediate species with subsequent reductive elimination of the final product Ar-Ar′ from Ar-Pt^IV-Ar′. __________ Translated from Teoreticheskaya i éksperimental’naya Khimiya, Vol. 43, No. 6, pp. 364–366, November–December, 2007.     

基于铁催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键的研究进展

过渡金属催化的C-H键活化及在此基础上的C-C键形成的反应因其高原子经济性和高效的合成效率而备受人们的关注.铁元素具有含量丰富、廉价、易得、环境友好等优点,在催化反应中得到了越来越广泛的应用.近几年来,人们关于Fe催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键反应的研究也取得了一定的进展.本文对铁催化的C-H键活化构建C-C键的最新研究进展作了综述,并且按照铁催化剂的不同价态进行了分类归纳,也对催化机理进行了阐述与总结.     

Reaction of multifunctional molecule (Ph2P(o-C6H4)CHNCH2CH2)3N with triosmium carbonyl clusters

Reaction of (Ph₂P(o-C₆H₄)CHNCH₂CH₂)₃N with 3 equiv. of Os₃(CO)₁₀(NCMe)₂ at ambient temperature affords the triple cluster [Os₃(CO)₁₀Ph₂P(o-C₆H₄)CHNCH₂CH₂]₃N (1) through coordination of the phosphine and imine groups. Thermolysis of 1 in benzene leads to decarbonylation and C-H/C-N bond activation of the ligand to generate (μ-H)Os₃(CO)₈(μ₃-Ph₂P(o-C₆H₄)CHNCCH₂) (2). The molecular structure of 2 has been determined by an X-ray diffraction study.     

Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H activation of primary benzamides and tandem cyclization with cyclic 2-diazo-1,3-diketones for the synthesis of isocoumarins

A simple and efficient Rh(III)-catalyzed C-H activation and tandem intramolecular cyclization for the synthesis of isocoumarins has been developed. The protocol uses easily available primary benzamides and cyclic 2-diazo-1,3-diketones as starting materials. This reaction proceeds via C-C and C-O bond formation in a single reaction vessel, and the corresponding isocoumarins were obtained in moderate to excellent yields (58%–97%). The well established protocol showed high functional group tolerance, which provided an efficient and alternative route to isocoumarin backbone.     

Computational study of the cyclopalladation mechanism of azobenzene with PdCl2 in N,N-dimethylformamide

The mechanism of cyclopalladation of azobenzene (L) with PdCl₂ in N,N-dimethylformamide (dmf) was studied computationally, using DFT (B3LYP) methods supplemented with a continuum solvation model. Since the exact nature of the reacting complex is unknown, several candidates were considered. These were: (1) a mononuclear adduct with two ligand molecules, L-PdCl₂-L, (2) a mononuclear adduct with one ligand and one solvent molecule, L-PdCl₂-dmf, (3) a dinuclear adduct with a double chloride bridge, [L-PdCl-(μ-Cl)]₂, and (4) a coordinatively unsaturated complex with an agostic interaction, L-PdCl₂. The reaction profile initiating from L-PdCl₂-dmf, which displays an agostic intermediate produced after displacement of the dmf molecule by the activating C-H bond, has the lowest barrier (20.4 kcal/mol in the step with the proton transfer to the O(dmf) atom). In all other reaction pathways, the proton migration is to a chlorine atom and is associated with remarkably high barriers. The results are related to previous experimental and other computational findings. While none of the reaction profiles includes explicit dissociation of the ligand, the proton transfer was found to occur only after the ligand is almost completely displaced from the coordinating shell. It was concluded that the transition state corresponds to 14-electron coordination of Pd and that ease of a ligand dissociation is an important, but not necessarily decisive, factor for cyclopalladation.     

Activation of C-H and C-Br bonds in cyclopalladation reactions of Schiff base ligands: Influence of the benzylidene ring substituents

Reaction of Pd(AcO)₂ with the Schiff base ligands 2-Br-4,5-(OCH₂O)C₆H₂C(H)N(Cy) (a) and 4,5-(OCH₂CH₂)C₆H₃C(H)N(Cy) (b) leads to the cyclometallated compounds [Pd{2-Br-4,5-(OCH₂O)C₆HC(H)N(Cy)-C6,N}(μ-O₂CMe)]₂ (1a) and [Pd{4,5-(OCH₂CH₂)C₆H₂C(H)N(Cy)-C6,N}(μ-O₂CMe)]₂ (1b), respectively, via C-H activation. Treatment of a with Pd₂(dba)₃ gave [Pd{4,5-(OCH₂O)C₆H₂C(H)N(Cy)-C2,N}(μ-Br)]₂ (6a), via C-Br activation. The metathesis reaction of 1a and 1b with aqueous sodium chloride gave the corresponding cyclopalladated dimers with bridging chloride ligands, 2a and 2b, respectively. Treatment of the halogen-bridged compounds with tertiary tri- and diphosphines in the appropriate molar ratio gave the mono and dinuclear compounds 3a-5a, 7a-9a and 3b-5b. The structure of compounds 3a, 4a, 5a, 8a, 2b, 3b and 5b has been determined by X-ray diffraction analysis.     

Pd-catalyzed ortho-arylation of 3,4-dihydroisoquinolones via C-H bond activation: synthesis of 8-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines

An efficient route to synthesize biologically interesting 8-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinoline has been developed. It involves the Pd-catalyzed direct arylation of 3,4-dihydroisoquinolones via C-H bond activation with aryl iodides to afford a variety of 8-arylated cross-coupling products, which are subsequently reduced to 8-aryl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroisoquinolines in good to excellent yields.     

Palladium(II)-catalyzed arylation of unactivated C(sp3)-H bonds by using 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole-4-amine as directing ligand

A modified bidentate directing ligand derived from 2,1,3-benzoselenadiazole (BSeD) was designed and synthesized. It exhibited high regioselectivity in the catalytic activation of unactivated C(sp³)-H bonds with aryl iodides in the presence of palladium catalyst in yields up to 94%.     

A quantum chemistry study on C–H homolytic bond dissociation enthalpies of five-membered and six-membered heterocyclic compounds

The C–H homolytic bond dissociation enthalpies (BDEs) of 27 heterocyclic compounds of small systems (less than 8 non-hydrogen atoms) were evaluated by the composite ab initio methods of G4 and CBS-Q. In addition, the C–H BDEs of an extended database including 60 heterocyclic compounds were assessed by 16 DFT functionals. The correlation between the theoretical and experimental values reveals that the BMK functional provided the lowest root mean square error (RMSE) of 10.2 kJ/mol, and the correlation coefficient (R²) was 0.955. The mean deviation (MD), mean absolute deviation (MAD) of BMK are 0.1 kJ/mol and 7.9 kJ/mol separately. Therefore, we utilized BMK to research C–H BDEs together with the substituent effects of five-membered and six-membered heterocyclic compounds including large systems. The nature of C–H BDE change pattern was analyzed by the natural bond orbital (NBO).