弱电解质解离热力学研究 I. 对硝基苯酚-NaCl-水体系

本文在298.15±0.2K测定了九个恒定离子强度不同PH值缓冲溶液中对硝基苯酚有等吸收点的紫外谱图。在恒定总离子旨度为I=0.1-2.0mol/kg条件下, 利用谱图中的光密度数据和测定的PH值, 根据扩展的Debye-Huckel公式外推得到pK°=7.246。K°为对硝基苯酚的热力学解离常数, 本文又提出了用多项式拟合法确定pK°, 其值为7.308。两者在实验误差范围内一致。     

弱电解质解离热力学研究 I. 对硝基苯酚-NaCl-水体系

本文在298.15±0.2K测定了九个恒定离子强度不同PH值缓冲溶液中对硝基苯酚有等吸收点的紫外谱图。在恒定总离子旨度为I=0.1-2.0mol/kg条件下, 利用谱图中的光密度数据和测定的PH值, 根据扩展的Debye-Huckel公式外推得到pK°=7.246。K°为对硝基苯酚的热力学解离常数, 本文又提出了用多项式拟合法确定pK°, 其值为7.308。两者在实验误差范围内一致。     

弱电解质解离热力学研究 Ⅰ.对硝基苯酚-NaCl-水体系

本文在298.15±0.2K 测定了九个恒定离子强度不同 pH 值缓冲溶液中对硝基苯酚有等吸收点的紫外谱图.在恒定总离子强度为 I=0.1-2.0mol/kg 条件下,利用谱图中的光密度数据和测定的 pH 值,根据扩展的 Debye-Hückel 公式外推得到 pK°=7.246.K°为对硝基苯酚的热力学解离常数.本文又提出了用多项式拟合法确定 pK°,其值为7.308.两者在实验误差范围内一致.     

大离子诱导聚电解质/表面活性剂复合物的解离

采用分子动力学模拟方法研究了大离子与聚电解质/表面活性剂复合物的相互作用, 考察了大离子的电性、直径、表面电荷、浓度等对其与复合物相互作用的影响. 结果表明, 与聚电解质所带电性相同的大离子对复合物作用不明显, 只有当大离子所带电荷较多时, 才会引导少量表面活性剂从复合物中脱离. 当大离子所带电荷与聚电解质所带电荷电性相反时, 大离子的加入会诱导复合物的解离, 表面活性剂从复合物中释放出来, 甚至导致聚电解质/表面活性剂复合物的完全解离, 从而形成聚电解质/大离子复合物; 大离子所带电荷越多, 诱导作用越明显. 大离子的直径及浓度对其与复合物之间的作用也有很大的影响, 对于所带电荷数相同的大离子而言, 直径越小, 其与复合物的作用越显著, 越容易引导表面活性剂从复合物中解离, 若大离子的表面电荷密度相同, 大离子直径越小, 反而与复合物的作用越弱; 大离子浓度越高, 越易引起复合物的解离, 复合物中聚电解质链上结合的大离子数增多直至饱和, 相应的会出现电荷反转现象.     

CF_2HCl分子在红外多光子解离时分子间的能量传递过程

分子在强红外激光照射下可以吸收几十个红外光子而解离,目前人们已经对这一现象进行了广泛的研研。其中研究较多的分子有SF_6、CF_3I、CF_2HCl等。由于CF_2HCl分子在红外激光照射时解离过程比较简单,而且也是一个激光分离碳-13同位素有前途的工作介质,人们对CF_2HCl分子的红外多光子解离规律做了较深入的研究。Y.T.Lee等利用分子束的方法研研了CF_2HCl分子在红外多光子解离时的机制。J.C.Stephenson等以及R.D.Duperrex等测定了CF_2HCl分子在无碰撞条件下的瞬时解离规律,认为CF_2HCl分子具有明显的转     

溴乙烷光电离解离的理论计算和实验

分子的电离电势、键能和离子的标准生成焓等都是非常重要的物理化学数据,它们对化学反应机理等研究有很大帮助,精确测定离子的出现势,就可以获得这些热力学常数.迄今为止,有关溴乙烷(Ｃ2Ｈ5Ｂｒ)电离解离过程的研究已有若干报导[1-3],但这些结果均是在常温条件下,用电子轰击电离、彭宁电离或真空紫外灯辐照等方法获得的,由于常伴有热带效应、离子分子反应、离子对形成等过程[4],其结果的准确性往往较差.本文首次报导使用同步辐射光源对Ｃ2Ｈ5Ｂｒ进行光电离解离研究.通过准确测量母体离子以及几种主要碎片离子的出现势,结合已有的公认的热力…     

呋喃分子多光子电离解离过程的反应通道

1引言呋喃分子在450nm附近的多光子电离实验中[1]，质谱中观察不到母体离子C4H4O＋，主要碎片离子的相对丰度C＋＞C2＋＝CHO＋＝C3H3＋．这些离子的选质量光谱研究表明它们是呋喃分子先吸收3＋1个光子电离为母体离子C4H4O＋，然后C4H4O＋再进一步吸收光子逐步解离产生．陕哺离子的初级解离过程已比较清楚[2－4]，吹响离子能量在1～5eV之间解离通道是：这三个平行解离反应可用RRKM理论来描述[4]．但是陕哺离子在高能量下的解离反应，特别是次级解离过程还不清楚，因此无法确定MPIF实验中观察到小离子碎片产生的机理，为此本文在速…     

N2+2离子在线偏振和圆偏振强激光场中的解离

基于N+离子的飞行时间质谱, 研究了N2+2离子在线偏振和圆偏振强飞秒激光场中(45 fs, 5×1015-1×1016 W·cm-2, 800 nm)的解离. 通过对N+离子质谱和平动能的分析发现, N2+2离子在线偏振光和圆偏振光作用下具有不同的解离方式. 在线偏振光下, N2分子在平衡核间距RE处发生次序双电离生成N2+2离子, N2+2离子解离所释放的能量能够用单光子跃迁模型来解释. 而在圆偏振光下, N2分子首先电离生成N+2离子, N+2离子在核间距增大到临界核间距RC(>RE)时, 进一步被电离从而发生解离, 此时解离所释放的能量可以用库仑推斥模型来解释.     

Pitzer理论在含有机物的HCl-H2SO4-葡萄糖多组分电解质水溶液中的应用

在298.15K,以葡萄糖质量分数(0.15)恒定的葡萄糖+水混合物为溶剂,测定了电池Pt,H2(101.325kPa)|HCl(m1),H2SO4(m2),Glucose(x),H2O(1-x)|AgCl-Ag的电动势.用所得数据确定了H2SO4在该混合溶剂中的二级解离常数(K2)和一级介质效应.用带有中性分子与各离子相互作用项的Pitzer方程表示Owen定义的总介质效应可较好地处理含有机物的多组分电解质水溶液体系,并用此法处理了文献中HCl在各混合溶剂中的活度系数实验数据,确定了HCl与有机物分子相互作用的Pitzer参数.     

乙酸甲酯在强激光场下的电离

强场下分子的电离与解离研究是一个新的研究领域 .分子内的分子实与价电子之间的库仑场强度为 108 V· cm－ 1量级 .通常激光的电场强度远小于这个量级 ,因此可以采用微扰理论来解释分子在激光场中的电离与解离 .如果激光场的功率密度达到 1013 W· cm－ 2以上 ,其电场强度就能到 8.7× 107 V· cm－ 1以上 ,达到甚至超过分子内的电场强度 .此时微扰理论已经不太适用 ,分子的电离机理及研究方法将有所不同 [1－ 5].　　关于强场电离与解离的理论没有统一的解释 [2,3].在强场下通常用 Keldysh因子γ来判断原子的电离方式 [6]：其中ω 0为激…     

Ion transfer of bromophenol blue across liquid-liquid interfaces

The ion transfer of the acidic dye bromophenol blue (BPB) at the interfaces of water/nitrobenzene (W/NB), water/1,2-dichloroethane (W/1,2-DCE) and water/(nitrobenzene+chlorobenzene) (W/(NB +CB)) was studied in detail by cyclic voltammetry (CV), chronopotentiometry with linear current scanning (CLC), controlled potential electrolysis and UV spectroscopic methods. Using controlled potential electrolysis, we observed successfully the transfer process of BPB across the W/NB interface from the colour changes of BPB in two different phases. The proposed transfer mechanism for BPB is proved to be reasonable using UV spectroscopy of the product of the electrolysis. The standard potential differences Δ^o_w^o and the standard Gibbs energies of the BPB transfer from water to some organic solvents were calculated. The dissociation constants of BPB obtained were quite close to the literature values.     

基于染料吸收光谱的光导纤维pH传感器

基于固定化染料吸收光谱的原理,本文研究了将染料指示剂固定于阴离子交换膜上而制成的光导纤维pH传感器.实验结果与理论相符.固定化作用引起了染料pKa值的变化,也引起了吸收波长的位移,所提出的六个传感器可用于pH1.6-11.0范围内不同区间的pH测量.对传感器的响应特性及其影响因素也进行了必要的探讨.     

Acid-base dissociation constants of 2,2'-bipyridyl in mixed protic solvents

The acid dissociation constants (K_a), base dissociation constants (K_b) and the autoprotolysis constants (K_s) for 2,2′-bipyridyl in water and in water+alcohol(methanol, ethanol, iso-propanol) mixed solvents have been determined at 25°C and an ionic strength of 0.1 mol l⁻¹, from a direct potentiometric method based on the treatment of the data of a single pH titration. It has been shown that K_a increases, whereas K_b and K_s decrease, with increasing proportion of the alcohol in the mixed solvents. Linear relations between pK_a, pK_b, pK_s and the mole fraction of the alcohol were observed in the composition range investigated. These results are discussed in terms of the properties of solvent and the interactions of the different species existing in dissociation equilibrium with solvents. It is concluded that the higher stabilization of both 2,2′-bipyridyl and its protonated form by dispersion forces and of the proton by its interaction with solvent molecules in the mixed solvents compared with that in water are largely responsible for the observed changes of pK_a with composition. On the other hand, the low stabilization of OH⁻ in the mixed solvents relative to that in water and the electrostatic effect are the main factors in determining the solvent effect on pK_b.     

Mass transfer of weak acid in nanometer-sized pores of octadecylsilyl-silica gel

The sorption of bromophenol blue or anthracene-9-carboxylic acid as a weak acid into single octadecylsilyl (ODS)-silica gel microparticles in a solution was analyzed by microcapillary injection-manipulation and absorption microspectroscopy. The distribution ratio and the sorption rate were highly dependent on the pH of the solution. These results are discussed in terms of the acid dissociation/association, distribution between the ODS and solution phases, and intraparticle diffusion of the weak acid in the nanometer-sized pores of the ODS-silica gel.     

Potentiometric Determination of the Dissociation Constants of Glycylglycine in Various Aquo-Organic Media

The dissociation constant values of glycylglycine were determined at 25 ± 0.1 °C (I = 0.1 mol L^?1 KNO₃) with Potentiometric pH titration in pure water and various mixture of water and organic solvents. The organic solvents used were methanol, ethanol, N, N-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide, acetonitrile and dioxane. Initial estimates of the dissociation constants of glycylglycine were refined with ESAP2M computer program. The results obtained are discussed in terms of average macroscopic properties of the mixed solvents and the possible variation in microheterogeneity of the solvation shells around the solute.     

Simultaneous determination of insecticides, acaricides and fungicides by thin-layer chromatography

A method is described for the determination of residual amounts of some insecticides, acaricides and fungicides in fresh and processed fruits. Optimum conditions were established for the extraction of eighteen pesticides, purification of the extracts by column chromatography and subsequent two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography on silica gel GF254 with cyclohexane-acetone (10:1) and light petroleum-benzene-ethanol (65:30:5) as solvents and with detection under UV light at 254 and 366 nm followed by a 0.1% solution of bromophenol blue.     

化学修饰环糊精在醇/水混合溶剂中的包结行为

环糊精 (ＣＤ)及其衍生物在主客体化学中占有重要位置［１］．在环糊精母体上引入一个荧光发色团,可使ＣＤ变为在光谱上有响应的主体化合物,如引入一个丹酰基,在水溶液中由于疏水相互作用,该荧光团易于进入ＣＤ内腔形成“自包结”配合物［２ -３］．我们曾合成了以氮氧杂 十一烷基链相连接的单个Ｎ,Ｎ二甲氨基查尔酮 (ＤＭＡＣ)修饰的 β ＣＤ衍生物 (ＤＭＡＣ ＣＤ),也表现出良好的自包结特征［４］．前人曾有吖啶／ＣＤ配合物体系与低浓度醇分子形成三元包结物的报导［５,７］,而在醇水混合溶剂中主客体配合物的稳定性研究较少．…     

Exploratory analysis in thermodynamics of equilibria. Classification and prediction of benzoic acid strength in aqueous-organic solvents

Decisive rule for classification and prediction of benzoic acid strength from dielectric constant and Kamlet–Taft parameter of the mixed solvents (water–methanol, water–ethanol, and water–2-propanol) has been elaborated basing on the results of multivariate exploratory analysis. The rule has been verified using the independent experimental data on dissociation constant of benzoic acid in water–dioxane and water–dimethylsulfoxide mixtures. Two-parameter linear regression model of the Gibbs energy of benzoic acid dissociation as a function of the properties of aqueous-alcoholic solvents has been built, and the contributions of dielectric and cohesion medium properties to the decrease in the acid strength have been shown.     

Solvent effects on the dissociation of bromopyridinium ions in N,N-dimethylformamide mixtures by electrochemical measurements

Thermodynamic proton dissociation constants of 2-, 3- and 4-bromopyridinium ions were evaluated by using potentiometric and polarographic techniques in 20–60% (v/v) N,N-dimethylformamide/water mixtures at 25 ± 0.1°C, applying an empirical pH correction for mixed aqueous solvents. Non-electrostatic factors exert a considerable influence on the dissociation of halopyridinium ions. The solvation numbers for these ions were determined by analysing the experimental data mathematically.     

Potentiometric determination of the dissociation constants of L-histidine, proline and tryptophane in various hydroorganic media

The dissociation constant values of L-histidine, proline and tryptophane were determined at 25 +/- 0.1 degrees C by potentiometric pH titration in pure water and different hydroorganic solvent media. The organic solvents used were methanol, ethanol, N,N-dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone and dioxane. Initial estimates of the dissociation constant values of the different amino acids studied have been refined with ESAP2M computer program. It was observed that changing the medium permittivity as the solvent is enriched in methanol or ethanol has little influence on the pK*(a) values of the amino acids studied. The results obtained are discussed in terms of average macroscopic properties of the mixed solvents and the possible variation in microheterogeneity of the salvation shells around the solute.