消谱线弯曲棱镜-光栅型成像光谱仪设计

针对平面光栅和棱镜成像光谱仪难以校正谱线弯曲的问题,提出了利用棱镜-光栅(P-G)组合分光元件并结合系统物镜畸变校正谱线弯曲的方法。分别计算了棱镜和光栅产生的谱线弯曲以及P-G组合元件产生的光谱弯曲,分析了棱镜和光栅的谱线弯曲特性,并基于此设计了P-G组合分光元件和消谱线弯曲成像光谱仪结构。通过优化设计得到光学系统的光谱分辨率高于2nm,点列图均方根(RMS)半径小于8μm,系统谱线弯曲和光谱弯曲小于2μm。证明了P-G组合元件结合系统物镜畸变可补偿校正整个工作波段的谱线弯曲和光谱弯曲。最后的设计结果表明,基于P-G分光元件的成像光谱仪系统在满足像质要求的前提下,谱线弯曲小于1/4像元尺寸,满足使用要求。     

宽场平谱面全息凹面光栅光谱仪的设计

全息凹面光栅光谱仪具有平谱面、小型化、大孔径、高分辨率等优点。首先从信息光学的角度推导了全息凹面光栅的成像公式,在垂直于狭缝和平行于狭缝的平面上系统分析了全息凹面光栅光谱仪的成像性能;在垂直于狭缝的平面上,全息凹面光栅光谱仪具有良好的平谱面性;在平行于狭缝的平面上,全息凹面光栅光谱仪克服了传统平面光栅的谱线弯曲和色畸变,实现了谱线平直成像;此外指出全息凹面光栅光谱仪固有的弧矢场曲对视场扩展的限制。然后根据理论分析结果提出了结构对称消场曲的全息凹面光栅光谱仪的设计思想,利用ZEMAX软件优化设计了像差补偿型全息凹面光栅光谱仪。在保证相对孔径F#=3、光谱分辨率为20nm/mm、空间分辨率小于25μm等技术指标不变的前提下,设计了狭缝长度为0.4mm的传统单球面镜全息凹面光栅光谱仪和狭缝长度为8mm的像差补偿型全息凹面光栅光谱仪。结果表明,改进后的像差补偿型全息凹面光栅光谱仪成功地将视场扩大为单球面镜全息凹面光栅光谱仪的20倍。     

改进Offner型凸面光栅光谱辐射定标光学系统设计

针对数字可调光源输出能量较低的问题,提出一种改进型Offner凸面光栅光谱辐射定标光源光学系统的设计方法。基于光线追迹原理,理论推导Offner型光谱成像结构狭缝和像散的关系,利用双柱面透镜对Offner型光谱成像系统大狭缝下的残余像散进行补偿。使用所提方法设计了光谱范围为500～800 nm,狭缝长度为0.4 mm的传统Offner光谱成像系统和狭缝长度为8 mm改进型Offner光谱成像系统。结果表明:改进型Offner光谱成像系统具有良好的成像质量,全视场点列图方均根(RMS)半径小于8.1μm;系统沿Y方向RMS半径小于6.7μm,在一个像元尺寸内;谱线弯曲为单像元尺寸6.2%、色畸变为单像元尺寸5.8%,消除了谱线重叠和谱线偏移现象。设计方法对提高遥感仪器的光谱辐射定标精度具有一定的研究意义和工程价值。     

非共面Offner结构高分辨率成像光谱仪设计

Offner成像光谱仪在大色散需求下成像质量不足并且易发生光线遮挡,为此设计了一种基于罗兰圆条件的非共面Offner结构光谱仪。分析并推导出了一种非共面Offner结构成像光谱仪的消除像散及彗差同时解决光线遮挡的设计方法。使用该方法设计出光谱范围为350~1000 nm,色散宽度为12.6 mm的成像光谱仪。在奈奎斯特频率(30 lp/mm)下其调制传递函数在全视场、全光谱范围优于0.78,点列图均方根半径优于4μm,同时,系统的谱线弯曲及谱带弯曲均小于1%像元尺寸。最后,将非共面Offner结构成像光谱仪与传统Offner结构进行对比,结果表明,在高光谱分辨率需求下,当入射狭缝较小时,非共面Offner结构光谱仪具有更好的成像质量,并且在谱线弯曲及谱带弯曲的控制上具有优势,可用于小体积高光谱分辨率成像光谱仪器设计。     

Offner型与Dyson型长波红外成像光谱仪性能对比研究

针对传统长波红外成像光谱仪难以同时实现弱遥感信号下高信噪比和小型化的现状,在数值孔径NA为0.19和0.33,工作波段为8~12μm下,设计并对比分析了两种具有同心结构的Offner凸面光栅和Dyson凹面光栅光谱仪,借助Zemax软件,获得了它们的最优解。当NA1=0.19时,两者均能理想成像,Offner结构大小为245mm×213mm×111mm,调制传递函数(MTF)大于0.38,光谱分辨率为35nm,谱线弯曲小于4.8%,色畸变小于12.8%;Dyson结构大小为308mm×61mm×49mm,MTF大于0.48,光谱分辨率为12nm,谱线弯曲小于0.047%,色畸变小于0.138%。当NA2=0.33时,Offner结构无法理想成像,Dyson结构仍有很好的像质,大小为317mm×88mm×88mm,MTF大于0.71,光谱分辨率为1nm,谱线弯曲小于0.015%,色畸变小于0.028%。设计结果表明,长波红外波段中,相对于Offner结构,Dyson结构具有数值孔径大、体积小、光谱分辨率和传递函数高以及谱线弯曲和色畸变小的优点。     

太阳极紫外成像光谱仪光学系统设计与分析

针对太阳极紫外成像光谱仪的应用目的与工作环境,设计了一种太阳极紫外成像光谱仪的光学系统.该系统由望远系统、狭缝、光栅与探测器组成.望远系统采用离轴WolterⅡ型结构,入射光掠入射进入系统,具有光谱范围宽、稳定性高、克服恶劣空间环境能力强等优点.扫描镜采用平面反射镜,成像质量不随扫描角的改变而改变.分光光栅采用超环面3 600lines/mm变间距光栅,与超环面等间距光栅相比,具有成像质量高、光谱分辨率高、缩短系统长度的优势.工作波段为17.0～21.0nm,可满足探索温度在5.8≤log T≤6.3区间的宁静日冕的需要.视场为1 228″×2 400″,空间分辨率达到0.8arc second/pixel,光谱分辨率约为0.001 98nm/pixel,总长度不超过2.5m.计算了望远系统的理论有效面积,给出了望远系统的成像质量与实际的视场.系统整体的成像质量、光栅的谱线弯曲与谱带弯曲,均满足实际应用要求.     

基于超环面均匀线距光栅的成像光谱仪优化设计研究

根据凹面光栅的几何像差理论,提出了一种基于超环面均匀线距光栅的成像光谱仪优化设计方法,该方法利用遗传算法和光学设计软件ZEMAX两次优化来获得最优的光学结构参数。以设计一个远紫外成像光谱仪为实例,工作波段110～180nm,狭缝尺寸50μm×5mm,数值孔径0.1,利用ZEMAX软件对设计结果进行了分析和评价,结果表明,不同波长的光学传递函数在奈奎斯特频率101P/mm处均大于0.7,点列图半径的均方根值小于14μm,在工作波段内获得了良好的成像质量,满足空间分辨率0.5mrad,光谱分辨率0.6nm的设计要求,也证明了该优化设计方法是可行的,可在其他波段推广应用,对光栅色散型成像光谱仪的设计具有指导意义。     

一种光栅型成像光谱仪光学系统设计

 成像光谱仪是一种“图谱合一”的光学遥感仪器。从光栅型成像光谱仪的使用要求出发,利用Zemax软件设计了一种光栅型成像光谱仪光学系统。其中,前置望远物镜采用反射式结构,传统的卡塞格林结构在主次镜均采用非球面时校正像差的能力依然有限,设计时采用改进后的卡塞格林结构对像差进行校正,最终设计的望远镜头传函在50 lp/mm处达到0.5,场曲控制在0.078以内,且不存在畸变。针对光谱成像系统通常采用的基于平面光栅的Czerny-Turner结构由于像差校正能力有限、成像质量较差不能满足仪器的使用要求。采用基于凸面光栅的光谱成像系统,该系统结构紧凑、可实现宽波段内像差的同时校正。最终设计的光谱成像系统光谱分辨率<5 nm,MTF在50 lp/mm时升至0.75。将前置望远物镜与光谱成像系统根据匹配原则进行组合优化后光栅型成像光谱仪系统点列图RMS半径随波长的变化均小于0.2,波长的80%的能量集中在Φ6 μm范围内,波长各视场在特征频率50 lp/mm处的光学传递函数均大于0.5。整个光学系统具有结构简单、像差校正能力强、结构尺寸较小的优点。     

宽视场航空高光谱成像仪光学系统设计

宽视场大相对孔径航空高光谱成像仪已成为航空海洋水色遥感等领域的迫切需求,根据宽视场和大相对孔径的研究目标,采用离轴两镜消像散望远镜和改进型Offner光谱仪匹配的结构型式,设计了一个视场40°、相对孔径1/2.2、工作波段0.4~1.0μm的航空高光谱成像仪光学系统,在传统Offner光谱仪中插入同心弯月透镜来提高Offner光谱仪的相对孔径和成像质量.运用光学设计软件ZEMAX对高光谱成像仪光学系统进行了光线追迹和优化设计,并对设计结构进行了分析.结果表明:光学系统各个波长的光学传递函数在奈奎斯特频率28lp/mm处均达到0.67以上,谱线弯曲和谱带弯曲均小于6.5%像元,便于光谱和辐射定标,完全满足设计指标要求,且体积小、重量轻,适合航空遥感应用.     

棱镜分光光谱仪的光学系统设计与光谱特性计算

设计了离轴全球面成像光谱仪和离轴校正透镜棱镜分光成像光谱仪两种光学系统.在离轴全球面成像光谱仪的基础上,提出了改进型离轴校正透镜光谱仪,仅采用一个色散棱镜,避免了大口径同心透镜;有效校正了大视场像差,色散非线性修正效果显著.通过调节离轴角和光谱仪的焦距控制了畸变,补偿了与波长相关的狭缝弯曲,减小了残余像差,并降低了整个光谱仪工程实施的难度.从工程合理性、加工可实现性和光学性能等方面比较了两个系统的特点,推导和给出了光谱分辨率和狭缝弯曲的计算结果.从设计结果看,改进型离轴校正透镜光谱仪的传递函数最小值大于75%,而离轴全球面成像光谱仪的最小值只大于60%.从加工难易程度看,离轴全球面成像光谱仪采用一个接近Φ200mm的石英透镜,其透射材料远不如改进型离轴校正透镜光谱仪透镜材料的均匀性和面形准确度高,而且大口径透镜大大增加了制备难度和成本.从工程布局看,改进型离轴校正透镜光谱仪充分考虑了与机械结构的匹配,狭缝与第一面反射镜的轴向距离较合理.从光谱特性看,两个光学系统的光谱分辨率结果基本接近,离轴全球面成像光谱仪光谱弯曲结果略好于离轴校正透镜结构.因此,综合比较得出离轴校正透镜光谱仪是最佳的选择方案,该系统可应用在短波红外波段的光谱成像的遥感探测.     

Guided-Wave Two-Dimensional Acousto-Optic Scanner Using Proton-Exchanged Lithium Niobate Waveguide

Two-dimensional scanning of a 0.6328 mum guided-light beam has been realized using noncolinear acousto-optic (AO) coplanar Bragg diffraction together with colinear AO guided-mode to substrate radiation-mode conversion in a Z-cut Xpropagation LiNbO3 proton-exchanged (PE) waveguide. The two surface acoustic (SAW) waves utilized are at the center frequencies of 500 and 200 MHz, propagating in the Y and X axes, respectively. Two-dimensional scanning of approximately 720 resolvable light beam spots, namely, 18 40 (horizontal vertical) scanning, has been demonstrated using a light beam of 1.0 mm aperture. The total number of resolvable beam spots can be greatly increased from 720 by simply utilizing SAW transducers of larger bandwidth and a light beam of greater aperture. It should also be possible to significantly increase the diffraction efficiency from 3 % by optimizing the parameters of the PE waveguide and the SAWs.     

Effect ofγ-radiation on the spectral luminescence characteristics of impure cadmium tungstate crystals

Results of a study of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of cadmium tungstate crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations are presented. Spectral characteristics of the nondnnnoped crystals are briefly described. Absorption and photo and X-ray luminescence spectra of the crystals taken before and after exposure to γ-radiation (5.5·10⁴ Gy) are compared. It is found that the spectral characteristics of the crystals doped with silver, bismuth, and molybdenum cations do not change markedly after the exposure. The relation between the type of impurity-induced defects, individual characteristics of the impurity cations, and the character of the effect of γ-radiation on the spectral luminescence properties of impure crystals is analyzed (preliminarily). Translated from Zhurnal Prikladnoi Spektroskopii, Vol. 64, No. 1, pp. 55–60, January–February, 1997.     

Measurement of nonlinear coefficient of optical fiber based on small chirped soliton transmission

We measure the waveform and phase curves of short optical pulses before and after transmission over different lengths of fibers by use of the pulse analyzer with the frequency-resolved optical gating (FROG),and numerically simulate pulse evolution under the experimental conditions.The nonlinear coefficient of the fiber is given by comparing the experimental results with the numerical ones.Difference between the experiment and numerical simulation is analyzed.     

Resonance scattering of canonical elastic shells in absorbing fluid medium

Resonance scattering of elastic spherical shell and cylindrical shell while the surrounding fluid medium has absorption is studied. The normal mode solution derived using exact elastic theory and the separation of variables is still applicable. However, the scattering form function has to be modified for the absorbing medium, otherwise the unreasonable result would be obtained. The backscattering form function in the absorbing medium is redefined, and the form function of elastic spherical and cylindrical shell with vacuum or solid matter filled is calculated in various absorption conditions. The results show that the absorption of surrounding fluid leads to notable attenuation of the coincidence resonances in the mid-frequency, but it has a little influence on the low-frequency resonance scattering induced by the filler inside the shell.     

Single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance sensor with high detection resolution

A versatile and low-cost single-beam self-referenced phase-sensitive surface plasmon resonance(SPR)sensing system with ultra-high resolution performance is presented.The system exhibits a root-mean-square phase fluctuation of ±0.0028.over a period of 45 min.i.e.a resolution of±5.2×10-9 refractive index units.The enhanced performance has been achieved through the incorporation of three design elements:a true single-beam configuration enabling complete self-referencing so that only the phase change associated with SPR gets detected,a differential measurement scheme to eliminate spurious signals not related to the sensor response,and the elimination of retardation drifts by incorporating temperature stabilization in the liquid crystal phase modulato .Our design should bring the detection sensitivity of non-labeling SPR biosensing closer to that achievable by conventional fluorescence-based techniques.     

Influences of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold of Ta2O5 films

Ta2O5 films are prepared on BK7 substrates with conventional electron beam evaporation deposition.The effects of SiO2 protective layers and annealing on the laser-induced damage threshold (LIDT) of the films are investigated.The results show that SiO2 protective layers exert little influence on the electric field intensity(EFI)distribution,microstructure and microdefect density but increase the absorption slightly.Annealing iS effective on decreasing the microdefect density and the absorption of the films.Both SiO2 protective layers and annealing are beneficial to the damage resistance of the films and the latter is more effective to improve the LIDT.Moreover,the maximal LIDT of Ta2O5 films is achieved by the combination of SiO2 protective layers and annealing.     

A stereo matching algorithm using multi-peak candidate matches and geometric constraints

Gray cross correlation matching technique is adopted to extract candidate matches with gray cross correla- tion coefficients less than some certain range of maximal correlation coefficient called multi-peak candidate matches. Multi-peak candidates are extracted corresponding to three closest feature points at first. The corresponding multi-peak candidate matches are used to construct the model polygon. Correspondence is determined based on the local geometric relations between the three feature points and the multi-peak candidates. The disparity test and the global consistency checkout are applied to eliminate the remaining ambiguous matches that are not removed by the local geometric relational test. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm is feasible and accurate.     

Fiber Modal Index Measurements Based on Fiber Gratings

A novel method based on fiber gratings for measuring the effective indices of fiber modes is proposed. The effective index difference between the core mode and a cladding mode was obtained by analyzing the interference fringe of a pair of cascaded long-period fiber gratings. In order to extract the core mode index from the measured index difference, an index matching oil immersion method is proposed. By analyzing the interaction between the cladding mode and the oil applied on the cladding surface, the mode order and the effective index of the involved cladding mode might be calculated. Experimental results about the interference fringe shifts induced by the oil index and the oil-applied length are also presented.     

Optical Pulse Compression Schemes That Use Nonlinear Bragg Gratings

Nonlinear optical pulse compression of picosecond pulses typically requires long lengths of optical fiber and multiple components. Periodic structures, such as fiber Bragg gratings, are highly dispersive at wavelengths outside of the photonic bandgap. This implies that such gratings can be used as very short all-fiber compressors. In this paper a number of such compression schemes are reviewed involving uniform and nonuniform fiber Bragg gratings, relying on both soliton and nonsoliton compression principles. Experimental results supporting the corresponding underlying theory are also presented. Finally, an extension of one of the compression schemes is shown, which allows the generation of adjustable high-repetition rate soliton trains.