一锅法合成Ce_xZr_(1-x)O_2固溶体催化剂用于热化学循环分解CO_2制CO

采用一锅蒸发诱导自组装法(EISA)制备了一系列不同铈锆物质的量比的铈锆固溶体催化剂,用TGA研究了其热化学循环分解CO_2制CO的催化性能,并采用XRD、Raman光谱、H2-TPR、XPS、SEM和N_2吸附-脱附等手段对催化剂的物相结构、还原性能和表面化学性质进行了表征分析,用热重分析(TGA)研究了铈锆固溶体对热化学循环分解CO_2制CO的催化性能。结果表明,随着Ce/Zr物质的量比增加,铈锆固溶体催化剂的CO_2高温分解活性先增大后减小。Ce/Zr物质的量比为1的Ce_(0.5)Zr_(0.5)O_2催化剂由于具有较多的晶格缺陷和氧空穴,氧迁移能力强,催化活性高,而Ce/Zr物质的量比为3的Ce_(0.75)Zr_(0.25)O_2催化剂具有相对稳定的氧空穴数,循环稳定性好。循环反应后,所有的催化剂均出现了一定程度的烧结,且富锆固溶体发生了相分离,这可能会影响催化剂的性能。     

Novel CO2 selectively permeating membranes containing PETEDA dendrimer

Pentaerythrityl tetraethylenediamine (PETEDA) dendrimer was synthesized from pentaerythrityl tetrabromide and ethylenediamine. Its molecular structure was characterized by elemental analysis, Fourier transform infrared resonance (FT-IR) and hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance (¹H NMR) spectroscopy. The composite membranes for selectively permeating CO₂ were prepared by using PETEDA-PVA blend polymer as the active layer and polyethersulfone (PES) ultrafiltration membrane as the support layer and their permselectivity was tested by pure CO₂ and CH₄ gases and the gas mixture containing 10 vol.% CO₂ and 90 vol.% CH₄, respectively. For pure gases, the membrane containing 78.6 wt% PETEDA and 21.4 wt% PVA in the blend has a CO₂ permeance of 8.14 × 10⁻⁵ cm³ (STP) cm⁻² s⁻¹ cmHg⁻¹ and CO₂/CH₄ selectivity of 52 at 143.5 cmHg feed gas pressure. While feed gas pressure is 991.2 cmHg, CO₂ permeance reaches 3.56 × 10⁻⁵ cm³ (STP) cm⁻² s⁻¹ cmHg⁻¹ and CO₂/CH₄ selectivity is 19. For the gas mixture, the membrane has a CO₂ permeance of 6.94 × 10⁻⁵ cm³ (STP) cm⁻² s⁻¹ cmHg⁻¹ with a CO₂/CH₄ selectivity of 33 at 188.5 cmHg feed gas pressure, and a CO₂ permeance of 3.29 × 10⁻⁵ cm³ (STP) cm⁻² s⁻¹ cmHg⁻¹ with a CO₂/CH₄ selectivity of 7.5 at a higher feed gas pressure of 1164 cmHg. A possible gas transport mechanism in the composite membranes is proposed by investigating the permeating behavior of pure gases and the gas mixture and analyzing possible reactions between CO₂/CH₄ gases and the PETEDA-PVA blend polymer. The effect of PETEDA content in the blend polymer on permselectivity of the composite membranes was investigated, presenting that CO₂ permeance and CO₂/CH₄ selectivity increase and CH₄ permeance decreases, respectively with PETEDA content. This is explained by that with increasing PETEDA content, the carrier content increases, and the crystallinity and free volume of the PETEDA-PVA blend decrease that were confirmed by the experimental results of X-ray diffraction spectra (XRD) and positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy (PALS).     

Vacancy spectroscopy of radiation cross-linked and degraded polytetrafluoroethylenes

Polytetrafluoroethylene samples having different morphology were prepared by radiation induced cross-linking and degradation, and positron annihilation lifetimes were measured to extract information about the vacancy structure from the orth-positronium (o-Ps) component. The o-Ps intensity I₃ was inversely correlated with the crystallinity confirming that this component is associated with the amorphous part. The o-Ps lifetime τ₃ was distinctly different depending on the phase of the polymer. Below the γ relaxation temperature, the vacancies produced by degradation could be seen from an increase in the τ₃ value, but at temperatures between the γ and β relaxations such vacancies became invisible due to the activated segment motion. And above the β relaxation temperature vacancies in the interface between crystalline and amorphous parts appear to affect τ₃. The o-Ps intensity did not show stable reproducible results. Accumulation of positive charge can be responsible for it. The results, not only unveiling the not yet well understood behavior of the o-Ps component, demonstrate the uniqueness of the vacancy spectroscopy using o-Ps as a probe.     

高稳定性介孔MgO-ZrO_2固体碱的制备及其高温CO_2吸附性能

以无机盐Zr(NO3)4与Mg(NO3)2为原料,聚氧乙烯-聚氧丙烯-聚氧乙烯嵌段型聚醚(P123)作模板剂,合成了纳米介孔MgO-ZrO2复合材料,并通过XRD、N2吸附-脱附、CO2-TPD、TG等方法对材料进行了表征。结果表明,合成的MgO-ZrO2具有介孔结构,比表面积较大;且材料在反复CO2吸附-脱附应用过程中,能够完全再生。此外,材料具有典型的固溶体结构,Mg2+进入四方相ZrO2晶格中并取代Zr4+,形成了一种特殊碱性位。这种碱性位与基体结合牢固,不易流失。考察了MgO-ZrO2材料在150℃高温下的CO2吸附性能,发现材料具有较高的吸附速率(0.084 mmol/(g.min))和吸附量(1.01 mmol/g),是一种可循环利用的吸附材料。     

Cu@UiO-66衍生的Cu+-ZrO2界面位点用于高效催化CO2加氢制甲醇

Cu/ZrO₂ catalysts have demonstrated effective in hydrogenation of CO₂ to methanol, during which the Cu-ZrO₂ interface plays a key role. Thus, maximizing the number of Cu-ZrO₂ interface active sites is an effective strategy to develop ideal catalysts. This can be achieved by controlling the active metal size and employing porous supports. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) are valid candidates because of their rich, open-framework structures and tunable compositions. UiO-66 is a rigid metal-organic skeleton material with excellent hydrothermal and chemical stability that comprises Zr as the metal center and terephthalic acid (H₂BDC) as the organic ligand. Herein, porous UiO-66 was chosen as the ZrO₂ precursor, which can confine Cu nanoparticles within its pores/defects. As a result, we constructed a Cu-ZrO₂ nanocomposite catalyst with high activity for CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol. Many active interfaces could form when the catalysts were calcined at a moderate temperature, and the active interface was optimized by adjusting the calcination temperature and active metal size. Furthermore, the Cu-ZrO₂ interface remained after CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol, as confirmed by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), demonstrating the stability of the active interface. The catalyst structure and hydrogenation activity were influenced by the content of the active component and the calcination temperature; therefore, these parameters were explored to obtain an optimized catalyst. At 280 ℃ and 4.5 MPa, the optimized CZ-0.5-400 catalyst gave the highest methanol turnover frequency (TOF) of 13.4 h^-1 with a methanol space-time yield (STY) of 587.8 g·kg^-1·h^-1 (calculated per kilogram of catalyst, the same below), a CO₂ conversion of 12.6%, and a methanol selectivity of 62.4%. In situ diffuse-reflectance infrared Fourier transform spectroscopy (DRIFTS) of CO adsorption over the optimized catalyst revealed a predominant, unreducible Cu⁺ species that was also identified by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The favorable activity observed was due to this abundant Cu⁺ species coming from the Cu⁺-ZrO₂ interface that served as the methanol synthesis active center and acted as a bridge for transporting hydrogen from the active Cu species to ZrO₂. In addition, the oxygen vacancies of ZrO₂ promoted the adsorption and activation of CO₂. These vacancies and Cu⁺ trapped in the ZrO₂ lattice are the active sites for methanol synthesis from CO₂ hydrogenation. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns of the catalyst before and after reaction revealed the stability of its structure, which was further verified by time-on-stream (TOS) tests. Furthermore, in situ DRIFTS and temperature-programmed surface reaction-mass spectroscopy (TPSR-MS) revealed the reaction mechanism of CO₂ hydrogenation to methanol, which followed an HCOO-intermediated pathway.     

液相共存成分对氨法脱碳吸收液解吸CO2的影响研究

考察了烟气中SO₂、NO_x和CO₂与氨水的反应机理,研究了模拟解吸液解吸过程中主要液相共存成分,如(NH₄)₂SO₃、(NH₄)₂SO₄、NH₄NO₃、NaCl、NH₄Cl和(NH₄)₂CO₃对CO₂解吸的影响.研究表明,不同液相共存成分、质量分数、pH值、表面张力等对CO₂解吸产生一定影响,大部分液相共存成分的存在,会降低脱碳溶液CO₂的解吸量.质量分数低于10％的液相共存组分对脱碳吸收液CO₂解吸过程的制约作用依次为(NH₄)₂SO₃>NH₄NO₃>(NH₄)₂SO₄>NaCl>(NH₄)₂CO₃.因此,在碳捕集前应对烟气中的杂质成分进行脱除,减少其对解吸液理化特性的影响.     

Insights into Promoting Effect of Sm on Catalytic Performance of the CeO2/Beta Catalyst in Direct Conversion of Bioethanol to Propylene

Aseries of Sm-doped CeO₂/Beta composite catalysts with various Sm/Ce atomic ratios(0.1-0.4) was prepared by an incipient impregnation method, followed by calcination at 650 ^oC. They were characterized by X-ray diffraction(XRD), N₂ adsorption, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS), Raman, NH₃-temperature programmed desorption(TPD) and CO₂-TPD. The incorporation of Sm into CeO₂/Beta increases obviously the propylene yield for the selective conversion of ethanol to propylene. The promoting effect of Sm on CeO₂/Beta can be attributed to two reasons. One is more acetone intermediates are generated on the Sm-doped catalysts due to the enhanced formation of oxygen vacancies. The other is the conversion of acetone intermediate to propylene is enhanced owing to weaker and fewer acid sites on the Sm-doped catalysts.     

Application of positron annihilation technique to reverse osmosis membrane materials

Positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy has been adopted as a new approach for studying vacancies of reverse osmosis membrane materials composed of cellulose acetate films and aromatic polyamide resins. The intensity of the ortho-positronium (o-Ps) lifetime increased with the amount of vacancies determined using N₂ isotherm at −195°C. Changes of vacancy profiles induced by heat treatment in the cellulose acetate films were detected using o-Ps. It was found that the positron annihilation technique is applicable to the study of vacancy profiles associated with salt selectivity in typical reverse osmosis membranes.     

Cu-ZnO-CeO2催化剂组成对CO2加H2合成甲醇性能的影响

采用并流沉淀法分别制备了CuO-CeO₂（物质的量比为5：1）、CuO-ZnO（物质的量比为5：4）、CuO-ZnO-CeO₂（物质的量比为5：4：1）三组目标催化剂,通过X射线衍射（XRD）、氢气升温还原（H₂-TPR）、CO₂程序升温脱附（CO₂-TPD）、氮气吸附-脱附、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）、N₂O滴定表征技术对催化剂的物化性能进行了测试,并在高温高压微催化反应器中对催化剂进行活性评价。研究了CuO-ZnO-CeO₂组成对CO₂加氢合成甲醇的影响。结果表明,与二组分催化剂相比较,三组分CuO-ZnO-CeO₂催化剂物化性能及催化活性发生了很大变化,催化剂表面碱性位增强,热稳定性增强,CuO颗粒粒径变小,铜分散度以及氧空位浓度提高,最终催化活性显著提高。其中,CuO-ZnO-CeO₂催化剂中,CuO颗粒粒径为8.2nm,铜的比表面积为68.4m²/g,铜分散度为7.19%,甲醇的选择性和收率分别为48.6%和0.057mmol/（g·min）,催化剂活性较好。     

Some aspects of calcium sulphite reduction with carbon monoxide

The non-isothermal reductive decomposition reaction of crystalline CaSO₃·0.5H₂O and anhydrous CaSO₃ under CO, CO₂ and CO-CO₂ gas mixtures at the two heating rates of 25°C min⁻¹ and 6°C min⁻¹ up to 900°C, respectively, was investigated employing thermogravimetric analysis, X-ray powder diffraction, IR spectroscopy and continuous SO₂ measurement by on-line fluorescence spectroscopy. During the heating process the reaction involved a multistage weight loss, in both cases, with a corresponding multistage SO₂ release. The multistage weight loss and the corresponding SO₂ release were presumed to be the consequence of different sequential reactions taking place along with the direct reduction of CaSO₃ to CaS, including the formation and decomposition of CaCO₃ and CaSO₄, respectively. The corresponding SO₂ evolution was found to be considerably lower at slow heating rates. In the presence of additional CO₂, the SO₂ release was increased and the highest SO₂ concentration was found for a feed-gas mixture of 70% CO₂ and 30% CO, and also in pure CO₂. The CaCO₃ product also increased with increasing CO₂ concentration. The possible reaction pathway is discussed.     

Ni单原子催化剂表面CO2电还原动力学的电化学谱学解析

针对Ni单原子催化剂表面的CO₂电还原反应(CO₂RR), 提出了以Ni为活性位点的“单中心”机理以及同时借助Ni位点还原和碳氮锚定位水解的“双功能”机理. 依据稳态极化的实验结果, 开展了CO₂RR的动力学解析与模型参数的敏感性分析; 借助暂态模型方程, 分别获取可表达CO₂RR线性与非线性频响特征的电化学阻抗谱(EIS)与总谐波失真(THD)谱. 研究结果表明, CO₂的溶解分压对CO₂RR活性影响最显著. 若CO₂RR遵循“单中心”机理, Ni位点COOH_ads的形成为速率控制步骤; 但若为“双功能”机理, 碳氮锚定位的水解与Ni位点的CO_2,ads还原同为速率控制步骤. EIS理论上可用于区分CO₂RR的“单中心”机理与“双功能”机理; 与之相比, THD谱在CO₂RR的机理识别中并无优势.     

Ca掺杂的CeO2模型催化剂的形貌和电子结构及其与CO2分子的相互作用

利用扫描隧道显微镜、X射线光电子能谱和同步辐射光电子能谱研究了CeO₂(111),部分还原的CeO_2-x(111) (0＜x＜0.5)以及Ca掺杂的CeO₂模型催化剂的形貌、电子结构以及它们与CO₂分子间的相互作用。CeO₂(111)和部分还原的CeO_2-x(111)薄膜外延生长于Cu(111)单晶表面。不同Ca掺杂的CeO₂薄膜是通过在CeO₂(111)薄膜表面室温物理沉积金属Ca及随后真空退火到不同温度而得到的。不同的制备过程导致样品具有不同的表面组成,化学态和结构。CO₂吸附到CeO₂和部分还原的CeO_2-x表面后导致表面羧酸盐的形成。此外,相比于CeO₂表面,羧酸盐物种更易在部分还原的CeO_2-x表面生成,而且更加稳定。而在Ca掺杂的氧化铈薄膜表面,Ca²⁺离子的存在有利于CO₂的吸附,且探测到碳酸盐物种的形成。     

Ce1-xMnxO2表面性质对催化CO2和甲醇直接合成DMC反应活性的影响

通过共沉淀法制备了一系列Mn掺杂量不同的Ce_1-xMn_xO₂催化剂, 并将其用于催化CO₂和甲醇直接合成碳酸二甲酯(DMC). 通过X射线衍射(XRD)、 氮气吸附-脱附、 透射电子显微镜(TEM)、 X射线光电子能谱(XPS)和程序升温脱附(TPD)等手段研究了Ce_1-xMn_xO₂表面性质对催化CO₂和甲醇直接合成DMC反应活性的影响. 结果表明, Mn离子进入CeO₂晶格中形成固溶体, 随着Mn掺杂量增加, 催化剂表面弱酸碱位数量逐渐降低, 中强酸碱和强酸碱位数量增加, 催化剂表面氧空位含量呈先增加后减少的变化趋势, 当Mn掺杂量较少时, 催化剂表面Mn²⁺比例较高, 有利于Ce⁴⁺+Mn²⁺→Ce³⁺+Mn³⁺反应的进行, 促进催化剂表面氧空位生成; 进一步提高Mn掺杂量时, 催化剂表面Mn⁴⁺比例提高, 有利于Ce³⁺+Mn⁴⁺→Ce⁴⁺+Mn³⁺反应的进行, 导致催化剂表面氧空位含量减少. 研究发现Ce_1-xMn_xO₂催化剂活性与表面氧空位含量线性相关.     

用正电子研究CuCl2在NaY上的扩散

用正电子湮没谱学研究了机械混合CuCl₂与NaY中CuCl₂在NaY沸石中的扩散.分别测量了不同质量比的CuCl₂-NaY(0～0.03)沸石分子筛经140℃烘烤1h;CuCl₂-NaY(0～0.05)经450℃烘烤4h;CuCl₂-NaY(0.01)经不同温度烘烤1h以及经300℃下烘烤烘不同时间后的正电子寿命谱.所有谱中都出现了5(或4)个寿命分量,其第3,4,5寿命分量分别与β笼、超笼及沸石微粒界面空间的大小和数量相关.实验表明,正电子湮没谱学可敏感地探测出少量CuCl₂在NaY沸石中的扩散变化.而对于只含少量氯化铜(0.01)的情况,虽经高温长时间烘烤,但仍有相当数量的氯化铜存在于NaY外表面.     

CO2在Cu/ZnO/Al2O3型低变催化剂上的TPD研究

本文采用程序升温脱附(TPD)法研究了CO₂在Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃型低变催化剂上的吸、脱附行为。结果表明:在350℃以内,该催化剂对于CO₂显示出一种能量分布的活泼部位,且其主要是由催化剂中的游离ZnO所提供。以T_f法结合脱附速率等温线法进行了TPD谱图的定量解析,求出了脱附动力学参数,并发现Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃对CO₂的有效表面为非理想表面,CO₂在Cu/ZnO/Al₂O₃上的脱附近似地服从一级过程。最后针对得到的Arrhenius图进行了有关的讨论。     

离子交换树脂固态胺复合材料的制备、表征及CO2吸附

以离子交换树脂（D001）为载体,四乙烯五胺（TEPA）为改性剂,采用三种不同的方法制备了一系列固态胺吸附剂。采用N₂吸附-脱附、傅里叶变换红外光谱（FT-IR）、热重分析（TGA）等手段对吸附剂进行表征。在固定床反应器中考察了TEPA负载量、吸附温度、进气流量和CO₂分压等因素对CO₂吸附性能的影响。结果表明,配位法制得的固态胺吸附剂分散性和稳定性较好,且在TEPA负载量为40%,吸附温度为65℃,进气流量为40 mL/min时有最大CO₂吸附量达4 mmol/g。经过10次吸附-脱附循环实验后,CO₂吸附量下降3.98%。热力学、动力学研究结果表明,CO₂吸附是物理吸附和化学吸附的结果。     

反应气中活化后的镍酸镧用于二氧化碳加氢生成甲烷

采用柠檬酸法制备了钙钛矿镍酸镧,并将其作为催化剂的前躯体用于二氧化碳甲烷化反应中。催化剂在400℃~700℃温度下反应气中进行活化处理。活化过程中生成了金属镍颗粒和碳酸氧化镧。金属镍呈高度分散状并被碳酸氧化镧包裹,这种现象有助于反应在400℃和500℃的高温下仍保持高活性和稳定性。XRD、XPS、TEM和H₂-TPD等表征测试表明,在活化过程中生成的碳酸氧化镧对反应起到了至关重要的作用。     

二维/一维BiOBr0.5Cl0.5/WO3 S型异质结助力光催化CO2还原

S型异质结不但可以提高载流子的分离效率,还可以维持较强的氧化还原能力。因此,构建S型异质是提高光催化二氧化碳还原反应的有效途径。本研究通过静电自组装法构建了具有近红外光响应(> 780 nm)的二维BiOBr_0.5Cl_0.5纳米片和一维WO₃纳米棒S型异质结光催化剂,并用于高效还原二氧化碳。能带位置和界面电子相互作用的综合分析表明：在光催化二氧化碳还原反应过程中,BiOBr_0.5Cl_0.5/WO₃遵循S型电子转移路径;不仅提高了载流子的高效分离,还维持了两相(BiOBr_0.5Cl_0.5和WO₃)较高的氧化还原能力。此外,二维纳米片/一维纳米棒的结构使得半导体之间具备良好的界面接触,有利于载流子的分离,且暴露更多的活性位点,最终提高催化效率。结果显示,BiOBr_0.5Cl_0.5/WO₃异质结催化剂表现出较高的CO₂还原能力和CO选择性,CO的产率高达16.68 μmol∙g^-1∙h^-1,分别是BiOBr_0.5Cl_0.5的1.7倍和WO₃的9.8倍。本工作为构建S型二维/一维异质结光催化剂高效还原二氧化碳提供了新的思路。     

Promoting electrochemical conversion of CO2 to formate with rich oxygen vacancies in nanoporous tin oxides

In CO₂ electrochemical reduction, nanoporous SnO_x-300 with high-level oxygen vacancies exhibited a partial current density of 15 mA/cm² with the Faradaic efficiency (FE) of 88.6% for HCOOH production at 0.98 V versus RHE.     

CO2在非质子溶剂与铁基离子液体复合体系中的吸收

选用非质子型有机溶剂聚乙二醇二甲醚(NHD)与N, N-二甲基乙酰胺(DMAC), 分别与BmimFeCl₄复配, 构建了BmimFeCl₄/NHD和BmimFeCl₄/DMAC复合铁基离子液体体系. 考察了温度、 BmimFeCl₄/溶剂的质量 比以及压力对CO₂在复合铁基离子液体体系中溶解行为的影响. 结果表明, 高压低温的吸收条件更利于CO₂ 的溶解, 当BmimFeCl₄/DMAC质量比为7∶3时, CO₂在BmimFeCl₄/DMAC复合体系中的亨利系数为0.9181 MPa·L·mol^-1, 低于同等条件下BmimFeCl₄/NHD体系的亨利系数. 在常压、 363.2 K条件下进行再生, 经5次循环后, CO₂在BmimFeCl₄/NHD和BmimFeCl₄/DMAC中的溶解度分别为初次吸收量的92.53%和99.04%. 傅里叶变换红外光谱(FTIR)结果表明, 铁基离子液体复配体系吸收CO₂为物理吸收过程. 密度泛函理论(DFT)计算与IRI分析的结果表明, 在复配DMAC的体系中, CO₂更倾向与阳离子和溶剂分子作用, 而在复配NHD的体系中, CO₂则更容易与阴离子和溶剂分子作用.